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1

The problem of emission of total particulate matter and heavy metals from tribological systems in vehicles

Laskowski Piotr, Zimakowska-Laskowska Magdalena

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 3

13--19

EN

The article presents the problem of particulate matter and heavy metal emissions from the tribological systems (road abrasion, brake and tyre wear) road of cars equipped with internal combustion engines (ICEs), battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrids and plug-in vehicles (PHEVs). The results of mathematical modelling carried out for obtaining of the emissions of particulate matter and heavy metals, such as As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn, resulting from road abrasion, brakes and tyre wear, are presented. Emissions are shown depending on the average speed and type of traffic (traffic in the city (urban), outside the city (rural) and on the highway) and the type of vehicle.

2

Assessment of daily concentrations of air pollutants over four stations of Andhra Pradesh, India, during 2019-2022

Gogineni Rajesh, Umakanth Nandivada, Ramakrishna Yarlagadda, Veeraswamy Parise

Acta Geophysica

|

2024

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Vol. 72, no. 2

1227--1249

EN

In recent years, pollution levels have increased to dangerous levels in several Indian cities. These levels are posing a severe threat to human’s health. Using the data from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the current work focuses on highlighting the primary air pollutants in various regions such as Visakhapatnam (VSK), Hyderabad (HYD), Amaravati (AMV), and Tirupati (TPTY). Data from the Zoo Park area were used to study the location of HYD. Sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter with particles less than 2.5 gm in diameter (PM2.5), particulate matter with particles less than 10 gm in diameter (PM10), and ozone (O3) are the air pollutants used for analysis in this work. An attempt was made to research the meteorological factors that contribute to the rising levels of air pollution between 2019 and 2022. Wind speed (WS), temperature (TEMP), relative humidity (RHUM), rainfall (RF), and solar radiation (SR) are the meteorological variables used in the analysis. The prediction of PM2.5 and PM10 was done using artificial neural network (NN) method. The NN method's outcomes show strong correlation in the forecasting of air pollution across four locations. The VSK station exhibited a high correlation of 91.29%, whereas TPTY station had a low correlation of 82.1%, based on CPCB PM2.5 observation and NN technique. The VSK station revealed a high correlation of 90.30%, whereas TPTY station had a low correlation of 81.61%, based on CPCB PM10 observation and NN technique.

3

Do we know PM1 in Poland inside out?

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta

Environment Protection Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 49, nr 4

5--27

EN

The paper provides a concise review of key publications on particulate matter of aerodynamic diameter below 1 μm (PM1) having been published in Poland in the years 2007–2022. Data and conclusions related to the study of concentrations, chemical composition, and content of selected toxic and carcinogenic compounds in PM1 as well as methods and conclusions on the assessment of the origin of PM1 in various regions of Poland have been tabulated. The conclusions of this review attempt to outline the directions of further research that could prove crucial in obtaining information and filling the identified gaps in knowledge about PM1 in Poland. While this work may be theoretical, it can serve as a valuable and compact source material for research groups, organizations supervising and financing research, as well as those responsible for assessing air quality and mitigating negative health effects related to air quality.

4

Effect of COVID 19 pandemic restrictions on air pollution at a local scale in urban areas affected by high intensity vehicle traffic in Poland

Górka Kostrubiec Beata, Dudzisz Katarzyna

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

1085--1097

EN

The lockdown in 2020 implemented due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in a significant improvement in air quality at a global scale. Nationwide lockdown also considerably improved air quality at a local scale, especially in cities which were almost completely shut down during the first coronavirus wave, with nearly no activity. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction in the intensity of vehicle traffic causes a drastic decrease in urban air pollution at a local scale. We focused on two urban agglomerations, Warsaw and Cracow, in Poland. Data of the concentrations of traffic-related sources, namely NOx, PM10, and PM2.5, obtained from two air pollution monitoring stations were analyzed for the years 2020 and 2021, during which lockdown and pandemic restrictions were in effect, and for 2019, as a reference. In the years 2020–2021, the average annual concentration of NOx was decreased by ~19%, PM2.5 by~19%, and PM10 by~18% in Warsaw, while in Cracow the average annual concentration of NOx was decreased by~16%, PM2.5 by~22%, and PM10 by~2%, compared to 2019. The contribution from traffic-related sources to the overall level of air pollution was estimated. The results indicated that~30 µg/ m3 of PM10,~15 µg/m3 of PM2.5, and ~120 µg/m3 of NOx in Cracow, and ~20 µg/m3 of PM2.5 in Warsaw originate from moving vehicles. The nationwide lockdown allowed us to conduct this study to understand how a reduction in local traffic emissions can decrease ambient air pollution levels.

5

Wpływ jakości siatki numerycznej na wyniki symulacji rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu

Lewak Michał, Tępiński Jarosław

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 11

957--962

PL

Praca dotyczy matematycznego modelowania rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu za pomocą obliczeniowej mechaniki płynów z wykorzystaniem modelu bilansowania pędu w fazie dyskretnej DPM (discrete phase model). Skupiono się na problemie zagęszczenia siatki numerycznej potrzebnej do tworzenia symulacji rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń w powietrzu. Opierając się na parametrze określającym jakość numeryczną siatki, wykonano symulacje pracy pieca centralnego ogrzewania klasy I. Do określenia najlepszego stopnia zagęszczenia siatki wykorzystany został rozkład cząstek pyłu opuszczającego komin, z którego emitowane były zanieczyszczenia.

