Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Rola badań w rozwoju infrastruktury drogowej i kolejowej w Polsce – Katedra Dróg, Kolei i Inżynierii Ruchu L-5

Gaca Stanisław, Kieć Mariusz, Kozioł Piotr, Sołkowski Juliusz

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2025

|

R. 96, nr 3

37--40

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótko zarys historii i rozwoju Katedry Dróg, Kolei i Inżynierii Ruchu Politechniki Krakowskiej od początku jej powstania w 1945 roku. Główna część artykułu prezentuje działalność naukowo-badawczą i współpracę z przemysłem realizowaną w ostatnich 10 latach z uwzględnieniem infrastruktury drogowej i kolejowej. Przedstawiono również najważniejsze osiągnięcie naukowe i praktyczne, jakim jest stworzenie bazy do rozwoju nowych przepisów i rekomendacji projektowania infrastruktury drogowej oraz zarządzania ruchem.

EN

The article briefly outlines the history and development of the Chair of Roads, Railways and Traffic Engineering, Krakow University of Technology, since its establishment in 1945. The main part of the article presents the scientific and research activities and collaborations with industry that have been carried out in the last 10 years, considering road and rail infrastructure. It also presents the most important scientific and practical achievement, which is the creation of a base for the development of new regulations and recommendations for the design of road infrastructure and traffic management.

2

Impact of visibility on traffic incidents at signalized intersections – a case study in Polish cities

Iwanowicz Damian, Klusek Radosław

Archives of Transport

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 1

53--78

EN

In urban agglomerations, signalized intersections are common. However, in traffic management, safety-focused strategies are often sacrificed for traffic efficiency by allowing simultaneous multiple conflicting movements. We identified this issue by analyzing the most dangerous signalized intersections in several Polish cities. Our research evaluated whether obstructed sight distances between major and minor traffic streams could be a significant problem at these intersections. To achieve this, we employed existing models of visibility analysis related to stopping sight distance. We determined the key parameter for stopping sight distance based on our vehicle speed studies. Tests were conducted using unmanned aerial vehicles over the intersections in the cities under consideration. Subsequently, we adapted available sight distance models to characterize conflicting streams with simultaneous green signals in a signal phase. We distinguished between major movements, including tram, pedestrian, and cyclist traffic, and minor streams, primarily involving turning vehicle movements at the intersection. Through this approach, we analyzed stopping sight distance and found that in about 60% of the cases studied, the obstructed sight distances led to a higher number of traffic incidents in the areas of conflict between major and minor traffic streams. The overall number of traffic incidents was more than 57% higher in areas with obstructed sight distance conditions, with the worst statistics involving incidents with vulnerable road users. This straightforward approach confirmed the findings of many studies that sight distance is one of the most critical factors influencing traffic safety. Based on our research findings, we recommend implementing safe traffic management strategies at intersections with obstructed sight distances, specifically multi phase signalization. Additionally, due to the often-necessary compromise in phases involving pedestrian and cyclist traffic, we recommend conducting required sight distance analyses for vehicles turning left or right while conflicting with pedestrian or cyclist streams during a shared signal phase. Given the simplicity of the method, further research is needed to refine the approach, possibly by incorporating a stochastic model.

3

Examining the safety impacts of transit priority signal systems using simulation techniques

Doğan Erdem

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 122

61--71

EN

Transit Priority Signal (TPS) systems are increasingly used to improve traffic efficiency and reduce passenger waiting times. However, such systems may carry potential safety risks. This study aims to investigate the safety effects of TPS at intersections. Our study utilized the SUMO traffic simulation program to create a road network model containing nine signalized intersections. Subsequently, the TPS system was applied to selected bus routes within the road network, and the cases with and without TPS implementation were compared in terms of safety and performance. In safety-oriented comparisons, surrogate safety measures were employed, including number of conflict and Time to Collision (TTC). Signalized intersection performances were measured and compared in terms of the number and duration of stops. The analysis results indicate that TPS enhances safety and transportation performance for buses, but adversely impacts safety and transportation performance for passenger cars. This study underscores the importance of considering safety aspects in the implementation of TPS aimed at improving passenger transportation efficiency. These findings may contribute to the enhancement of public transportation infrastructure and the implementation of appropriate safety measures.

