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PL
Woda odgrywa kluczową rolę w przemyśle spożywczym zarówno jako surowiec, jaki i składnik produktów oraz środek do czyszczenia, dezynfekcji i chłodzenia. Jest ona niezbędna w procesach technologicznych, takich jak mycie, pasteryzacja, gotowanie, fermentacja i chłodzenie. Zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości wody i efektywne jej wykorzystanie są kluczowe dla bezpieczeństwa żywności, jakości produktów i ochrony środowiska. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia wody w przemyśle spożywczym, opisanie jej roli, źródeł i jakości.
EN
Water plays a key role in the food industry, both as a raw material and as a component of products and as a means of cleaning, disinfecting and cooling. It is essential in technological processes such as washing, pasteurization, cooking, fermentation and cooling. Ensuring the appropriate quality of water and its efficient use are crucial for food safety, product quality and environmental protection. The aim of this article is to present the importance of water in the food industry, describe its role, sources and quality.
2
PL
Poddano dyskusji kwestię adekwatnego etykietowania i oznaczania produktów na przykładzie wód butelkowanych, powszechnie dostępnych na polskim rynku. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na problem braku jednoznacznej klasyfikacji wód pitnych oraz niewystarczających informacji na etykietach produktów. Jest to istotne z punktu widzenia dużych przedsiębiorstw rozprowadzających wody butelkowane, jak również lokalnych rozlewni mających w swojej ofercie głównie wody o potencjalnych właściwościach prozdrowotnych. Przedstawiono propozycję stworzenia kompleksowego modelu oceny jakości wód butelkowanych, bazującego na ilości zawartych składników jonowych, a także oceniającego czystość źródła i możliwość zaspokojenia dziennego zapotrzebowania na wybrane składniki. Model Water Score (WS) został przedstawiony jako połączenie parametru wskaźnika jakości wody (WQI) oraz rankingu dziennego zapotrzebowania (RDA). Analiza 187 różnych rodzajów wód butelkowanych wykazała, że ok. 80% z nich cechuje się poziomem „dobrej jakości”. Wskazano, że 7 wód mineralnych uzyskało maksymalny wynik WS, podczas gdy 4 wody uzyskały bardzo niską ocenę. Artykuł stanowi wkład w zrozumienie istotności prawidłowego i rzetelnego sporządzenia etykiet dotyczących składu i jakości wód butelkowanych, a zarazem może pomóc konsumentom dokonywać bardziej świadomych wyborów, jak to ma miejsce przy modelu Nutri-Score.
EN
A proposal was presented to create a comprehensive model for assessing the quality of bottled waters, called Water Score, based on the amt. of ionic components and the assessment of the purity of the source, as well as the ability to meet the daily requirement for selected elements. The Water Score (WS) model was presented as a combination of the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) ranking. The anal. of 187 different types of bottled waters on the Polish market showed that about 80% of them are “good quality”, 7 mineral waters achieved the max. WS score, while 4 waters received very low scores. The work contributes to the understanding of the importance of correct and reliable labeling of the compn. and qual. of bottled waters.
PL
Zbiornik Kępina w Zduńskiej Woli (8 ha, głębokość 1,2-2 m, HRT 13-24 h) zmagał się z eutrofizacją, zakwitami sinic i osadami organicznymi. W 2024 r. przeprowadzono bioremediację mikrobiologiczną z użyciem biopreparatów allochtonicznych. Analiza wyników (08.08.2024 - 02.09.2025) wykazała spadek grubości osadów dennych o 36%, wzrost przejrzystości wody o 44,4% oraz zawartości tlenu (przy powierzchni o 17%, przy dnie o 44%). To wynik aktywności mikroorganizmów rozkładających frakcje organiczne, mimo wpływu dopływu z rzeki Pichny. Krótki hydrauliczny czas retencji sugeruje, że zmiany mogą częściowo wynikać z wahań hydrologicznych, jednak dane wskazują na skuteczność bioremediacji. W celu weryfikacji trwałości efektów zaleca się monitorowanie dopływu. Studium potwierdza potencjał metod mikrobiologicznych w rekultywacji zbiorników zdegradowanych.
