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1

Using the Composite EEPSE Green Economy Index to Assess the Progress of Emerging Economies in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals

Stanković Sunčica, Ilić Biljana, Rabrenović Mihajlo

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 1

78--88

EN

As a concept, the green economy refers to the transition from coal to renewable energy sources to reduce pollution, the energy efficiency of production processes to achieve savings, the reuse of materials from waste in business and energy production, changes designed to stop harmful climate change and bring new opportunities for economic development. In this way, conflicts between economic development and environmental issues are resolved, with the aim of achieving sustainability of the economy and society. The aim of the study is to provide a comparative analysis of the level of development of the green economy in selected 20 emerging economies and their progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the 2030 Agenda using the EEPSE Green Economy Index (EEPSE GEI), based on Quintuple Helix Innovation Model (QHIM), and examine the interdependence between each of the 5 subsystems (quality of education system, economic aspects, political system, civil society, and natural environment) with this index. The results indicate that among the group of countries observed, Estonia is the best performer, while Egypt has the lowest performance. The results, also, indicate the important role of each of the subsystems in EEPSE GEI. The study can be useful for policy makers to identify weaknesses in achieving the SDGs.

PL

Jako koncepcja, zielona gospodarka odnosi się do przejścia z węgla na odnawialne źródła energii w celu ograniczenia zanieczyszczeń, efektywności energetycznej procesów produkcyjnych w celu osiągnięcia oszczędności, ponownego wykorzystania materiałów z odpadów w biznesie i produkcji energii, zmian mających na celu zatrzymać szkodliwe zmiany klimatyczne i stworzyć nowe możliwości rozwoju gospodarczego. W ten sposób rozwiązywane są konflikty pomiędzy rozwojem gospodarczym a kwestiami środowiskowymi, umożliwiając osiągnięcie zrównoważonego rozwoju gospodarki i społeczeństwa. Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy porównawczej poziomu rozwoju zielonej gospodarki w wybranych 20 gospodarkach rozwijających się oraz ich postępu w realizacji Celów zrównoważonego rozwoju (SDGs) wynikających z Agendy 2030 z wykorzystaniem Indeksu Zielonej Gospodarki EEPSE (EEPSE GEI), w oparciu o Model Innowacji Pięciokrotnej Helisy (QHIM) i bada współzależność pomiędzy każdym z 5 podsystemów (jakość systemu edukacji, aspekty ekonomiczne, system polityczny, społeczeństwo obywatelskie i środowisko naturalne) za pomocą tego indeksu. Wyniki wskazują, że wśród obserwowanej grupy krajów najlepiej radzi sobie Estonia, a najgorzej Egipt. Wyniki wskazują także na ważną rolę każdego z podsystemów w EEPSE GEI. Badanie może być przydatne dla decydentów w celu zidentyfikowania słabych punktów w osiąganiu Celów zrównoważonego rozwoju.

2

Global Country Classification of Sustainable Startups Levels

Bradač Hojnik Barbara

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 1

193--200

EN

In today's world, the pursuit of sustainable development has become a global priority. However, the integration of sustainability practices in entrepreneurial ventures, particularly in new startups, lags behind. This article aims to bridge the gap between sustainable development and entrepreneurship by examining the role of sustainability in the formation of sustainable startups. Through the use of cluster analysis, this study classifies countries based on their environmental and social objectives in the context of sustainable startups. The analysis reveals distinct clusters of countries with varying degrees of emphasis on environmental and social considerations. The results of the analysis provide valuable insights into the distribution of countries across different clusters, delineating the sustainable goals of startups in those countries. These findings align with existing research on sustainable entrepreneurship and contribute to the broader discourse in the field. The implications of these findings are significant for promoting sustainable entrepreneurship. While the study acknowledges several limitations, future research can expand upon these findings to develop a more comprehensive understanding of sustainable entrepreneurship on a global scale.

