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Engineering carbon dynamics and vegetation indices in oil palm plantations: An integrated assessment of carbon stocks, normalized difference vegetation index, and net ecosystem exchange in Riau Province

Siallagan Eko Jaya, Siregar Yusni Ikhwan, Nofrizal Nofrizal, Ismail Ujang Paman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

342--349

EN

This research examines carbon dynamics and vegetation indices in oil palm plantations across Riau Province through an integrated analysis of carbon stocks, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE). Observations were conducted in six districts (Kampar, Siak, Pelalawan, Rokan Hulu, Indragiri Hulu, and Indragiri Hilir) from August 2022 to May 2024, using a nested sampling design focusing on productive oil palmsaged 8–16 years. Results showed significant variations in carbon stocks among districts, with Rokan Hulu and Indragiri Hilir consistently demonstrating the highest carbon storage capacity (41.43–43.46 tC·ha-1). NDVI analysis revealed increasing values from 2022 to 2024, with Siak District reaching the highest value (0.81) in 2024. Meanwhile, NEE in all districts showed negative values (-1.64 to -1.82 gC/m2/day), indicating that oil palm plantations serve as net carbon sinks. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of carbon dynamics in oil palm plantation systems and their contribution to climate change mitigation, while highlighting the importance of sustainable management practices in optimizing carbon sequestration.

2

Potential carbon content by mangrove forest along the coastline of Trenggalek regency

Fahmi Muhammad Yunan, Muttaqin Andik Dwi, Ardiansyah Rizqi Eka, Anggreini Retno, Widyawati Syafira Salma Luna

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

41--57

EN

This study focuses on estimating carbon stocks in Trenggalek’s forest and coastal areas, assessing their contributions to carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. The study was conducted in two phases. First, a field-based estimation of carbon stocks was carried out for both mangrove and plantation forests, with 72 sample plots (10 × 10 m) laid out systematically. Above-ground biomass was calculated using an allometric model, while below-ground biomass was based on ratios of above-to-below ground biomass. Results showed that mangrove forests had an average carbon stock of 12.80, 23.45, and 76.15 tons/ha in above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, and soil organic carbon, respectively, while plantation forests had higher values of 77.05, 114.2, and 75.76 tons/ha. The potential CO2 absorption also varied, with mangrove forests showing lower values due to their smaller biomass compared to plantation forests, though the mangroves had higher soil organic carbon storage. In parallel, the study evaluated the carbon uptake potential of coastal waters in Trenggalek Regency, based on primary productivity from phytoplankton. Sampling was done purposively, and carbon sequestration potential was calculated using the dark-light bottle method. The waters exhibited a mesotrophic state with primary productivity values ranging from 150–950 mgC/m³/day. The carbon uptake potential varied across stations from 3.69 to 23.35 tonsC/m²/year, indicating that coastal waters in Trenggalek Regency acts as a carbon sink, driven by a positive net primary productivity (NPP). Additionally, remote sensing techniques were used to analyze changes in land cover and carbon stock in Trenggalek’s coastal areas over time, using temporal Landsat data and Google Earth Engine. From 2001 to 2023, the carbon stock declined from 4,126,833.64 tons to 3,769,725.32 tons, but a slight increase is predicted by 2034 to 3,778,537.21 tons. These findings highlight the importance of field data in accurately predicting future carbon stock estimates, enhancing the understanding of forest and marine ecosystems roles in climate change mitigation and the importance of sustainable land use management to preserve carbon stock potential in Trenggalek’s ecosystems. The current research provides new insights into carbon stock estimation in the mangrove and plantation forests of Trenggalek, Indonesia. One of the key findings revealed for the first time is that, while mangrove forests have lower aboveground and belowground biomass compared to plantation forests, they possess significantly higher soil organic carbon content. This is primarily due to mangroves’ ability to trap carbon for longer periods in the soil due to anaerobic conditions. Moreover, the study highlights the carbon uptake potential of Trenggalek’s coastal waters, which act as a carbon sink, with primary productivity driven by phytoplankton. This is among the first studies to quantify the combined carbon sequestration from both forest ecosystems and coastal waters in Trenggalek, showing how these ecosystems contribute collectively to climate change mitigation .