EN
The Kępina reservoir in Zduńska Wola (8 ha, depth 1.2-2 m, hydraulic retention time 13-24 h) was bioremediated to remove eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms, and to limit organic sediment accumulation. The microbial. bioremediation was conducted in 2024 by using allochthonous biopreparations. Analysis of results in Sep. 2025 showed a 36% reduction in bottom sediment org. fraction, a 44.4% increase in water transparency, and an increase in oxygen content (surface 17%, bottom 44%). These effects were achieved despite the influence of inflow from the Pichna River. The study confirmed the potential of microbial methods in the reclamation of degraded reservoirs.
EN
This study aims to examine the water quality and dynamics of bioindicators (phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic macroinvertebrates) in the Armağan Dam Lake, a major freshwater reservoir that serves the drinking, domestic, irrigation, and industrial water needs of Turkey’s Thrace region. To achieve this, water and sediment samples were collected seasonally from three stations over 1 year. Results show that the water quality generally remains within acceptable limits, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Surface Water Quality Management Regulation (SWQMR) standards for dam water. Regarding irrigation suitability, the sodium absorption rate (SAR) and magnesium rate (MgR) indices indicate that the lake is appropriate for irrigation. However, the Kelly index (KI) values are only marginally suitable, and the %Na Index suggests that it is unsuitable for irrigation. The Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) indicates that the lake is free from heavy metal pollution (maximum of 98.72) and is safe for drinking. Based on the Metal Index (MI), Class II results were observed in autumn, while Class I results appeared in the other seasons. The Shannon– Wiener diversity index displayed low values (maximum H′ = 1.354) for the aquatic groups. Overall, the water quality parameters and biodiversity data suggest that the lake exhibits oligotrophic characteristics.
EN
The water-quality biomonitoring programs based on macroinvertebrates of the Kebir–Rhumel wadi remain limited. We assessed macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and biological water quality to explore the impact of two discontinuities (a dam and a tributary) on biotic conditions. We sampled site communities above and below the Beni Haroun dam and in two tributaries in April, July, and November 2017. Sites above the dam had lower macroinvertebrate richness compared to reaches below the dam, while the tributaries had a relatively negligible effect on the confluence and mainstem communities. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa richness; Hilsenhoff Biotic Index (BI); Iberian Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP’) index; and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT) demonstrate a fairly poor quality above the dam and a fair quality below it. One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) and similarity percentage procedure (SIMPER) analyses revealed dissimilar community structures, with pollution-tolerant and pollution-sensitive species most contributing to the dissimilarity between studied reaches. This study has suggested only small changes in macroinvertebrate structure downstream of the dam and no significant impact of tributaries on the mainstem community composition.
6
Content available Procesy doczyszczania wody
PL
Wraz ze wzrostem skażenia środowiska rośnie zanieczyszczenie wód – nie tylko powierzchniowych, ale i podziemnych. Równocześnie coraz dokładniejsza analityka badawcza pozwala na szczegółowe określenie substancji zanieczyszczających i ich wpływu na zdrowie człowieka. Powoduje to poszukiwanie bardziej dokładnych metod uzdatniania wody przeznaczonej na cele spożywcze.
EN
The floodplains of Bangka Island, which are inhabited by endemic and native fish species, are increasingly threatened by several landscape change and waste pollution. Therefore, the investigation into fish diversity using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding and traditional sampling is required. eDNA samples were obtained from surface waters of Kurau and Bikang Rivers in Bangka Regency using a metaprobe with sterile gauze (10×10 cm). The extracted DNA products were amplified using Tele02 forward and reverse primers at annealing temperature of 54°C. The resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products were cleaned, attached to adapters, and sequenced with the Next Generation Sequencing Illumina MiSeq platform. The total of 385,661 reads were initially generated using the Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm 2 (DADA2). After the quality control (QC) process, 25.5% of the read (73,301) were retained for analysis. Results of the eDNA metabarcoding showed that species abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were higher in the experiment fishing group (6 and 0.93) compared to those obtained from eDNA data (3 and 0.42). Additionally, both indices were higher in the Kurau River (4 and 0.82) than in the Bikang River (3 and 0.48). Species richness was significantly different between the two sampling methods (p < 0.001). Eighteen fish species were identified through experimental fishing, three using eDNA metabarcoding, and one species was common to both methods. PCA results revealed that the richness of species and effectiveness of sampling technique were significantly affected by water quality. The result of eDNA detection in this research was not better than experimental fishing. Hence, the development of reference for genetic database and optimisation of eDNA technique are required.