PL

W dzisiejszym świecie dążenie do zrównoważonego rozwoju stało się globalnym priorytetem. Jednak integracja zrównoważonych praktyk w przedsiębiorczości, szczególnie w nowych start-upach, pozostaje w tyle. Artykuł ma na celu wypełnienie luki pomiędzy zrównoważonym rozwojem a przedsiębiorczością poprzez zbadanie roli zrównoważonego rozwoju w tworzeniu zrównoważonych start-upów. Dzięki zastosowaniu analizy skupień w niniejszym badaniu dokonano klasyfikacji krajów na podstawie ich celów środowiskowych i społecznych w kontekście zrównoważonych start-upów. Analiza ukazuje wyraźne skupiska krajów o różnym stopniu spojrzenia na kwestie środowiskowe i społeczne. Wyniki analizy dostarczają cennych informacji na temat rozmieszczenia krajów w różnych klastrach, wyznaczają zrównoważone cele startupów w tych krajach. Ustalenia te pokrywają się z istniejącymi badaniami nad zrównoważoną przedsiębiorczością i przyczyniają się do szerszego dyskursu w tej dziedzinie. Konsekwencje tych ustaleń są istotne dla promowania zrównoważonej przedsiębiorczości. Chociaż w artykule wskazano kilka ograniczeń, przyszłe badania mogą rozszerzyć te ustalenia, aby uzyskać pełniejsze zrozumienie zrównoważonej przedsiębiorczości w skali globalnej.

3

Digital Transformation in the Context of Sustainable Development of European Countries

Kolupaieva Irina, Sheiko Iryna, Polozova Tetiana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 1

89--103

EN

The country’s sustainable development is focused on improving the quality of life at the global level, ensuring equal access to education and public goods, and caring for the environment and biodiversity, as well as responsible consumption and production. Digital technologies are among the main drivers of sustainable development. It is very important to develop government strategy and choose correct measures aimed at ensuring sustainable development of the countries in terms of the digitalization processes. The purpose of the research is to investigate the nature of the correlation between indicators of digital development and sustainable development of the European countries, as well as to identify policy directions and measures regarding their digital and sustainable progress. Methods of the research are principal component analysis, geometric aggregation, and cluster analysis. The positive correlation within the digital and sustainable development is observed. Most indicators of digital and sustainable development positively correlate with each other. Based on PCA, it was found that indicators of sustainable development have a stronger intercorrelation than those of digital development. Based on the construction of integral indicators of digital and sustainable development, a cluster analysis was conducted. The main digital tools that contribute to the achievement of each of the 17 goals of sustainable development were determined. The results of the analysis provide a suitable basis for comparing the digital and sustainable development of individual countries and offer opportunities to identify tools and strategy directions for policymakers.

PL

Zrównoważony rozwój koncentruje się na poprawie jakości życia na poziomie globalnym, zapewnieniu równego dostępu do edukacji i dóbr publicznych oraz dbałości o środowisko i różnorodność biologiczną, a także odpowiedzialną konsumpcję i produkcję. Technologie cyfrowe należą do głównych czynników zrównoważonego rozwoju. Bardzo ważne jest opracowanie strategii rządu i wybór właściwych działań mających na celu zapewnienie zrównoważonego rozwoju krajów w zakresie procesów cyfryzacji. Celem artykułu jest zbadanie charakteru korelacji pomiędzy wskaźnikami rozwoju cyfrowego i zrównoważonego rozwoju krajów w Europie, a także identyfikacja kierunków i mierników polityki w zakresie ich postępu cyfrowego i zrównoważonego. Metody badawcze to analiza głównych składowych, agregacja geometryczna i analiza skupień. Obserwuje się pozytywną korelację w zakresie rozwoju cyfrowego i zrównoważonego. Większość wskaźników rozwoju cyfrowego i zrównoważonego jest ze sobą pozytywnie skorelowana. Na podstawie PCA stwierdzono, że wskaźniki rozwoju zrównoważonego wykazują silniejszą korelację niż wskaźniki rozwoju cyfrowego. W oparciu o konstrukcję integralnych wskaźników rozwoju cyfrowego i zrównoważonego przeprowadzono analizę skupień. Określono główne narzędzia cyfrowe, które przyczyniają się do osiągnięcia każdego z 17 Celów zrównoważonego rozwoju. Wyniki analizy stanowią odpowiednią podstawę do porównania rozwoju cyfrowego i zrównoważonego poszczególnych krajów oraz dają możliwości identyfikacji narzędzi i kierunków strategii dla decydentów.