4

Risk behaviors among drivers: an assessment based on research

Odachowska-Rogalska Ewa, Ucińska Monika, Gąsiorek Kamila

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 1

117--131

EN

The study was planned to analyze traffic behavior undertaken by drivers, including the emerging so-called awareness gaps. The study was conducted in Poland, and 211 drivers participated in it. The results show many important relationships that could form the basis for proposing effective social campaigns on road safety, including increasing the awareness of drivers as those who have a real impact on its improvement. The analyses confirm the existence of the awareness gap in the examined target group. They also show what kinds of behaviors are considered by drivers to be risky and what kinds of behaviors are aggressive. Moreover, they show the percentage of undesirable behaviors in road traffic and indicate which behaviors are considered by drivers to be the most threatening.

5

Car-trailer coupling devices - description of requirements and overview of flexible and static load measuring solutions

Kąkol Marcin, Lozia Zbigniew, Piłatowicz Radosław

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

|

2024

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z. 138

19--34

EN

The article presents an overview of the current normative, national, and international documents, containing in their content the requirements for devices coupling a car with a trailer in terms of technical conditions that these devices must meet to confirm proper performance and ensure the possibility of safe use during exploitation before will go on sale. Attention was paid to the division of coupling devices of motor vehicles and trailers into classes according to Regulation 55 of the UN/ECE and the resulting requirements. The principles according to which it should be accepted that couplings meet the approval requirements are discussed, and the meaning and way equipment manufacturers determine the characteristic values of the indicated coupling parameters are explained. Requirements for the minimum and maximum loads exerted by the trailer on the coupling device are presented. Particular attention was paid to the existing technical solutions (including patent claims in the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland or in the European Patent Office) regarding coupling devices characterized by the possibility of measuring the static vertical force on the coupling and couplings with vertical flexibility (compliance), which can potentially reduce dynamic loads on the coupling device. Calculations focused on two practical applications are planned using the article's content and simulation. The first is the ability to assess the impact of introducing vertical compliance to the coupling device on its durability. The second is the ability to assess the impact of the value of the static vertical load of the coupling device (resulting from the trailer load and the longitudinal position of its center of mass) on the length of the braking distance of the combination: towing vehicle - trailer.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia przegląd obowiązujących obecnie dokumentów normatywnych, krajowych i międzynarodowych, zawierających w swojej treści wymagania stawiane urządzeniom sprzęgającym samochód z przyczepą w zakresie warunków technicznych, jakie urządzenia te muszą spełnić w celu potwierdzenia ich należytego wykonania oraz zapewnienia o możliwości bezpiecznego użytkowania w trakcie eksploatacji, zanim trafią do sprzedaży. Zwrócono uwagę na podział urządzeń sprzęgających pojazdów silnikowych i przyczep na klasy wg Regulaminu 55 EKG ONZ oraz wynikające z tego podziału wymagania. Omówiono zasady, według których powinno się akceptować spełnienie przez sprzęgi wymagań homologacyjnych oraz wyjaśniono znaczenie i sposób, w jaki producenci urządzeń określają wartości charakterystyczne wskazanych parametrów sprzęgów. Przedstawiono wymagania w zakresie minimalnych i maksymalnych obciążeń wywieranych przez przyczepę na urządzenie sprzęgające. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na istniejące rozwiązania techniczne (w tym zastrzeżenia patentowe w Urzędzie Patentowym Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej lub w Europejskim Urzędzie Patentowym) dotyczące urządzeń sprzęgających charakteryzujących się możliwością pomiaru statycznej pionowej siły na sprzęgu oraz na sprzęgi z podatnością w kierunku pionowym, które potencjalnie mogą zmniejszyć obciążenia dynamiczne sprzęgu. W dalszych pracach badawczych planuje się, wykorzystując treść artykułu, wykonanie obliczeń symulacyjnych ukierunkowanych na dwa zastosowania praktyczne. Pierwsze z nich to możliwość oceny wpływu wprowadzenia podatności pionowej urządzenia sprzęgającego na trwałość tego urządzenia. Drugie to możliwość oceny wpływu wartości statycznego pionowego obciążenia urządzenia sprzęgającego (będącego efektem obciążenia przyczepy i położenia wzdłużnego jej środka masy) na długość drogi hamowania zespołu: pojazd ciągnący – przyczepa.