EN
This study examines changes in physicochemical and bacteriological parameters in Oued Mchera water from the Bouregreg Basin to determine their pollution level and the factors responsible for it. Our investigation, conducted in 2021, focused on five specific stations within Oued Mchera. Nine physicochemical parameters were assessed on a spatiotemporal basis to calculate the water quality index (WQI). Furthermore, the levels of faecal coliforms (FC), Escherichia coli, and total coliforms (TC) were evaluated at these specific stations. The findings indicate that the pH average values vary between 7.59 and 8.78, the electrical conductivity average values range from 923 to 8300 μS∙cm-1, and the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels range from 3.13 to 3.06 mg∙dm-3. It should be noted that the high levels of conductivity, sodium, and temperature have a detrimental impact on the growth of bacteria. Furthermore, elevated salinity hinders the proliferation of FC, E. coli, and TC. The presence of E. coli is inversely related to the levels of DO and NO3-. This research’s WQI demonstrated notable temporal differentiation, clearly indicating differences in various seasons and stations both upstream and downstream. In addition, the WQI indicates that the water from all stations is not suitable for drinking throughout the dry and wet periods. The findings underscore the immediate need for coordinated efforts to mitigate the detrimental impacts of pollution on the water quality of Oued Mchera. Urgent implementation of stringent regulatory actions will be needed to curb the release of home and agricultural wastewater into the study area.
EN
The development of hydrochemical passports for rivers represents a key step toward better understanding and managing water resources in Ukraine. The objective of this research is to assess the state of surface waters and forecast changes in the water area of the city of Mykolaiv. This is achieved by determining sampling points within the water area of the Buzky Estuary, the Southern Buh and Inhul rivers, and within the districts of Mykolaiv. The analysis includes examining integrated hydrochemical indicators and investigating the temporal and spatial changes in water quality. The research focuses on the regularities of changes in water quality over time and space and includes surface waters of the Buzky Estuary, the Southern Buh River, and the Inhul River within Mykolaiv. Photometric method for determining water quality indicators using the eXact Strip Micro 20 long-wave photometric system. Mathematical methods include statistical data processing, the method of average values in determining the level of surface water pollution, and graphical reflection of data for qualitative visual evaluation of results using MS Excel software. The level of mineralization varies between different observation points, but the general trends remain similar. The data indicate a significant excess of the maximum permissible concentration at all observation points, which is a serious reason not to use these waters as a source of technical and even more so drinking water supply. Alkalinity significantly exceeds the maximum permissible concentration in all months considered, which indicates a consistently high level of this indicator in water. There is an increase in alkalinity from December to March, after which there is a sharp drop in April, and in May it rises again. The regression analysis found that annual hydrochemical indicators dynamics correspond to the sine wave of long-term fluctuations. The resulting function has made it possible to predict fluctuations over 6 years of a sine wave.
EN
In freshwater environments, salinity is a significant environmental stressor that has an impact on aquatic plant development and survival. Elevated salinity levels, frequently originating from natural processes or human actions, can lead to diminished plant growth, poor photosynthesis, and even plant mortality. Hence, the present study aimed to analyze the salinity tolerance level of the macrophyte Egeria densa, assess the biochar induced growth of E.densa in different saline condition (5 and 10 ppt) in addition of biochar (15 and 30 gm). The increased interestin biochar as an environmentally friendly and sustainable amendment to improve plant resilience in harsh environmental circumstances is the driving force for this work. The study analyzed different water quality parameters,shoot weight gain rate (SWR), shoot growth rate (SGR), root growth rate (RGR), total chlorophyll, carotenoids,and availability of florescence dissolved organic matter (fDOM). Experimental analysis was conducted in a setupat a laboratory scale for 10 days. Slight difference was observed in water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen) and the identified salinity threshold level of E. densa were5 ppt. SWR (0.014 gm/day), SGR (0.14 cm/day), RGR (0.015 cm/day), total chlorophyll (0.34 mg/g fresh weight)and carotenoids (0.16 mg/g fresh weight) concentration substantially increased with the application of 5% biocharin the 5 ppt saline water. Fulvic acid, p-Cresol like substance, and Protein-like extracellular polymeric substance(EPS), and anthracene-like peaks were found in the fDOM. According to the study, biochar increased plant growthat 5 ppt salinity, however neither Egeria densa nor biochar reduced the salinity of the water. Biochar aided E.densa in adapting to salt stress by increasing shoot length, root development, and chlorophyll levels.