4

Evaluating and enhancing the performance of the K-Means clustering algorithm for annual coastal bed evolution applications

Papadimitriou Andreas, Tsoukala Vasiliki

Oceanologia

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2024

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No. 66 (2)

267--285

EN

The prediction of the coastal bed evolution at an annual scale utilizing process-based models is usually a complex task requiring significant computational resources. To compensate for this, accelerating techniques aiming at reducing the amount of input parameters are often employed. In the framework of this research, a comprehensive evaluation of the capacity of the widely-used K-Means clustering algorithm as a method to obtain representative wave conditions was undertaken. Various enhancements to the algorithm were examined in order to improve model results. The examined tests were implemented in the sandy coastline adjacent to the port of Rethymno, Greece, utilizing an annual dataset of wave characteristics using the model MIKE21 Coupled Model FM. Model performance evaluation was carried out for each test simulation by comparing results to a “brute force” one, containing the bed level changes induced from the annual time series of hourly changing offshore sea state wave characteristics, deeming the results very satisfactory. The best-performing configurations were found to be related to the implementation of a filtering methodology to eliminate low-energy sea states from the dataset. Employment of clustering algorithms utilizing “smart” configurations to improve their performance could become a valuable tool for engineers desiring to obtain an accurate representation of annual bed level evolution, while simultaneously reducing the required computational effort.

5

Fuzzy clustering in Czekanowski's diagram

Bartoszek Krzysztof, Luo Ying

Mathematica Applicanda

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2024

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Vol. 52, no. 2

227--244

EN

Czekanowski's diagram aims to visualize relationships between objects in a simple manner in a two-dimensional matrix. Clusters can be visible in such a diagram. However, the boundaries between these clusters are often very vague and this uncertainty has to be taken into account. The work here presents further development of the RMaCzek package, which now allows for presenting fuzzy clusters in Czekanowski's diagrams-i.e., clustering with uncertain regions.

PL

Diagram Czekanowskiego ma na celu zaprezentowanie podobieństw wewnątrz próbki statystycznej za pomocą dwuwymiarowej macierzy. W diagramie mogą być widoczne skupienia. Jednakże granice między tymi skupieniami mogą być nieostre i niepewność w nich powinna być także przedstawiona. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiamy rozszerzenie pakietu RMaCzek o rozmytą analizę skupień w diagramach Czekanowskiego.

6

The effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen and total phosphate in Lake Maninjau

Komala Puti S., Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, Kurniati Roselyn I., Fauzi Mhd

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

71--78

EN

This study aimed to analyse the effect of anthropogenic activities on the spatial distribution of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphate (TP) in Lake Maninjau, Indonesia, during the dry season. Sampling was carried out at ten observation locations representative for various activities around the lake. Cluster analysis and ANOVA were used to classify pollutant sources and observe differences between TN and TP at each site. Concentrations of TN and TP are categorised as oligotrophic-eutrophic. The ANOVA showed spatially that some sampling locations, such as the Tanjung Sani River, floating net cages, and hydropower areas have different TN concentrations. At the same time, TP levels were consistently significantly different across sampling sites. ANOVA and cluster analysis confirmed that floating net cages were the first cluster and the primary contributor to TN and TP. The second and third clusters come from anthropogenic activities around the lake, such as agriculture, settlement, and livestock. The fourth cluster with the lowest TN and TP is the river that receives the anthropogenic activity load but has a high flow velocity. The cluster change analysis needs to be conducted when there are future changes in the composition of floating net cages, agriculture, and settlements.

7

Electronic footprint analysis and cluster analysis techniques for information security risk research of university digital systems

Lakhno Valerii, Lakhno Myroslav, Makulov Kaiyrbek, Kryvoruchko Olena, Desiatko Alona, Chubaievskyi Vitalii, Ishchuk Dmytro, Kabylbekova Viktoriya

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2024

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Vol. 70, No. 2

405--412

EN

In the article there are presented results of the study of the state of user competencies for different specialties of the university digital educational environment (UDEE) on issues related to information security (IS). The methods of cluster analysis and analysis of digital (electronic) traces (DT) of users are used. On the basis of analyzing the DTs of different groups of registered users in the UDEE, 6 types of users are identified. These types of users were a result of applying hierarchical classification and k-means method. Users were divided into appropriate clusters according to the criteria affecting IS risks. For each cluster, the UDEE IS expert can determine the probability of occurrence of high IS risk incidents and, accordingly, measures can be taken to address the causes of such incidents. The algorithms proposed in this study enable research during log file analysis aimed at identifying breaches of information security within the university's DEE.