6

Theoretical basics of the self-learning system of intelligent locomotive decision support systems

Gorobchenko Oleksandr, Holub Halyna, Zaika Denys

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 71, iss. 3

169--186

EN

Analysis of works in the field of artificial intelligence allows to make an assumption that today there is a sufficiently developed theoretical basis for the development of intelligent control systems for locomotive control. This will mini mize the risks associated with the human factor on the railways. The paper presents the theoretical rationale for the development of a knowledge base for intelligent locomotive control systems. The approach and structure of the self learning system of intelligent DSS is proposed, the advantage of which is the presence of a fuzzy classifier that works according to the set criteria and determines a fuzzy image of the current train situation. Learning a fuzzy classifier consists in finding a vector K that minimizes the distance between the results of logical inference and experimental data from the sample. The knowledge base is implemented using linguistic variables formalized by methods of fuzzy logic. The use of linguistic values makes it possible to design the base using the usual language of communication, which greatly simplifies both the design process itself and the analysis of the system's performance. Also, the knowledge base has the possibility of constant self-improvement. This happens in two ways. The first is by adding new rules to the knowledge base in case the current situation does not match the existing ones in the base, in which case an additional rule is created and checked for adequacy. The second way is a mechanism for ranking rules in the knowledge base. If the control action of the locomotive driver coincided with the recommendation of DSS in the current situation, then the rating of this recommendation (rule) increases, and in the future the rule selection algorithm will choose one or another control action for the current situation that has the highest rating (that is, it has already been verified several times person). The experiment has shown that the use of intelligent DSS has positive results. On aver age, the DSS made the correct train control decisions faster than the locomotive driver.

7

Assessment of traffic sign retroreflectivity for autonomous vehicles: a comparison between handheld retroreflectometer and LiDARdata

Aldoski Ziyad N., Koren Csaba

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 70, iss. 2

7--27

EN

This study investigates the critical role of retroreflectivity in traffic signs, particularly in the context of autonomous vehicles (AVs), where accurate detection is paramount for road safety. Retroreflectivity, influencing visibility and legibility, is essential for ensuring safe road conditions. The study aims to assess traffic sign retroreflectivity using handheld retroreflectometers and LiDAR data, offering a comprehensive comparison of results with a specific focus on the RA1 and RA2 traffic sign classes. In a real-world setting, an AV equipped with LiDAR sensors, GPS units, and a stereo camera collects data on traffic signs, including point cloud attributes such as intensity and density. Simultaneously, a handheld retroreflectometer measures retroreflectivity coefficients from identified traffic signs. While retroreflectometers provide precision, they face limitations regarding time-consuming measurements and handling large or elevated signs. In contrast, LiDAR systems efficiently evaluate retroreflective features for numerous signs without such constraints. Despite both methods consistently yielding accurate retroreflectivity, the study reveals a limited correlation between LiDAR point cloud data and handheld retroreflectivity coefficients. The implications of these findings are significant, particularly in the selection and maintenance of retroreflective materials in traffic signs, with direct repercussions on overall road safety. The results offer valuable insights into leveraging LiDAR technology to enhance AVs' detection capabilities. Recommendations for further research include exploring factors influencing LiDAR intensity, establishing a more accurate relationship between intensity and retroreflectivity, correcting the point cloud during intensity calibration, and testing empirical prediction models with a larger sample size. These endeavors aim to generate a robust regression graph and determine correlation coefficients, providing a more nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between LiDAR data and handheld retroreflectivity coefficients in the context of traffic sign assessment.