EN
In the annex of Viñas, Pampas district, Tayacaja Province, Huancavelica department, Peru, they lack the benefit of a drinking water treatment plant and consume water directly from the river, which is also used for livestock and agricultural activities, and waste is dumped, Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the physicalchemical parameters of the Viñas River and compare it with drinking water. The evaluation was performed according to the Jefatural Resolution N° 010-2016-ANA and a Hanna brand multiparameter water analyzer was used to evaluate temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, salinity, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). In addition, ANOVA and Tukey tests, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Pearson correlation tests were performed. It was determined that none of the samples analyzed exceeds the ECA for water (DS 004-2017-MINAM), nor LMP (DS 031-2010-SA), in addition, if there are significant differences between samples. On the other hand, the parameters that influence the water quality of the Viñas River are STD (975 mg/L), BOD (58 mg/L) and COD (250 mg/L). It is concluded that the habitants of Viñas consume water according to Peruvian standards, even though it comes directly from the river; therefore, there is a need to improve the water purification systems in the annex.
PL
Z tekstu dowiesz się: jakie obowiązki w zakresie dostępu do wody pitnej nakłada dyrektywa, jak będą identyfikowane osoby z ograniczonym dostępem do wody lub bez niego, na czym będą polegały taryfy progresywne.
PL
Celem pracy było zbadanie zmienności wartości wybranych parametrów fizyko-chemicznych w wodach powierzchniowych w zależności od pory roku. Oznaczenia prowadzono dla wody z Zalewu Tatar w Rawie Mazowieckiej. Próbki wody do badań pobierane były w okresie od maja do grudnia 2023 roku. Do oznaczeń wytypowano następujące wskaźniki jakości wody: temperatura, pH, mętność, przewodność elektryczna właściwa, stężenie tlenu rozpuszczonego, biochemiczne zapotrzebowanie na tlen, chemiczne zapotrzebowanie na tlen metodą nadmanganianową, stężenie azotu amonowego, fosforu ortofosforanowego, żelaza (III) oraz chlorków. Wyniki badań były odniesione do ogólnych wskaźników jakości wód powierzchniowych obowiązujących w Polsce. Zaobserwowano, że niektóre właściwości fizyko-chemiczne wód badanych zbiorników podlegały dynamicznym zmianom w okresie prowadzonych badań. Ponadto, stwierdzono, że realnym zagrożeniem dla wód badanych zbiorników jest podwyższone stężenie fosforu ortofosforanowego, które, w okresie letnim, może prowadzić do nadmiernego rozwoju organizmów fitoplanktonowych (eutrofizacji).
EN
The aim of the study was to examine the variability of selected physicochemical parameters in surface waters depending on the season. Measurements were conducted on water from Tatar Reservoir in Rawa Mazowiecka. Analyzed water samples were collected from May to December 2023. The following water quality indicators were selected for analysis: temperature, pH, turbidity, specific electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen concentration, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand using the permanganate method, ammonium nitrogen concentration, orthophosphate phosphorus concentration, iron (III) concentration and chloride concentration. The study results were compared with the general surface water quality indicators applicable in Poland. It was observed that some physicochemical properties of the studied reservoirs underwent dynamic changes during the study period. Furthermore, it was found that an actual threat to the water in the studied reservoirs is the elevated concentration of orthophosphate phosphorus, which, during the summer period, may lead to excessive development of phytoplankton organisms (eutrophication).