8

Information system for detection of parameters of dangerous industrial facilities based on geoinformation technologies

Barabash Oleg, Svynchuk Olha, Bandurka Olena, Ilin Oleh

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2024

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T. 14, nr 3

9--14

EN

With the development of industry, the issue of environmental safety of countries worldwide has become increasingly acute. Currently, there is a deficiency of information systems capable of effectively and comprehensively informing the public about the state of the environment, analyzing the dynamics of environmental indicators, and assessing regional disparities in terms of environmental safety. The objective of this study is to develop an information system for monitoring the environmental condition of a country's territory based on geoinformation technologies, considering emissions of pollutants. This system is conceived as a multi-regional monitoring system focused on industrial areas. It incorporates a geo-module for user location determination and data representation tailored to the user's location. Additionally, the system regularly updates information on hazardous enterprises and notifies the population in case of emergencies.

PL

Z rozwojem przemysłu wzrasta znaczenie problemu bezpieczeństwa ekologicznego i potrzeba doskonalenia systemów informacyjnych do jego monitorowania i analizy. W obecnych warunkach istnieje niedostatek takich systemów, które mogłyby jakościowo i dostępnie informować społeczeństwo o stanie środowiska, przeprowadzać analizę dynamiki wskaźników ekologicznych oraz oceniać regionalne różnice w tej dziedzinie. Celem niniejszego badania jest opracowanie systemu informacyjnego do monitorowania stanu ekologicznego obszaru kraju na podstawie technologii geoinformacyjnych z uwzględnieniem emisji substancji zanieczyszczających. Wspomniany system jest rozważany jako wieloregionalny i skierowany na monitorowanie stanu ekologicznego strefy przemysłowej. Obejmuje on moduł geograficzny do określania lokalizacji użytkownika i wyświetlania informacji zgodnie z tą lokalizacją. Ponadto system regularnie aktualizuje dane dotyczące niebezpiecznych przedsiębiorstw i informuje społeczeństwo w przypadku wystąpienia sytuacji nadzwyczajnych.

9

The application of the k-means clustering method in the prediction of the primary and secondary mineral composition of sandstones : a case study from Lower and Middle Jurassic rocks in the Polish Basin

Wróblewska-Janc Sara Magdalena, Bobek Kinga, Wysocka Anna, Kozłowska Małgorzata

Geological Quarterly

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 3

art. no. 30

EN

Comprehensive knowledge of both the primary and secondary mineral composition of rocks, as well as the diagenetic processes occurring within them, stands as a fundamental requirement for accurately estimating reservoir rock parameters across various geological sectors, such as petroleum geology, geothermal energy, and carbon capture and storage. In the era of widespread automatization, machine learning methods are increasingly being used for interpretation, which, with the support of appropriate datasets and the experience of interpreters, make it possible to draw a variety of conclusions about geological processes occurring within selected geological formations, as well as entire sedimentary basins. We describe the application of the k-means clustering method for the rapid prediction of primary and diagenetic mineral composition using the the example of Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones in the Polish Basin - one of the main aquifers and a potential reservoir formation. The model was based on the correlation between neutron porosity (NPHI), bulk density (RHOB), interval transit time (DT), deep resistivity (LLD), total natural gamma-ray (GR) and spectral gamma-ray values (K, Th, U), correlated with the results of petrographic, petrophysical and qualitative geochemical analysis. This correlation was the basis for distinguishing 5 different sandy petrofacies with variable primary and diagenetic characteristics typical of Jurassic sandstones in the Polish Basin.