8

Assessment of the visibility of unprotected road users in pedestrian crossing

Różowicz Sebastian, Baran Krzysztof, Różowicz Antoni, Leśko Marcin, Beňa Lubomír

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 73, nr 1

145--164

EN

The article presents selected results of research on improving pedestrian traffic safety. Based on annually-updated accident statistics made available by the police, as well as the new pedestrian traffic regulations in force, detailed work was undertaken to assess the level of visibility of pedestrians by drivers in pedestrian crossing areas. The research was carried out by analyzing several characteristic cases of pedestrian crossings occurring in Poland, in which there was only dedicated lighting for crossings, only street lighting, and a variant of coexistence of both of the above lighting solutions. Illuminance measurements were made in the horizontal and vertical planes of pedestrian crossings, and the results were confronted with the relevant guidelines. The next step involved a complementary measurement of the luminance distribution of the vertical plane containing the pedestrian and a portion of the sub- and super-horizontal background. Visibility pedestrians was considered in positive and negative contrast variants, and was then related to the obtained results of the illumination distribution. The analysis of the results of the study indicated the possibility of limited visibility of pedestrians at the crossings despite the satisfactory results obtained from measurements of the illuminance distribution within the crossings.

9

Rozważania poprawy bezpieczeństwa ruchu poprzez przekształcenie dotychczasowego ronda konwencjonalnego trzypasowego na rondo turbinowe typu „look-a-like” (studium przypadku)

Sołowczuk Alicja, Olszewska Anna

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2023

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R. 78, nr 2

9--19

PL

W artykule podjęto kwestię przebudowy dotychczasowych rond konwencjonalnych trzypasowych na ronda turbinowe typu „look-a-like”. W tym celu wykorzystano elementy studium przypadku odnosząc się do możliwych różnych rozwiązań organizacji ruchu na dotychczasowych rondach konwencjonalnych trzypasowych, z wyspą środkową w kształcie koła. W rozważaniach zmiany organizacji ruchu przedstawiono cztery możliwe różne rozwiązania organizacji ruchu w zależności od dostępności terenu i analizy prognozowanych natężeń ruchu na poszczególnych wlotach i relacjach. Ponadto scharakteryzowano trzy szczecińskie ronda trzypasowe, na których w roku 2019 zmieniono dotychczasową organizację ruchu i wprowadzono rondo typu „look-a-like”, stosując tylko oznakowanie poziome bez jakiejkolwiek przebudowy istniejących wlotów. W odniesieniu do tych rond wykonano analizę stanu bezpieczeństwa ruchu, potwierdzającą osiągnięcie znacznej jego poprawy.

EN

The article addresses the issue of converting existing conventional multilane roundabout to a look-a-like turbine traffic roundabout. A case has been proposed by reviewing different solutions of traffic control devices on existing conventional multilane roundabouts with a circular central island. Four different variants of traffic control devices has been presented, which take into consideration the availability of land and analysis of projected traffic volumes at individual entrances and routes. In addition, three Szczecin multilane roundabouts were characterized, where the existing traffic control devices was changed in 2019 and a look-a-like traffic roundabout was introduced. The roundabouts has been changed by introducing only horizontal markings without any reconstruction of the existing entrances. An analysis of the state of traffic safety was carried out for these traffic roundabouts, confirming that significant improvements have been achieved.

10

Road freight transport driver fatique test: A pilot study

Poliak Miloš, Beňuš Ján, Hajduk Iwona Ewa, Demirci Ebru, Nica Elvira

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

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Vol. 101, nr 3

67--85

EN

Road freight transport is one of the main modes of transporting goods in the European Union. This reality puts pressure on carriers to make every transport of goods fast, safe, cheap, and efficient. Based on these requirements, lorry drivers are often forced by their employers to break the current social legislation in the European Union and the rules of the road. Compared to the current social legislation in force in different parts of the world, the European Union rules on driving times, breaks and rest periods for drivers engaged in road haulage and passenger transport are the strictest. An important factor and reason of serious and fatal traffic accidents, extensive damage to goods or property in road freight transport is a driver. This article presents three different types of experiments that were carried out, and the results may help to improve the current situation. The main aim of this study was to verify whether the actual regulations are safe and suitable and compare the results of daily work of professional drivers in two different measurements. Last measurement was conducted with using Eye-tacking technology, which aimed to verify impact of experiences on the reaction times of drivers. The authors believe that the results of individual measurements can contribute to increasing safety in road freight transport with preparing future extended studies and proposing the possible changes of current regulation.