EN
A common direction of reclamation of open pits and land subsidence in post-mining areas is the water direction. The quality of water in reservoirs created in this way depends on a number of factors, e.g., the method of reclamation, current use, and the size of the reservoir. The paper presents the results of water toxicity tests for three anthropogenic reservoirs of different sizes, created in different ways and with different methods of use. Two of them are related to sulfur extraction; one was created in an open pit (Tarnobrzeg Lake), and the other in subsidence areas after borehole exploitation (reservoir on the area of the former Jeziórko Sulfur Mine). The third reservoir was created in a quarry after aggregate exploitation (Bagry Reservoir in Cracow). All forms of recreation are allowed in two of the reservoirs, and fishing is allowed only in one. The scope of the presented research results concerns the germination and early growth test against Lepidium sativum and the reproduction test against Daphnia magna. The results of toxicity tests of bottom sediments collected from Tarnobrzeg Lake and the Bagry reservoir were also presented (germination and early growth tests against Sorghum saccharatum, Sinapis alba, and Lepidium sativum). Based on the bioassays, it was found that the water in Tarnobrzeg Lake is of the best quality, while the water in the reservoir in the area of the former Jeziórko Sulfur Mine is of the poorest quality. The good quality of water in Tarnobrzeg Lake is undoubtedly due to its size. Bottom sediments from Tarnobrzeg Lake showed no toxicity towards plants, and bottom sediments from the Bagry reservoir showed low toxicity towards two plant species.
PL
Częstym kierunkiem rekultywacji wyrobisk i zagłębień na terenach pogórniczych jest kierunek wodny. Jakość wody w tak powstałych zbiornikach zależy od szeregu czynników, np. sposobu przeprowadzonej rekultywacji, obecnego użytkowania oraz wielkości zbiornika. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań toksyczności wód dla trzech zbiorników antropogenicznych o różnej wielkości, powstałych w różny sposób oraz z różnym sposobem użytkowania. Dwa z nich wiążą się z wydobyciem siarki, jeden powstał w odkrywce (Jezioro Tarnobrzeskie), a drugi na terenach osiadań po eksploatacji otworowej (zbiornik na terenie dawnej Kopalni Siarki Jeziórko). Trzeci ze zbiorników powstał w wyrobisku po eksploatacji kruszyw (zalew Bagry w Krakowie). Na dwóch zbiornikach dozwolone są wszelkie formy rekreacji, na jednym tylko wędkowanie. Zakres prezentowanych wyników badań dotyczy testu kiełkowania i wczesnego wzrostu względem Lepidium sativum oraz testu rozrodczości Daphnia magna. Zaprezentowano także wyniki badań toksyczności osadów dennych pobranych z Jeziora Tarnobrzeskiego i zalewu Bagry (test kiełkowania i wczesnego wzrostu względem Sorghum saccharatum, Sinapis alba i Lepidium sativum). Na podstawie przeprowadzonych biotestów stwierdzono, że w Jeziorze Tarnobrzeskim woda ma najlepszą jakość, najsłabszą zaś w zbiorniku na terenie dawnej Kopalni Siarki Jeziórko. Do dobrej jakości wody w Jeziorze Tarnobrzeskim przyczynia się niewątpliwie jego wielkość. Osady denne z Jeziora Tarnobrzeskiego nie wykazywały toksyczności względem roślin, osady z zalewu Bagry wykazywały niską toksyczność w stosunku do dwóch gatunków roślin.
15
Content available remote Wpływ budowy geologicznej na aktywność 222Rn w wodzie
PL
Radon jest znany jako pierwiastek radioaktywny, który rozpuszcza się w wodzie. Warto zauważyć, że jest on dostępny we wszystkich możliwych zbiornikach. Jego stężenie nie może być mierzone bezpośrednio, a jedynie na podstawie emitowanego promieniowania. W badaniu przeanalizowano jakość wody i zawartość 222 Rn w wodzie wodociągowej i powierzchniowej w rezerwacie przyrody Święta Katarzyna. Wyniki zostały szczegółowo przeanalizowane, między innymi pod kątem dopuszczalnych stężeń. Określono wpływ położenia geologicznego na zawartość radonu w wodzie wodociągowej i powierzchniowej.
EN
Radon is known as a radioactive element that dissolves in water. It is worth noting that it is available in all possible reservoirs. Its concentration cannot be measured directly, but only on the basis of emitted radiation. The study analysed water quality and 222Rn content for tap water and surface water at the Saint Catherine Nature Reserve. The results were analysed in detail, among other things, in terms of permissible concentrations. The influence of geological location on radon content in tap and surface water was determined.