3

Role of phytolith occluded carbon of cereales plants for climate change mitigation

Rutkowska Beata, Schröder Peter, Mench Michel, Rineau Francois, Szulc Witold, Szulc Wiesław, Pobereżny Jarosław, Tiideberg Kristjan, Niedziński Tomasz, Loit Evelin

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

50--58

EN

Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is highly stable, and constitutes an important source of long-term C storage in agrosystems. This stored carbon is resistant to the processes of oxidation of carbon compounds. In our research phytolith content in barley (Estonia) and oat (Poland) grain and straw was assessed at field trials, with Si as a liquid immune stimulant OPTYSIL and compost fertilisation. We showed that cereals can produce relatively high amounts of phytoliths. PhytOC plays a key role in carbon sequestration, particularly for poor, sandy Polish and Estonian soils. The phytolith content was always higher in straw than in grain regardless of the type of cereals. The phytolith content in oat grains varied from 18.46 to 21.28 mg∙g-1 DM, and in straw 27.89-38.97 mg∙g-1 DM. The phytolith content in barley grain ranged from 17.24 to 19.86 mg∙g-1 DM, and in straw from 22.06 to 49.08 mg∙g-1 DM. Our results suggest that oat ecosystems can absorb from 14.94 to 41.73 kg e-CO2∙ha-1 and barley absorb from 0.32 to 1.60 kg e-CO2∙ha-1. The accumulation rate of PhytOC can be increased 3-fold in Polish conditions through foliar application of silicon, and 5-fold in Estonian conditions. In parallel, the compost fertilisation increased the phytolith content in cereals.

4

The Benefits of Biofouling–Promoting the Growth of Benthic Organisms to Enhance Ecosystem Services

Richard Kailey Nicole, Hunsucker Kelli Z., Hunsucker Travis, Swain Geoffrey

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

133-155

EN

For the marine industry biofouling has a negative reputation. On ship hulls, the accumulation of these unwanted plants and animals can lead to increased drag, fuel consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. Offshore platforms are also subject to biofouling which can result in corrosion and hydrodynamic loading, thus shortening their lifespan. While the harmful impacts of biofouling are commonly reported throughout the literature, biofouling can also benefit both aquatic and human populations. Common biofouling organisms act as natural filtration systems, thus improving water quality. Many of the same flora and fauna serve as a food source, and structures could be designed to lessen the impacts of fouling on hydrodynamic forces. In addition, microfouling species commonly found in biofilms have the potential to be harnessed as biofuel sources and can be a component of the carbon cycle. The following review discusses the benefits of biofouling and why ecological engineering initiatives may aid in ecosystem restoration versus the use of antifouling techniques for preventative growth.

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Carbon Sequestration and Environmental Service Assessment in the Special Purpose Forest Area of Mount Bromo, Indonesia

Suhardono Sapta, Hermawan Bagus, Aulia Azrhi Nurfia Ahdha, Restanti Arlinda Dwi, Ramadhan Auriga Wahyu Widyadana, Septiariva Iva Yenis, Sari Mega Mutiara, Suryawan I Wayan Koko

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

14--22

EN

This study aimed to evaluate the carbon and environmental service potential in the natural tourism zone of special purpose forest areas Mount Bromo. The study focused on understanding how this area, with its specific tree compositions and sizes, contributes to carbon absorption and environmental benefits, which can also translate into carbon credits, a form of state revenue. The methodology involved purposive sampling to create observational sample plots (OSP) of varying sizes based on tree diameter. These plots were designed to measure the biomass, carbon potential, and environmental service potential of the trees in a given area. The collected data included the composition of tree species, the number of each type of tree, their diameters, and heights. The study applied specific formulas to determine the potential of biomass, carbon, and environmental services in the area. Key findings revealed a dominance of mahogany trees (83 trees per hectare) among ten identified plant species, indicating a specific but lower biodiversity in this zone. The significant results of the study include the quantification of biomass potential, which was found to be 787.84 tons/ha above-ground and 228.47 tons/ha below-ground, totaling 1016.31 tons/hectare. The study also evaluated the environmental service potential, including CO2 absorption and O2 production. The CO2 absorption capacity of the area was estimated at 1753.04 tons/ha, with a corresponding high O2 production of 1279.72 tons/ha. Additionally, the potential for carbon credits in the area was calculated at approximately 70.12 US$/ha. This research is crucial in understanding how specific forest areas, like special purpose forest areas Mount Bromo, can play a significant role in global environmental sustainability efforts.