11

Analysis of the impact of the technical condition of vehicles on road safety

Gorzelańczyk Piotr, Kliszewski Łukasz, Piątkowski Piotr

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

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Vol. 100, nr 2

62--74

EN

Every year too many people lose their lives and health on Polish roads. At best, it only ends with damage to their cars. The number of accidents is very high. Despite the construction of new, safer roads, the number of collisions continues to rise, and death, every year, is suffered by about three thousand accident participants. On average, forty-one thousand people are injured annually. The main causes of accidents are failure to adjust speed to prevailing conditions or traffic regulations, driving under the influence of alcohol and random events, as well as the technical condition of the vehicles. The purpose of the article is to answer the question of how the technical condition of the vehicles affects traffic safety. For this reason, an assessment of the technical condition of vehicles during a periodic examination at a vehicle inspection station was made. Based on the study, it can be concluded that the largest percentage of defects detected during the examination is in the tire 40% and steering 40%, defects that are particularly important from the point of view of traffic safety, which were demonstrated during the examination.

12

Establishing Emergency Sections on Land Roads in Order to Improve the Quality of Transport Services, Creating Comfortable Conditions for International and Local Traffic

Zaranka Jurijus, Matijošius Jonas, Radvilaitė Urtė, Caban Jacek, Dudziak Agnieszka

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 1

75--85

EN

The rapid increase in the number of cars in Lithuania and abroad every year (Statistics of traffic accidents in Lithuania), ensuring road safety is becoming an increasingly important and relevant aspect for road users and other responsible institutions. In the statistics of traffic accidents in Lithuania, no information is provided according to the nature of the vehicle collision, nor is there any information on the damage caused by the vehicle to the victim according to the type of collision. The work analyzes the security situation and emergency factors based on statistics. Factors determining the occurrence of traffic accidents are analyzed. A visual analysis of "black spots" was performed to determine the main factors of higher accidents. Statistical data and comparative analysis methods are used for the research. Calculated traffic incidents and the amount of damage caused by them are analyzed according to the type of collision.

13

Transport safety in road traffic - the condition and preventive measures as assessed by the respondents

Sroka Mariusz

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2022

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Vol. 4, nr 1

67-75

EN

The article presents basic definitions related to road accidents and types of tests carried out in the field of road accidents. The effects of road accidents on participants, drivers as well as social and direct costs of road accidents were discussed. The correct conduct of people involved in a road accident (incident) was presented. In the research part, the most common causes of accidents in Poland were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the participation in accidents of participants under the influence of alcohol. The article ends with a discussion on the presented research results and the resulting conclusions as well as a proposal for preventive actions to reduce the number of road accidents.

14

Aktualne trendy w zabezpieczaniu robót drogowych na drogach szybkiego ruchu

Słomiński Paweł

Magazyn Autostrady

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2022

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Nr 2

26--29

PL

Artykuł ma na celu wskazanie nowoczesnych sposobów zabezpieczenia robót na drogach szybkiego ruchu. Jest on wzbogacony o wieloletnie doświadczenie operatora autostrady A1 - firmy Intertoll Polska Sp. z o.o. Wiedza o tym, jak prawidłowo zaprojektować, wdrożyć i usunąć z drogi strefę robót może zapewnić bezpieczeństwo zarówno osobom pracującym na drodze, jak i jej użytkownikom oraz wdrożyć odpowiedni poziom i poczucie bezpieczeństwa.

EN

The article presents modern technical solutions related to securing the work zone on the concession section of the A1 Motorway. The effectiveness of the presented solutions has been tested many times by road users causing incidents in the work zone. Not a single person was hurt as a result of road accidents, and the application of these solutions probably saved the health or life of 4 motorway users.