PL
Monitoring ilościowy i jakościowy wód w rzekach, takich jak Odra, jest istotny dla zarządzania zasobami wodnymi i ochrony środowiska. Systemy monitoringu dostarczają danych o stanie chemicznym wód, umożliwiając ocenę jakości wód, identyfikację zagrożeń, a także planowanie działań ochronnych i interwencyjnych. Krajowe przepisy definiują trzy rodzaje monitoringu: diagnostyczny, operacyjny i badawczy. Dane są zbierane przez instytucje państwowe, w oparciu o sieci stacji pomiarowych, co pozwala na analizę parametrów fizykochemicznych, biologicznych i hydromorfologicznych. Zaistniałe katastrofy ekologiczne na Odrze ujawniły kryzys w zarządzaniu wodami oraz potrzebę rozwoju zaawansowanego systemu monitoringu. Dane z automatycznych stacji pomiarowych umożliwiają monitorowanie różnych parametrów i szybką reakcję na zagrożenia. Artykuł analizuje dostępność publicznych danych dotyczących Odry, wskazuje na nieścisłości w ich wykorzystaniu oraz podkreśla ich rolę w zarządzaniu ryzykiem ekologicznym i hydrologicznym. Wnioski obejmują rekomendacje dla lepszego do stosowania monitoringu do aktualnych potrzeb środowiskowych.
EN
Quantitative and qualitative water monitoring in rivers, such as the Odra, is essential for water resource management and environ mental protection. Monitoring systems provide data on the chemical status of waters, enabling the assessment of water quality, identification of threats, and planning of protective and intervention measures. National regulations define three types of monitoring: diagnostic, operational, and research. Data are collected by state institutions based on a network of measurement stations, allowing for the analysis of physicochemical, biological, and hydromorphological parameters. Ecological disasters in the Odra have revealed a crisis in water management and the need for the development of advanced monitoring systems. Data from automated measurement stations enable the monitoring of various parameters and rapid responses to threats. The article analyzes the availability of public data related to the Odra, identifies inconsistencies in their utilization, and highlights their role in managing ecological and hydrological risks. Conclusions include recommendations for better aligning monitoring systems with current environmental needs.
EN
Maintaining water quality is essential for numerous fields, but pollution challenges have become more pronounced with population growth and industrial expansion. Although monitoring technologies have advanced, comprehensive watershed analyses remain limited, especially in developing countries. This study conducts a bibliometric review of watershed-scale water quality monitoring research, applying the PRISMA 2020 method alongside tools such as Scopus, VOSviewer, Orange Data Mining, and qualitative content analysis to identify trends, research gaps, and future directions across 107 studies. From 2005 to 2024, there has been a significant rise in research on real-time monitoring systems and spatial modeling in water quality, with notable peaks. The United States leads in publication volume, while 'Watershed Flow Modeling' remains underexplored and underrepresented. Studies show that implementing real-time monitoring systems and spatial modeling in developing countries faces challenges related to infrastructure and funding. However, recent advancements in IoT-based tools and satellite remote sensing are progressively enhancing water resource management.
EN
Water pollution and dwindling water supplies severely strain the environment. Rapid urbanization, more intensive agricultural practices, and the uncontrolled release of geothermal water all contribute to this problem with water quality. The natural composition of waters is most likely to be altered by human activity. The amount of freshwater in the river has decreased as a result of extensive mining for chlorine in the Shatt Al-Arab River. Determining the surface water quality standards in the river basin was the primary goal of this study, given the rising urban water demand and the associated environmental and health risks linked to pollution. The method of the Nemerow pollution index was used to assess the water quality. The all-encompassing pollution index is used by the Nemerow pollution index method to determine the water quality category, which highlights the most polluting factor while also accounting for the assessment system's other components' contributions. The study's findings show that, over the course of the study, the monitoring indicators of the monitoring stations have attained the "Surface Water Environmental Quality Standard" Category V water quality standard and above. Because the NPI method incorporates the effects of various impacting factors, the water quality was categorized into a grade of more reasonable.
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