6

Carbon Stocks Dynamics of Urban Green Space Ecosystems Using Time-Series Vegetation Indices

Sudarma I Made, Saifulloh Moh, Diara I Wayan, As-Syakur Abd. Rahman

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

147--162

EN

The quantification of carbon stocks has emerged as a critical global issue due to its vital role in ecosystem services amid increasing urbanization and the impacts of global climate change. This study assesses carbon stocks in urban green space (UGS) ecosystems using time-series remote sensing data from 2014 to 2022. Carbon stock computation was derived from vegetation indices obtained from Landsat 8 satellite sensors, specifically the red and near infrared (NIR) bands with central wavelengths of 0.665 µm and 0.705 µm, respectively. The results, based on nine years of annual data, indicate a 24% increase in carbon stocks within UGS ecosystems. However, year-to-year transitions showed significant fluctuations, with a 19% decrease in carbon stocks from 2017 to 2019, and notable increases of 25% and 40% during the 2015–2016 and 2019–2020 periods, respectively. Spatially, carbon stock fluctuations were most pronounced in agricultural ecosystems, which are vulnerable to climate change, especially during El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events that influenced vegetation dynamics, particularly in low-density areas. The most substantial contributors to carbon stocks, exhibiting relatively stable and adaptive patterns to climate change, were mangrove and urban forest ecosystems. From a state-of-the-art perspective, this research addresses a gap in the literature where previous studies focused on calculating carbon for specific periods using various model approaches. Our implementation of a new time series analysis demonstrates that carbon stocks are dynamic, as evidenced by our findings. The results underscore the importance of preserving urban forest ecosystems, which play a significant role in climate change mitigation and the reduction of urban greenhouse gas emissions.

7

Relative Analysis for Carbon Sequestration Potential of Prominent Private and Public Green Spaces in Bengaluru, India

Gopinath Rajesh, Mishra Abeer, Pai Aishwarya R., Sanghvi Jay Hitesh, Idicula Jojy Josheph

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 2

224--241

EN

With the advent of Climate Change and Global Warming, highly populated urban spaces are becoming more prone to various Environmental disasters. While forest are good sinks of CO2, it is highly impossible to introduce them into urban-level planning. In this context, nurturing Urban Green Spaces within cities, can serve well to perform the regulatory functions just like forests do. However, it is also imperative that their inception, must also ensure effective carbon sequestration. The objective of current research includes determination of carbon sequestration value for various ‘tree’ species, which eventually would serve to identify species with potential to serve better in Strategic Climate Sustainable Township Guidelines. To accomplish this objective, firstly three observatories (Richard’s Park, BMSIT&M Green Campus, and Lalbagh Botanical Garden) having distinct floral diversity were selected. Further, physical data collection was undertaken at these observatories and employed for biomass computation viz. ‘Biostatistics-based Allometric’ equation. Statistical Validation of data was accomplished viz. Multiple Linear Regression Modelling and One-way ANOVA. The average value of carbon sequestered (in tonnes per species) was found to be 20.13, 0.727 and 0.292, at Lalbagh Botanical Garden, Richard’s Park, and BMSIT&M, respectively. Upon comprehensive evaluation, it was found that best three species offering high carbon sequestration potential are Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus globus and Samanea saman. These species would hence be keystone species that could play a potential role in naturally lowering CO2 levels in intra-urban spaces. These species would serve well in empowering Green Spaces to behave as Urban Cool Islands, to combat Urban/Global Warming.

8

A holistic approach to the total energy and cost for carbon capture and sequestration

Michaelides Efstathios E.

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2024

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Vol. 45, no. 1

5--16

EN

Carbon capture and sequestration from a stationary source comprises four distinct engineering processes: separation of CO2 from the other flue gases, compression, transportation, and injection into the chosen storage site. An analysis of the thermodynamic and transport properties of CO2 shows that dissolving this gas in seawater at depths more than 600 m is, most likely, an optimal long-term storage method; and that for transportation, the CO2 must be in the denser supercritical state at pressures higher than 7.377 MPa. The separation, compression, transportation, and injection processes require significant energy expenditures, which are determined in this paper using realistic equipment efficiencies, for the cases of two currently in operation coal power plants in Texas. The computations show that the total energy requirements for carbon removal and sequestration are substantial, close to one-third of the energy currently generated by the two power plants. The cost analysis shows that two parameters – the unit cost of the pipeline and the discount factor of the corporation – have a very significant effect on the annualized cost of the CCS process. Doubling the unit cost of the pipeline increases the total annualized cost of the entire CCS project by 36% and increasing the discount rate from 5% to 15% increases this annualized cost by 32%.

9

Bezpośredni wychwyt dwutlenku węgla z powietrza aktualny stan i kierunek badań

Kotowicz Janusz, Niesporek Kamil

Rynek Energii

|

2023

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Nr 4

44--51

PL

W niniejszym artykule dokonano przeglądu literaturowego dotyczącego technologii bezpośredniego wychwytu dwutlenku węgla z powietrza, zwracając szczególną uwagę na zagadnienia takie jak badania nad opracowaniem wysoce efektywnych sorbentów, ekonomiczne aspekty funkcjonowania przedsiębiorstwa, współpraca ze źródłami OZE w ramach technologii Power-to-X czy oddziaływanie sorbentów na środowisko naturalne. Przedstawiono również aktualny stan projektów realizujących DAC. Zwrócono uwagę na konieczność rozwoju tej technologii, szczególnie mając na uwadze zachodzącą transformację energetyczną. Poruszono również problematykę energochłonności procesu.