15

The influence of the police on vehicle speed in built-up areas

Dębiński Marcin, Bohatkiewicz Janusz

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2022

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Vol. 21, no 2

17--30

EN

In many cases, the effects of road accidents have significant impact on human health. This translates directly into society, in both material and emotional terms. The severity of the injury in a road event depends largely on the speed of the vehicles. Excessive vehicle speed is of particular concern in incidents involving vulnerable road users. As confirmed by literature analysis and research, in most cases drivers do not respect the speed limits introduced by the road signs. Existing solutions allow to introduce permanent or temporary speed control. This paper investigates speeding and driver behaviour in built-up areas near schools and pedestrian crossings. The aim of the research described in the paper is to determine the influence of the effectiveness of police actions on speed reduction and improvement of road safety.

16

Driver’s distraction and its potential influence on the extension of reaction time

Tarkowski Sławomir, Caban Jacek, Dzieńkowski Mariusz, Nieoczym Aleksander, Zarajczyk Janusz

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2022

|

Vol. 98, nr 4

65--78

EN

The driver’s reaction time is one of the most important parameters for the road pre-accident analysis. There are known the results of tests, in which the value of this parameter was determined in expected and unexpected road situations. But in some cases, this time may be longer e.g. in situations in which the driver’s attention may be distracted by keeping observations other than the area, in front of the car’s surroundings. There are many manoeuvres, when the driver is obliged to observe many areas at the same time. Thus, his attention must be turned away from the main area – in front of the vehicle. The paper presents the results of tests involving the measurement of the driver’s attention time focused on observing the surrounding other than the car’s path. During the test, the driver’s attention was focus on observing the side and back mirror, car radio and at the mobile phone. Certain values can be potentially considered as extending the typical driver’s reaction time. The results of the presented tests have practical applications and can be used in the process of issuing opinions on traffic accidents.

17

Analiza używania hulajnóg elektrycznych w miastach w kontekście bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego na przykładzie Gdańska

Mering Karolina, Wachnicka Joanna

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

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2021

|

nr 4

8--17

PL

Tematem artykułu jest analiza wpływu hulajnóg elektrycznych na bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego w miastach, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Gdańska. W pierwszej części, która jest teoretycznym wprowadzeniem do tematu, przedstawiono – w oparciu o zagraniczne publikacje – na jaką skalę ludzie na całym świecie korzystają z hulajnóg elektrycznych i jakie zagrożenia z tego wynikają. Z powodu braku polskiej literatury w zakresie tego stosunkowo nowego tematu oparto się na artykułach naukowych dotyczących sytuacji w Stanach Zjednoczonych, Nowej Zelandii, Francji oraz Niemiec. W analizie skupiono się głównie na przepisach obowiązujących w poszczególnych krajach, najczęstszych zachowaniach użytkowników, liczby wypadków oraz charakterystyce obrażeń. Kolejna część artykułu poświęcona została analizie skali popularności hulajnóg elektrycznych w Polsce, która – jak wykazano – stale rośnie, dzięki rozwijającym się systemom e-hulajnóg współdzielonych, w największych polskich miastach. Omówiono tu także zagrożenia oraz wypadki spowodowane przez jednoślady. Informacje dotyczące stanu aktualnego zostały zebrane wyłącznie na podstawie doniesień medialnych oraz niepotwierdzonych danych udostępnianych przez firmy wypożyczające. Kolejno opisano badania własne przeprowadzone w celu uzyskania wiarygodnych informacji o stanie bezpieczeństwa użytkowników hulajnóg elektrycznych na sieci ulic Gdańska. W tym celu wykonano trzy niezależne badania: badanie ankietowe przeprowadzone na próbie 203 respondentów, rozmowę z pracownikiem firmy wypożyczającej hulajnogi elektryczne na terenie Trójmiasta oraz badanie poligonowe przeprowadzone na podstawie całodziennych nagrań z dwóch skrzyżowań w Gdańsku. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na zaprezentowanie w ostatniej części koncepcji zmian w trzech obszarach: prawa, zarządzania bezpieczeństwem oraz planowania i projektowania. Zaproponowane zmiany mogłyby znacznie wpłynąć na poprawę bezpieczeństwa użytkowników poruszających się na hulajnogach elektrycznych oraz pozostałych uczestników ruchu.