10

Study of Fluctuation in Surface Water Quality in Can Tho Province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam)

Thuan Nguyen Cong, Tran Vu Lam, Nguyen Thi Huynh Nhu

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 7

94--105

EN

The research investigated changes in surface water quality (SWQ) in the canals and rivers of Can Tho province in the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam. Surface water was sampled at 34 points through months of the end of the rainy and flood season (October 2023), the beginning of the dried season (December 2023), and the middle of the dried season (February 2024). The SWQ parameters were compared with limited values of the national technical standard on SWQ and the Vietnamese water quality index. We used principal component analysis (PCA) to find sources causing surface water pollution and cluster analysis (CA) to identify the similarities in SWQ parameters among sampling points. The research showed that Can Tho’s average SWQ value ranged at a good level. The SWQ in the dry season is worse than in the rainy season. Pollution from suspended solids, organic matter, nutrients, and coliform was found in Can Tho’s surface water. The PCA resulted in the three key sources of PCs 1, 2, and 3 being elucidated by 65.3% of SWQ changes. Twelve current monitoring parameters, including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, total suspended solids, total organic carbon, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, and coliform, are influencing SWQ. It is suggested from the CA results that the 34 monitoring points could decrease to 30 points in the case of financial issues. The results are beneficial in reviewing the sampling points and monitoring parameters for SWQ in Can Tho.

11

Predicting air quality trends in Malaysia’s largest cities : the role of urban population dynamics and COVID-19 effects

Wong Ming Wong, Tzeng Shian-Yang, Mo Hao-Fan, Su Wunhong

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 2

65--74

EN

This paper aims to explore the relationship between the Air Quality Index (AQI), COVID-19 incidence rates, and population density within Malaysia’s ten most populous cities from January 2018 to December 2021. Data were sourced from the Department of Statistics Malaysia, the World Air Quality Index Project, and Our World in Statistics. The methodology integrated population-based city classification and AQI assessment, cluster analysis through SPSS, and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) analysis using R Studio despite encountering a data gap in AQI for five months in 2019. Cities were organized into three clusters based on their AQI: Cluster One included Ipoh, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, and Melaka, Cluster Two comprised Kuantan, Seremban, Johor Bahru, and Kota Bharu, Cluster Three featured Kota Kinabalu and Kuching. GAMM analysis revealed prediction accuracies for AQI variations of 58%, 60%, and 41% for the respective clusters, indicating a notable impact of population density on air quality. AQI variations remained unaffected by COVID-19, with a forecasted improvement in air quality across all clusters. The paper presents novel insights into the negligible impact of COVID-19 on AQI variations and underscores the predictive power of population dynamics on urban air quality, offering valuable perspectives for environmental and urban planning.

12

The Use of Cluster Analysis to Assess the Wear Resistance of Cermet Coatings Sprayed by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel on Magnesium Alloy Substrate

Jonda Ewa, Fydrych Dariusz, Łatka Leszek, Myalska-Głowacka Hanna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 4

216--227

EN

Cermet coatings are one of the best surface protection of machine elements against wear. On the other hand, the most universal and economically justified method of applying such coatings is high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. This method makes it possible to produce coatings characterized by compact structure, low porosity and very good adhesion to the substrate. All these fundamental properties contribute to the high wear resistance of these coatings. However, carrying out full wear tests (e.g. ball-on-disc) is time-consuming, especially when it is necessary to select the proper feedstock material and carefully selected process parameters. The aim of the following researches was to statistically investigate the possibility of replacing long-term wear resistance tests with estimation of this performance on the basis of determining the fundamental mechanical properties of the coatings. Three types of coating materials were selected: WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni, which were deposited on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrates from three different spray distances: 320, 360 and 400 mm. On the basis of the tests carried out and using cluster analysis techniques (the Ward and k-means methods), the relative similarity between the obtained coatings was determined. The applied methodology allowed to select from the analyzed cermet coatings such samples that were characterized by improved resistance to abrasive wear. The obtained results of the analyzes were also referred to the results of tests of resistance to abrasive wear.