EN

This article reviews the literature on direct atmospheric carbon capture (DAC) technology, paying partic ar attention to issues such as research into the development of highly efficient sorbents, the economics of the b›usiness, cooperation with RES sources as part of power—to-X technology or the environmental impact of sorbents. The current status of projects implementing DAC was also presented. Attention was drawn to the 'neces sity of developing this technology, particularly in view of the ongoing energy transition. The energy intensity of the process was also discussed.

10

Effect of plant Communities and Ecological Parameters on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Mamora Forest, Morocco

Boujraf Amal, Dallahi Youssef, Dahmani Jamila, Orlando Collins Ashianga, Douira Allal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

128--136

EN

Several studies on the assessment of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks have been carried out at the global level. However, reliable information on SOC stocks is not readily available at the regional level. In addition, very few studies have assessed the factors responsible for the variation of SOC stocks, in particular the effect of plant communities. For this purpose, the main objective was to analyze the effects of three plant communities and ecological parameters on the SOC stock in the Mamora forest. Specifically, the authors looked to examine the relationships between SOC stock and plant communities and to define the main parameters that directly influence SOC stock. Ten soil profiles with three replications were sampled at each plant community, from which SOC stock was determined. To assess the effect of plant communities on SOC stocks, phytosociological surveys were carried out according to the phytosociological stigma method developed by Braun-Blanquet. The results show that the SOC stocks in cork oak soils are characterized by high variability, with values ranging from 55 t•ha-1 to 95 t•ha-1. Indeed, the findings of this study showed that the SOC stocks fluctuated significantly with plant communities. In addition, SOC stocks were also affected by the interactions between plant communities, the amount of litter and the density of the cork oak stand. These outcomes of this study highlight the critical need to incorporate community-specific carbon values into future carbon sequestration modeling.

11

Świadczenia ekosystemów mokradłowych, czyli rzecz o niemających alternatywy, opartych na naturze metodach gospodarowania wodą

Strzęciwilk Karolina, Stachowicz Marta, Grygoruk Mateusz

Gospodarka Wodna

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2023

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Nr 1

16--21

PL

Usługi ekosystemowe (świadczenia ekosystemów) są dobrami naturalnymi wytwarzanymi przez środowisko, funkcjami i procesami środowiska oraz wszelkimi korzyściami pochodzącymi ze środowiska, które są wykorzystywane przez ludzi i przyczyniają się do dobrobytu gospodarczego, społecznego i kulturowego. Ekosystemy wodne i mokradłowe dostarczają społeczeństwu szeregu mierzalnych korzyści, które w wyniku niewłaściwej gospodarki wodnej ulegają utraceniu. W artykule podjęto próbę syntetycznej oceny świadczeń ekosystemów mokradłowych, których dostarczanie i wartości są determinowane możliwością wdrożenia nowoczesnej, mniej inwazyjnej gospodarki wodnej. Określono, że najważniejsze świadczenia ekosystemów bagiennych - retencjonowanie wody, sekwestracja węgla w glebach torfowych oraz usuwanie przez bagienne strefy buforowe zanieczyszczeń (azotu całkowitego i fosforu całkowitego) - są możliwe wyłącznie w warunkach utrzymania odpowiednio wysokiego ich uwilgotnienia. Oceniono, że średnia łączna wartość tych czterech usług ekosystemowych mokradeł wynosi 3 141,12 EUR x ha-1 x rok-1 i jako taka powinna być stosowana w algorytmach optymalizacji zysków i strat płynących z użytkowania terenów bagiennych.

EN

Ecosystem services are natural assets produced by the environment, environmental functions and processes as well as all benefits originating from the environment and used by people, contributing to their economic, social and cultural well-being. Water and wetland ecosystems provide a number of measurable benefits which, due to improper water management, are lost. The article constitutes an attempt at synthetic analysis of wetland ecosystem services, the provision and value of which are determined by the possibility to implement modern, less invasive water management. The authors conclude that the most important services of wetland ecosystems - water retention, carbon sequestration in peat soils and elimination of pollution by peat bog buffer zones (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) - are possible only in conditions maintaining their high level of moisture. The article indicates that the average value of these four ecosystem services amounts to EUR 3,141.12 x ha-1 x year-1 and as such it should be used in algorithms for optimisation of profits and losses originating from the use of peat land.