EN

The subject of the article is the analysis of the impact of electric scooters on road safety in cities, with particular emphasis on Gdansk. The first part, which is a theoretical introduction to the topic, presents – based on foreign publications – the scale on which people around the world use electric scooters and the resulting risks. Due to the lack of Polish literature on this relatively new topic, it was based on scientific articles on the situation in the United States, New Zealand, France and Germany. The analysis focused mainly on the regulations in force in each country, the most common behaviors of users, the number of accidents, and the characteristics of injuries. The next part of the article was devoted to the analysis of the popularity of electric scooters in Poland, which – as it was demonstrated – is constantly growing thanks to the development of systems of shared e-scooters in major Polish cities. Threats and accidents caused by unicycles are also discussed here. Information about the current state was collected only from media reports and non-confirmed data provided by rental companies. Next, the authors own research conducted in order to obtain reliable information on the safety condition of electric scooter users on the Gdańsk street network has been described. For this purpose, three independent studies were carried out: a survey conducted on a sample of 203 respondents, an interview with an employee of a rental company of electric scooters in the Tri-City area, and a field study conducted on the basis of all-day recordings from two intersections in Gdansk. The results allowed to present the concept of changes in three areas: law, safety management and planning and design in the last part of the article. The proposed changes could significantly improve the safety of users of electric scooters and other traffic participants.

18

The analysis of traffic safety on the intersections of roadways and tram tracks

Żochowska Renata, Kłos Marcin Jacek, Soczówka Piotr

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2021

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Vol. 20, no. 1

41--56

EN

Ensuring high standard of service of public transport is among the most important goals of sustainable mobility. One of the most promising subsystems of public transport in this respect is the tram transport. Trams are eco-friendly and able to transport large numbers of passengers. However, in order to shape an efficient tram system, it is important to minimize the possibility of occurrence of incidents involving trams and road vehicles at intersections of roadways and tram tracks. The paper presents a proposition of a method of analysis of incidents in such locations. For ensuring a comprehensive approach to safety problem, the analysis encompasses two aspects: temporal and spatial. The proposed method has been presented on the example of tram network of the Metropolis GZM (Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin) area. The analysis has enabled identification of causes of incidents for the two most hazardous intersections of roadways and tram tracks. For each of these locations, proposed solutions to improve the level of safety have been determined.

PL

Jednym z najbardziej obiecujących podsystemów transportu publicznego w zakresie zrównoważonej mobilności jest komunikacja tramwajowa. Tramwaje mogą przewozić dużą liczbę pasażerów i są przyjazne środowisku. W celu kształtowania sprawnego systemu tramwajowego konieczne jest jednak zminimalizowanie możliwości występowania zdarzeń z udziałem tramwajów i pojazdów kołowych na skrzyżowaniach tras tramwajowych z ruchem kołowym. W artykule przedstawiono propozycję metody analizy zdarzeń w takich miejscach. Dla zapewnienia kompleksowego podejścia do problemu bezpieczeństwa, analiza obejmowała dwa aspekty zagadnienia: czasowy i przestrzenny. Proponowana metoda została przedstawiona na przykładzie sieci tramwajowej obszaru Górnośląsko-Zagłębiowskiej Metropolii (GZM). Analiza umożliwiła identyfikację przyczyn zdarzeń na dwóch najbardziej niebezpiecznych skrzyżowaniach tras tramwajowych z ruchem kołowym. W przypadku każdego z tych miejsc określono propozycje rozwiązań poprawiających poziom bezpieczeństwa.