13

Eastern european union countries in the intra-EU food trade in 1999–2019

Pigłowski Marcin

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2023

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nr 126

19--32

EN

The results of research on intra-European Union (EU) food trade conducted by the Eastern EU countries were presented in 1999-2019, including exports and imports. The study applied cluster analysis: Eastern EU countries’ share of intra-EU food trade increased from 5% (in 1999) to 15% (in 2019). These countries traded mostly in beverages, cereals, fruit and vegetables. Eastern EU countries traded in food mainly among themselves, including their closest neighbours, regionally and with Germany. To increase their share of exports to other EU countries, these countries could use lower food prices and the benefits of traditional approaches to food production.

14

Identification of electric field strength in aircrafts

Michałowska Joanna, Tomiło Paweł, Tofil Arkadiusz, Puzio Łukasz, Pytka Jarosław

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 2

222--225

EN

The development of new technologies contributes to an increase in the value of the electromagnetic field. The article presents the identification of the electric field with the use of cluster analysis. The research on the value of the electric component of the electromagnetic field (EMF) was determined with the NHT3DL broadband meter from Microrad with the 01E measuring probe during training flights. The developed model for cluster analysis using the DBSCAN (density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) algorithm is used to identify the electric field exposure value in the context of flight safety analysis.

PL

Rozwój nowych technologii przyczynia się do wzrostu wartości pola elektromagnetycznego. W artykule przedstawiono identyfikacje pola elektrycznego określoną przy użyciu analizy skupień. Badania dotyczące wartości składowej elektrycznej pola elektromagnetycznego (EMF) wyznaczono miernikiem szerokopasmowym NHT3DL firmy Microrad z sondą pomiarową 01E podczas lotów szkoleniowych statkami powietrznymi. Opracowany model do analizy y skupień przy użyciu algorytmu DBSCAN (ang. density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise) służy do identyfikacji wartości ekspozycji pola elektrycznego w kontekście analizy bezpieczeństwa lotów.

15

Wykorzystanie języka R do statystycznej analizy oraz analizy skupień dla danych geochemicznych

Janiga Marek

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 9

576--583

PL

W zagadnieniach geologii naftowej metody statystyczne są szeroko stosowane w petrografii, petrofizyce, geochemii, geomechanice, geofizyce wiertniczej czy sejsmice, a analiza skupień jest istotna w klasyfikacji skał – wyznaczaniu stref o pewnych własnościach, np. macierzystych lub zbiornikowych. Artykuł prezentuje użycie metod statystycznych, w tym metod analizy skupień, w procesach przetwarzania i analizy dużych zbiorów różnorodnych danych geochemicznych. Do analiz statystycznych wykorzystano literaturowe dane z analiz składu chemicznego i izotopowego gazów ziemnych. Wyniki zawierały skład chemiczny gazów ziemnych oraz skład izotopowy. Zastosowano algorytmy tzw. nienadzorowanego uczenia maszynowego do przeprowadzenia analizy skupień. Grupowania było przeprowadzone dwiema metodami: k-średnich oraz hierarchiczną. Do zobrazowania wyników grupowania metodą k-średnich można wykorzystać dwuwymiarowy wykres (funkcja fviz_cluster języka R). Wymiary na wykresie to efekt analizy głównych składowych (PCA) i są one liniową kombinacją cech (kolumn w tabeli). Wynikiem grupowania metodą hierarchiczną jest wykres nazywany dendrogramem. W artykule dodatkowo zaprezentowano wykresy pudełkowe i histogramy oraz macierz korelacji zawierającą współczynniki korelacji Pearsona. Wszystkie prace wykonano z użyciem języka programowania R. Język R, z wykorzystaniem programu RStudio, jest bardzo wygodnym i szybkim narzędziem do statystycznej analizy danych. Przy użyciu tego języka uzyskanie wymienionych powyżej wykresów, tabeli i danych jest szybkie i stosunkowo łatwe. Wyniki analiz składu gazu wydają się mało zróżnicowane. Mimo to dzięki algorytmom k-średnich i hierarchicznym możliwe było pogrupowanie danych geochemicznych na wyraźnie rozdzielne zespoły. Zarówno wartości składu izotopowego, jak i skład chemiczny pozwalają wyznaczyć grupy, które w inny sposób nie byłyby dostrzegalne.