12

Wpływ nanometrycznego karbonizatu z łupin pestek moreli na właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów cementowych

Sisman Mehmet, Teomete Egemen, Yanik Jale, Malayoglu Ugur, Tac Gozde Duman

Cement Wapno Beton

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2023

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R. 28, nr 1

2--15

PL

Waloryzacja odpadów rolniczych jest ważna zarówno pod względem ekonomicznym jak i środowiskowym. Celem pracy było zbadanie możliwości wykorzystania karbonizatu z pestek moreli jako wypełniacza do poprawy właściwości mechanicznych zaprawy i wspomagania sekwestracji CO2. Karbonizat został wyprodukowany w wyniku pirolizy łupin pestek moreli w temperaturze 500°C. Karbonizat o wymiarach mniejszych niż 500 nm otrzymano w procesie wysokoenergetycznego mielenia kulowego. Do określenia morfologii ziaren karbonizatu użyto skaningowego mikroskopu elektronowego. Krbonizat w różnych procentach objętościowych [0,00-0,04-0,06-0,08-0,12-0,15%] dodawano do zaprawy. Zaprawę formowano w beleczki o wymiarach 40x40x160 mm. Po dojrzewaniu w wodzie w temperaturze 20°C przez 28 dni wykonano badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie i zginanie. Mieszanka zawierająca 0,04% objętości nanometrycznego karbonizatu wyróżniała się wzrostem wytrzymałości na zginanie i ściskanie odpowiednio o 5% i 15%, a jej energia pękania przy zginaniu i ściskaniu wzrosła odpowiednio o 98% i 38% w stosunku do zaprawy referencyjnej. Ponadto, w mieszance o zawartości 0,12% objętości nastąpił wzrost wytrzymałości na zginanie i ściskanie odpowiednio o 32% i 11%. Natomiast wzrost energii pękania przy zginaniu i ściskaniu wyniósł odpowiednio 52% i 25% w porównaniu z zaprawą referencyjną. Wyjaśniono mechanizmy wpływu nanometrycznego karbonizatu na płynięcie, wytrzymałość i energię pękania. Ziarna karbonizatu mostkują pęknięcia, odwracają je, działają jako miejsca nukleacji hydratacji, wzmacniają matrycę przez jej porowatą strukturę i rozwijają wewnętrzne twardnienie, co prowadzi do wzrostu wytrzymałości i energii pękania. Badanie to wykazuje, że karbonizat produkowany z łupiny pestek moreli ma potencjał do wykorzystania jako mieszanina sekwestrująca węgiel w celu poprawy efektywności zaprawy, a tym samym wykorzystania odpadów jako materiału budowlanego, przyczyniając się do rozwoju gospodarki i ochrony środowiska.

EN

Valorization of agricultural wastes is important both economically and environmentally. This study aimed to investigate the use of biochar as a filler to improve the mechanical properties of mortar and to help sequestrate CO2. The biochar was produced by pyrolysis of apricot kernel shell at 500°C. Nanobiochar particles with dimensions less than 500 nm were obtained by high-energy ball milling process. Scanning electron microscope was used for determining the morphology of nanobiochar. The nanobiochar at different volume percentages [0.00-0.04-0.06-0.08-0.12-0.15%] was added to mortar. The mortar was casted into 40x40x160 mm molds. After water curing at 20°C for 28 days, compressive strength and flexural strength tests were performed. The mixture containing 0.04% nanobiochar by volume had an increase in flexural and compressive strengths by 5% and 15% respectively, while its fracture energies for flexure and compression increased by 98% and 38% respectively compared to the reference mortar. Furthermore, the mixture having 0.12% volume had an increase in flexural and compressive strengths by 32% and 11%, respectively, while the increase in fracture energies for flexure and compression was 52% and 25%, respectively, compared to the reference mortar. The mechanisms of nanobiochar effect on flow, strength, and fracture energy were enlightened. The nanobiochars bridge the cracks, divert the cracks, act as hydration nucleation sites, enhance the matrix by its porous structure, and developed internal curing that led to increase in strength and fracture energy. This study suggests that the biochar produced from the apricot kernel shell has the potential to be used as a carbon sequestering mixture to improve performance of mortar and thereby utilizing waste as a construction material, contributing to the economy and environment.