19

Selected issues of designing cycling infrastructure in the aspect of road traffic safety

Brzeziński Andrzej, Jesionkiewicz-Niedzińska Karolina

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2021

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Vol. 20, no. 1

75--89

EN

Increasing mobility results in growing overcrowding of roads and streets. Attempts to improve travel conditions through an increase in road capacity usually only worsen the situation. The main purpose should be an increased share of public transport, including bicycle traffic, in the modal split. An increased share of bicycles in everyday traveling requires, however, a competitive advantage of that means of transport over other transport possibilities. It involves the need for adequate infrastructure which would provide bicycle users with the possibility to move efficiently, comfortably, and above all, safely. This paper describes the problems resulting from insufficient quality of the regulations on cycling infrastructure design and proposes directions of changes and complements that are vital for traffic safety. It applies mainly to design speed on bicycle routes, widening of bikeways on curves, bikeway clearances, and visibility on cycle crossings enabling uninterrupted cycling.

PL

Wzrost mobilności prowadzi do rosnącego zatłoczenia dróg i ulic. Próby poprawienia warunków ruchu przez zwiększenie przepustowości drogi zazwyczaj tylko pogarszają sytuację. Głównym celem powinno być zwiększenie udziału transportu publicznego i ruchu rowerowego w podziale zadań przewozowych. Wzrost udziału przemieszczeń rowerowych w codziennych podróżach wymaga jednak konkurencyjnej przewagi tego środka transportu nad innymi. Wiąże się to z koniecznością zapewnienia odpowiedniej infrastruktury, która dałaby rowerzystom możliwość przemieszczania się sprawnie, wygodnie i – przede wszystkim – bezpiecznie. Niniejszy artykuł opisuje problemy wynikające z niedostatecznej jakości przepisów dotyczących projektowania infrastruktury przeznaczonej do ruchu rowerów i przed- stawia sugerowane kierunki zmian oraz uzupełnień nieodzownych z perspektywy bezpieczeństwa ruchu. Odnoszą się one głównie do prędkości do projektowania na trasach dla rowerów, poszerzeń dróg dla rowerów na łukach, skrajni dróg dla rowerów oraz widoczności na przejazdach dla rowerzystów umożliwiającej nieprzerwaną jazdę.

20

Methods for reducing the number of collisions between wild animals and rail vehicles

Milewicz Julia, Mokrzan Daniel, Szymański Grzegorz M.

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2021

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Nr 3

30--43

EN

The article presents the issues of collisions between wild animals and approaching trains. The reasons for the presence of animals on the tracks are explained and the potential threats to the environment and the safety of railway traffic are described. In order to reduce the chance of an accident involving animals, the various solutions are used: infrastructure (making animals difficult to enter the tracks) and stimulus (warning against the approaching train) and supporting methods that may increase the effectiveness of other measures. The analysis of the results of research carried out in various ecosystems around the world allowed to assess the effectiveness of the most popular methods of protecting fauna against the collision with a vehicle and the innovative solutions, taking into account the psychology of animals. Their use will allow to reach a compromise between the development of transport networks, traffic safety and reduction of the impact on the natural environment.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problematykę zderzeń dzikich zwierząt z nadjeżdżającymi pociągami. Wyjaśniono przyczyny obecności zwierząt na torowiskach i opisano potencjalne zagrożenia dla środowiska, jak i dla bezpieczeństwa ruchu kolejowego. W celu zmniejszenia zagrożenia wypadkiem z udziałem zwierząt stosuje się różne rozwiązania: infrastrukturalne (utrudniające wstęp zwierząt na tory) i bodźcowe (ostrzegające przed zbliżającym się pociągiem) oraz metody wspomagające, które mogą zwiększy skuteczność działania innych środków. Analiza wyników badań przeprowadzanych w różnych ekosystemach na całym świecie pozwoliła ocenić efektywność najpopularniejszych sposobów ochrony fauny przed zderzeniem z pojazdem oraz innowacyjnych rozwiązań, uwzględniających psychologię zwierząt. Zastosowanie ich pozwoli na osiągnięcie kompromisu pomiędzy rozwojem sieci transportowych, bezpieczeństwem ruchu i redukcją oddziaływania na środowisko naturalne.