EN

In petroleum geology, statistical methods are widely used in petrography, petrophysics, geochemistry, geomechanics, well log analysis and seismics, and cluster analysis is important for rock classification – determination of zones with certain properties, e.g., source or reservoir. This paper presents the use of the R language for statistical analysis, including cluster analysis, of large sets of diverse geochemical data. Literature data from analyses of chemical and isotopic composition of natural gases were used for statistical analyses. The results included the chemical composition of the natural gases and the isotopic composition. So-called unsupervised machine learning algorithms were used to perform the cluster analysis. Clustering was performed using two methods: k-means and hierarchical. A two-dimensional graph (function fviz_cluster) can be used to illustrate the results of the k-means clustering. The dimensions in the graph are the result of principal component analysis (PCA) and are a linear combination of the features (columns in the table). The result of hierarchical clustering is a graph called a dendrogram. The paper additionally presents box plots and histograms as well as a correlation matrix containing Pearson correlation coefficients. All work was completed using the programming language R. The R language, using the RStudio software, is a very convenient and fast tool for statistical data analysis. Obtaining the above-mentioned graphs, tables and data is quick and relatively easy, using the R language. The results of the analyses of the composition of the gas appear to have little variation. Nevertheless, thanks to k-means and hierarchical algorithms, it was possible to group the geochemical data into clearly separable groups. Both the isotopic composition values and the chemical composition make it possible to delineate groups that would not otherwise be noticeable.

16

Identifying clusters in Czekanowski's diagram

Bartoszek Krzysztof, Luo Ying

Mathematica Applicanda

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2023

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Vol. 51, no. 2

183--198

EN

Visualizing data through Czekanowski's diagram has as its aim to present how objects are related to each other. Often, obvious clusters of observations are directly visible. However, exactly delimiting them is not a straightforward task. We present here a development of the RMaCzek package that includes cluster identification in Czekanowski's diagrams.

PL

Diagram Czekanowskiego ma na celu zaprezentowanie podobieństw wewnątrz próbki statystycznej. Najczęściej widać na nim wyraźne grupowania elementów. Jednakże dokładne wyznaczenie granic między skupieniami nie jest trywialnym zagdnieniem. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiamy rozszerzoną wersję pakietu RMaCzek, która pozwala na analizę skupień w diagramach Czekanowskiego.

17

Criteria for the quality of the effects of waste management targets in 2015-2017 in the countries of the European Union

Kuźmiński Łukasz, Jaworski Jarosław, Miązek Paweł, Gawlik Andrzej, Jakubowska Agnieszka, Łopatka Agnieszka, Norek Tomasz

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2023

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Vol. 8, No. 2

6--22

EN

For many years, the amount of waste generated on a global scale has shown an increasing tendency and their management and logistic is becoming a growing problem for most countries in the world. Waste management is an important issue to be addressed, as it concerns the three basic pillars of sustainable development: social, economic, and environmental. Therefore, it seems necessary to take initiatives to reduce the amount of waste generated and improve the waste management system. The article aims to analyse changes in the way of waste management and logistics in the European Union countries and the classification of these countries on the basis of the achieved effects in waste management. The article analyses three selected factors that reflect the effects of achieving environmental objectives in waste management. The cluster analysis method was used for the analysis. It found that EU countries differ in the quality of the results achieved in waste management, depending on the achievement of environmental management and sustainability objectives. In addition, the results of the analysis showed that the time factor has a significant impact on the classification of countries. High dynamics of the quality of effects in waste management were observed in the period under review.