13

Projekty CCS - szansa dla przemysłu i emitentów w dobie transformacji energetycznej

Cygnar Helena, Porębski Michał, Wójcikowski Artur, Tyburcy Jarosław

Wiadomości Naftowe i Gazownicze

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2022

|

R. 25, Nr 2 (278)

4-10

EN

CCS (carbon capture and storage) projects are an important element of the energy transition and a solution for the energy industry struggling with high prices of CO2 emission allowances. For the time being, no project has been launched in Poland that would consist in injecting CO2 into an underground formation for permanent storage. In November last year, LOTOS Petrobaltic S.A. together with its partners Grupa LOTOS S.A. and Grupa Azoty S.A. published the "Green Book for the development of CCS projects in Poland". The article below addresses the most important issues identified through an analysis of the legislative environment, both domestic and international, as well as technical aspects that need to be taken into account to implement the first CCS project in Poland. The authors indicate the B3 oil field in the Baltic Sea area as a potential pilot for the commencement of this type of activity in our country. Depleted gas and oil reservoirs are used around the world as storage facilities for CO2 due to confirmed tightness and appropriate parameters of such structures. In addition, the article presents an example of a CCS project launched in the Netherlands (Porthos) and the financing method for such projects.

14

Using Allometric Equations to Estimate Mangrove Biomass and Carbon Stock in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia

Indrayani Ervina, Kalor John Dominggus, Warpur Maklon, Hamuna Baigo

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 5

263--271

EN

The mangrove ecological services as carbon sinks and storage are very useful in the efforts to mitigate global warming and climate change. In this study, the above and below-ground biomass, carbon stock, as well as carbon sequestration by the mangroves in Demta Bay, Papua Province, Indonesia were estimated. Allometric equations were used to determine the mangrove biomass in 36 observation plots. The biomass value was used to determine carbon stock and estimate carbon sequestration. Nine mangrove species were found in Demta Bay, with the contribution of mangrove species to biomass (AGB and BGB) in the following order: Rhizophora apiculata > Rhizophora mucronata > Bruguiera gymnorhiza > Bruguiera cylindrica > Heritiera Littoralis > Xylocarpus molucensis > Rhizophora stylosa > Avicennia marina > Sonneratia caseolaris. The average mangrove biomass was estimated at 174.20 ± 68.14 t/ha (AGB = 117.62 ± 45.68 t/ha and BGB = 56.58 ± 22.49 t/ha). The carbon stocks in mangroves at the Ambora site were higher than the Tarfia and Yougapsa sites, averaging 123.57 ± 30.49 t C/ha, 81.64 ± 25.29 t C/ha, and 56.09 ± 39.03 t C/ha, respectively. The average carbon stock in the mangrove ecosystem of Demta Bay is estimated at 87.10 ± 34.07 t C/ha or equivalent to 319.37 ± 124.92 t CO2 e/ha. The results of this study indicate that the mangrove ecosystem in Demta Bay stores quite high carbon stocks, so it is necessary to maintain it with sustainable management. Therefore, climate change mitigation is not only done by reducing the carbon emission levels but also needs to be balanced by maintaining the mangrove ecosystem services as carbon sinks and sequestration.

15

The Link Between Habitats and Carbon Accumulation From Natural Forest Regrowth in Borino Municipality (Southern Bulgaria)

Grigorov Borislav

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

|

Vol. 31, no. 1

182--191

EN

Carbon accumulation in forests is an important step towards achieving better climate mitigation levels. The current research aims at uncovering the link between the NATURA 2000 habitats in Borino Municipality, Southern Bulgaria and the expected carbon sequestration from natural forest regrowth for the period 2020-2050. The case study area currently is of a predominantly mountainous character with a number of forests – a prerequisite for enlargement of the carbon pools. Nevertheless, there are also grassland habitats, which participate in this process as well. The results of the research show that the southern parts of the municipality possess a larger potential for carbon accumulation with levels, reaching 1.10 and 1.28Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The promising outcomes may be used as an example of an investigation of climate mitigation and may serve as a basis for broadening the geographical range in other municipalities in the region.

16

Carbon Accumulation Potential from Natural Forest Regrowth of Godech Municipality, Western Bulgaria

Grigorov Borislav

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2021

|

Vol. 31, no. 1

192--199

EN

The present research deals with carbon sequestration, as an important process for mitigating the effects of climate change. The investigation focuses on a 30-year period and it covers only aboveground biomass that builds up from natural forest regrowth, excluding any plantation techniques. Potential carbon sequestration rate from natural forest regrowth in Godech Municipality was measured in Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ and the resolution of the map was 1x1 km. The results of the study display that carbon accumulation values in the researched area were consistent with those that were expected in the largest parts of Bulgaria. The biggest share of Godech Municipality falls within the range of 0.82 – 0.96 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ with restricted areas around the villages of Barlya, Smolcha, Gubesh, Murgash and Varbnitsa that may accumulate between 0.96 – 1.11 Mg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. In conclusion, carbon accumulation only from natural forest regrowth provides representative information, however it would have been better if different plantation techniques were regarded as well. The successful results of the investigation should encourage other studies of this type in the neighbouring municipalities.

17

Evaluation of the carbon sequestration capacity of arid mangroves along nutrient availability and salinity gradients along the Red Sea coastline of Saudi Arabia

Shaltout Kamal H., Ahmed Mohamed T., Alrumman Sulaiman A., Ahmed Dalia A., Eid Ebrahem M.

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (1)

56--69

EN

In the present work, we assessed the carbon sequestration capacity of mangrove forests (Avicennia marina) in relation to nutrient availability and salinity gradients along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. This was achieved through estimating the sediment bulk density (SBD), sediment organic carbon (SOC) concentration, SOC density, SOC pool, carbon sequestration rate (CSR) and carbon sequestration potential (CSP). The present study was conducted at 3 locations (northern, middle and southern), using 7 sites and 21 stands of mangrove forests (A. marina) along ∼1134 km of the Red Sea coastline of Saudi Arabia (from Duba in the north to Jazan in the south), all of which are in an arid climate. The correlation coefficients between the water characteristics and the first two Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) axes indicated that the separation of the sediment parameters along the first axis were positively influenced by TDS (total dissolved solids) and EC (electric conductivity) and were negatively influenced by total N and total P. On the other hand, the second axis was negatively correlated with total N, total P, EC and TDS. The SOC pools at the northern (10.5 kg C m−2) and southern locations (10.4 kg C m−2) were significantly higher than the SOC pool at the middle location (6.7 kg C m−2). In addition, the average CSR of the northern (5.9 g C m−2 yr−1) and southern locations (6.0 g C m−2 yr−1) were significantly higher than they were in the middle location (5.0 g C m−2 yr−1).

18

Evaluation of carbon stock in the sediment of two mangrove species, Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata, growing in the Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia

Eid Ebrahem M., Khedher Khaled M., Ayed Hamdi, Arshad Muhammad, Moatamed Adel, Mouldi Abir

Oceanologia

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2020

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No. 62 (2)

200--213

EN

The aim of this study was to conduct the first comprehensive evaluation of carbon stock in the sediments of Avicennia marina (black mangrove) and Rhizophora mucronata (red mangrove) along the coastline of an arid region (Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia). Such information is necessary for the development of any management plan for the mangrove ecosystems along the Saudi Red Sea islands and provide a rationale for the restoration of mangrove forests in Saudi Arabia. A. marina and R. mucronata locations showed significant (P < 0.001) differences in sediment bulk density (SBD) and sediment organic carbon (SOC) concentration with higher mean values for both in the sediments of A. marina. Considering the whole depth of sediment sampled (0-50 cm), the highest value of SOC stock (12.3 kg C m−2) was recorded at A. marina locations and the lowest (10.8 kg C m−2) at R. mucronata locations. Thus, the SOC stock of A. marina was greater than that of R. mucronata by 114.3%. Consequently, considering the rate of carbon sequestration and the area of mangrove forests (216.4 ha), the total carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in the Farasan Islands ranged between 10.3 Mg C yr−1 and 11.8 Mg C yr−1 for R. mucronata and A. marina locations, respectively. Thus, it is necessary to protect and restore these ecosystems for the sequestration of carbon and for their other valuable ecosystem services.

19

Ocena wielkości sekwestracji węgla w torfowisku przejściowym na podstawie pomiarów strumieni ditlenku węgla

Turbiak J., Ćwiklińska P.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2018

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T. 18, z. 4

41--53

PL

Badania wymiany CO2 na torfowisku przejściowym prowadzono w latach 2011–2013. Strumienie CO2 oznaczano metodą komorową. Na torfowisku przejściowym, w warunkach dopływu energii świetlnej, dominował proces akumulacji ditlenku węgla. Średnia wartość wymiany ekosystemu netto (NEE) wynosiła –533 mg∙m-2∙h-1, wartość TER 693 mg∙m-2∙h-1, natomiast wartość fotosyntezy brutto – 1180 mg∙m-2∙h-1. W torfowisku przejściowym zachodził proces akumulacji CO2. W okresie badań z torfowiska było emitowane średnio 31,2 Mg∙ha-1∙rok-1–1 CO2, natomiast średnia wartość fotosyntezy brutto wynosiła 32,2 Mg∙ha-1∙rok-1. W okresie badań akumulacja CO2 wynosiła średnio 0,9 Mg∙ha-1∙rok-1. Metoda bilansowania węgla z wykorzystaniem pomiarów strumieni CO2 umożliwia określenie wpływu różnych czynników środowiskowych na wartości wymiany węgla i porównanie natężenia tego procesu w krótkich odcinkach czasu.