18

Rainfall Erosivity Factor within the Volyn Region

Matviichuk Bogdan, Romantschuk Ludmila, Matviichuk Nataliia

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 6

135--146

EN

The article presents results of the research and mathematical modelling of the rainfall erosivity factors. Erosion, whether water, wind or resulting from soil cultivation, includes three processes – soil descaling, movement and sedimentation. Spatial characteristics of precipitation during two researched periods are similar, having certain quantitative peculiar features. A common feature is maximum precipitation in the southwest and to a lesser extent in the eastern part of the region. Minimum precipitation is typical for the western part of the region. Peculiar feature of the second period of research is increase of contrasting effect of precipitation regime, when minimum values of precipitation decrease and maximum ones increase. Enhancement of contrasting effect of precipitation in space or time may cause increased intensity of erosion processes to the extent where the intensity of precipitation increases due to such contrasting effect. Thus, doubtless interest lies in the research of greater spatial or time contrasting effect of precipitation regime to activate water erosion. Thus, spatial peculiarities of distribution of precipitation within territory under study and time patterns correlate, but have their own special features. Clearly, total amount of precipitation as well as time distribution as a marker of correlation of intensification factor of erosion processes and defence mechanisms of vegetative cover are dominant for total losses of soil due to erosion. Coincidence of time of intense precipitation in summer and availability of vegetative cover reduces erosion. Nevertheless, continuance of intense precipitation when harvesting is started may cause intensification of water erosion of soil. Use of spatial variables and regression equations for spatial data calibration helped to estimate the spatial variation of precipitation on the territory under study. Comparison of two periods of research showed that in 2010–2016 significant reduction of rainfall erosivity factor has taken place in comparison with the previous period 9.6–65.4 MJ mm ha–1 h–1 per year. In Turiyskyi and Kovelskyi district changes in rainfall erosivity factor were minimal (9.6 and 16.7 MJ mm ha–1 h–1 per year respectively). Conversely, in Ivanytskyi and Gorokhivskyi districts changes were the most significant – 58.1 and 65.4 MJ mm ha–1 h–1 per year respectively.

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The application of cluster analysis in the assessment of the weldability of unalloyed steels

Szewczyk Anna, Górska Klaudia, Wolski Adrian, Fydrych Dariusz

Biuletyn Instytutu Spawalnictwa w Gliwicach

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 3

5--12

EN

Non-alloy steels constitute a large group of steels characterised by diversified chemical composition, structural morphology and a wide range of mechanical properties (determining weldability). The paper presents results of multidimensional analyses (based on cluster analysis) of 110 selected unalloyed steel grades. Properties adopted as diagnostic features included the chemical composition, mechanical properties (yield point) and values of selected indicators concerning susceptibility to technological crack formation. The analyses (performed using Ward’s and k-means methods) resulted in a division of the 110 steels into five steel groups (clusters). The comparison of results obtained using two clustering methods and involving various classification criteria revealed that multidimensional analyses constituted a prospective method making it possible to assess the weldability of steels. However, results of such multidimensional analyses should be subjected to thorough and substantive analyses.

PL

Stale niestopowe stanowią liczną grupę stali charakteryzujących się zróżnicowanym składem chemicznym, budową strukturalną oraz szerokim zakresem właściwości mechanicznych, co determinuje ich spawalność. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analiz wielowymiarowych z wykorzystaniem analizy skupień wybranych 110 gatunków stali niestopowych. Jako cechy diagnostyczne przyjęto skład chemiczny, właściwości mechaniczne (granicę plastyczności) oraz wartości wybranych wskaźników skłonności do pęknięć technologicznych. Analizy przeprowadzono metodami Warda i k-średnich, uzyskując podział na pięć grup stali. Z porównania wyników otrzymanych dwoma metoda grupowania i dla różnych kryteriów klasyfikacji wynika, że analizy wielowymiarowe stanowią perspektywiczną metodę oceny spawalności stali, jednak ich wyniki należy poddać starannej analizie merytorycznej.

20

Identification of pollution sources in the Narew River catchment using multivariate statistical methods

Ofman Piotr

Studia Quaternaria

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2022

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Vol. 39, Nr 1

23--30

EN

The aim of the statistical analyses carried out was to identify similarities and to point out differences between the various tributaries of the Narew River, to identify the factors and processes responsible for the transformations occurring in the aquatic environment and finally, to identify the main sources of pollution in the river catchment. For the purposes of statistical analysis, the results of studies conducted as part of diagnostic monitoring by the General Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in 2017–2018 were used. The studies included 8 measurement points located directly on the Narew River and 17 points located on its selected left and right tributaries. Analysis of the collected results indicates that the chemical condition of the water in the Narew catchment is assessed as being poor. This observation may be due to the fact that the Narew catchment is mainly used for agricultural purposes and, in addition, there is a relatively large number of potential anthropogenic sources. As part of the analysis, two potential sources of pollution affecting water quality in the Narew catchment were identified, which include surface run-off and treated wastewater inflow.