EN

A study of CO2 exchange in a transitional bog was carried out in the years 2011–2013. CO2 fluxes were determined by the chamber method. In a transitional bog, under conditions of input of luminous energy, the process of carbon dioxide accumulation dominated. The mean value of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was –533 mg∙m-2∙h-1–1, the value of TER – 693 mg∙m-2∙h-1, while the value of gross photosynthesis – 1180 mg∙m-2∙h-1. In a transitional bog the process of CO2 accumulation occurred. During the study period from the bog on average 31.2 Mg∙ha-1∙year-1 CO2 was emitted, while the mean value of gross photosynthesis was 32.2 Mg∙ha-1∙year-1. During the study period CO2 accumulation was on average 0.9 Mg∙ha-1∙year-1. Carbon balancing method using measurements of CO2 fluxes makes it possible to determine the effect of various environmental factors on the values of carbon exchange and to compare the intensity of this process in short time periods.

20

Rola lasów i leśnictwa w pochłanianiu gazów cieplarnianych

Jabłoński K., Stempski W.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2017

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z. 64, nr 4/I

161--168

PL

Wśród działań zmierzających do złagodzenia zmian klimatycznych ważną rolę odgrywają lasy oraz aktywnie prowadzona gospodarka leśna. Lasy pełnią rolę nie tylko pochłaniacza dwutlenku węgla, ale stanowią ważne źródło surowca drzewnego i biomasy leśnej, dostarczając substytutów materiałów niedrzewnych oraz paliw kopalnych. Obecnie, informacje o działaniach w zakresie zalesień, wylesień oraz gospodarki leśnej stanowią część corocznych raportów, przygotowywanych na mocy ramowej konwencji klimatycznej oraz protokołu z Kioto. Wśród sektorów objętych sprawozdawczością tylko kategoria „Użytkowanie gruntów, zmiany użytkowania gruntów i leśnictwo” (LULUCF) stanowi pochłaniacz emisji gazów cieplarnianych netto. W Polsce w sektorze LULUCF lasy cechują się największym pochłanianiem dwutlenku węgla w przeliczeniu na jednostkę powierzchni, osiągając wartość 4,42 t CO2 na ha. Gospodarka leśna przyczynia się do pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla znacznie bardziej niż zalesianie netto. Średnio, w ostatnich latach wielkość pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla z tytułu prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej w Polsce wynosiła blisko 38 mln ton rocznie, zaś zalesiania netto rocznie pochłaniały średnio nieco ponad 2 mln ton dwutlenku węgla. Obliczenia wskazują, że wprowadzenie jednostek pochłaniania dwutlenku węgla z tytułu prowadzenia gospodarki leśnej i zalesień do handlu emisjami, przy obecnych cenach dwutlenku węgla, mogłoby być źródłem przychodu na poziomie ok. 70 mln Euro rocznie. Nie tylko sam fakt istnienia lasów jako ekosystemu, ale aktywne prowadzenie gospodarki leśnej przyczynia się do sekwestracji dwutlenku węgla, co stawia leśnictwo w roli ważnego czynnika przeciwdziałającego zmianom klimatycznym i wzywa do rychłego włączenia sektora LULUCF do celu redukcyjnego emisji.

EN

Among activities leading to climate change mitigation forests and active forest management play an important role. Forests are not only a carbon dioxide sink, but they are also a vital source of wood products and forest biomass, providing substitutes for non-wood materials and fossil fuels. Today, information about afforestation, deforestation and forest management is a part of yearly reports, submitted, according to the requirements of the climate convention and Kioto Pro170 K. Jabłoński, W. Stempski tocol. Among the sectors covered by the reporting, only the category Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) is a net GHG sink. In Poland in the LULUCF sector, forests are the largest carbon dioxide sink per area unit, reaching a value of 4,42 t CO2/ha. Forest management contributes to the sequestration of carbon dioxide in a much larger degree than net afforestation. The average CO2 sequestration due to forest management in Poland in recent years amounted to nearly 38 mill. tons per year, while the net sequestration resulting from afforestation/deforestation activities reached over 2 mill. tons CO2. As calculations show, bringing CO2 sequestration units due to forest management into the emissions trading system could provide an income of about 70 mill. Euros per year. The existence of forests as ecosystems contributes to the sequestration of carbon dioxide, but active forest management plays an even more important role in carbon sequestration, which puts forestry into a position of a vital factor mitigating climate change and calls for a rapid inclusion of the LULUCF sector in the emissions reduction goals.