EN

A math. modeling of the operation of a class I central heating furnace was performed by computational fluid dynamics together with the DPM discrete-phase momentum balancing model. The problem of numerical mesh compaction needed to simulate the spread of pollutants in the air was focused on. Relying only on the qmesh parameter, which determines the quality of individual elements of the numerical mesh, was not sufficient. Therefore, the impact of the number of elements and the distribution of the qmesh parameter in the mesh on the obtained simulation results should be analyzed.

6

Solid particle erosion in the sudden contraction of raw water pipeline

Amori Karima E., Al-Salmany Zaid

Diagnostyka

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2022

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Vol. 23, No. 1

art. no. 2022110

EN

The steady 3-D raw water turbulent flow is numerically investigated. This flow is formed of solid silica sand (quartz) carried by water in stainless steel pipe. The flow in a straight pipe and flow in a pipe with a sudden contraction are analyzed using a two-way coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. Erosion rate is estimated by Oka erosion model combined with the constant coefficient of restitution. The effect of solid particles mass flow rate, inlet velocity, particle diameter, internal pipe diameter, orientation, contraction coefficient, and wall pipe contraction angle on erosion rate are examined. The predicted erosion is distributed homogenously for straight pipe, while the step wall area of the contraction is the most eroded part. The erosion rate increases with the increase of solid particles diameter, flow rate, inlet velocity, and decreasing pipe diameter. Iit is found that the erosion is limited till the particle diameter reaches 500 µm then it starts to increase. The erosion rate increases with decreasing contraction coefficient and step wall angle. When the step wall angle decreased to 300, the erosion rate is reduced by 30 times that for 900. So, decreasing step wall angle can be considered as a geometrical solution to reduce erosion rate.

7

Effective parameters of tail processing gold-bearing ore hydrotransport for verninskaya processing factory

Alexandrov Victor I., Maharatkin Pavel N., Trufanova Inna S.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2020

|

z. 145

9--21

EN

Purpose: The paper shows that in order to increase the efficiency of hydraulic transport systems in mining a transition to the transportation of slurries with a high concentration of solids in the slurry flow is necessary. Design/methodology/approach: The aim of the research is to determine the optimal concentrations to ensure effectiveness of thickened tailings hydrotransport using the example of the Verninskaya processing factory, taking into account the maximum possible concentration of the solid phase and the rheological properties of the pulp. Findings: Experimental studies have shown that slurry tailings of gold-containing ore with mass concentrations of more than 55% are viscoplastic fluids. Experiments on a rotational viscometer allowed us to establish the main rheological characteristics of the studied slurries — shear stress and the dynamic effective viscosity. It has been established that over the entire range of concentrations from 55 to 65%, the flow of slurries is described by the Bingham rheological equation. Experimental studies of hydraulic transport performed on a laboratory setup with a pipeline diameter of 50 mm confirmed the results obtained on a rotational viscometer. Curves of mixture stream are inclined straight lines that cut off on the axis of head of the sections, which determine the initial hydraulic slope corresponding to the yield shear stress on the rheological curves. Originality/value: According to the results of the experiments, a method has been developed for calculating the hydraulic transport of high concentrated slurries of tailings of gold-bearing ore. Calculations showed that in a given range of performance of hydrotransport system and the mass concentration of the solid phase pressure losses vary from 11 to 84 m water column/m. Head loss values grow with increasing concentration. A sharp increase in head loss occurs in the concentration range from 60 to 65% and above.

8

Wpływ cząstek stałych na tendencję oleju napędowego do blokowania filtrów

Żółty Magdalena, Dybich Kornel

Nafta-Gaz

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2020

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R. 76, nr 3

205--214

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki pracy, której celem było przeprowadzenie szerokich badań w zakresie zawartości zanieczyszczeń olejów napędowych wraz z określeniem klasy czystości oraz tendencji do blokowania filtrów w różnych warunkach temperaturowych. Pozyskano 86 próbek oleju napędowego pobranych na stacjach paliw różnych producentów. Poboru dokonywano z dystrybutorów, ponieważ stanowią one ostatnie ogniwo w łańcuchu dystrybucyjnym, z którego paliwo bezpośrednio trafia do ostatecznego użytkownika, u którego mogą występować problemy związane z awarią układu wtryskowego. Zakres badań obejmował parametry ujęte w specyfikacji PN-EN 590, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem całkowitej zawartości zanieczyszczeń, oraz badania dodatkowe, takie jak klasa czystości (parametr uwzględniony w Światowej Karcie Paliw), w zakresie cząstek 4, 6 i 14 µm, tendencja do blokowania filtrów w temperaturze pokojowej i w temperaturze −1°C, a także dla wytypowanych próbek – zawartości pierwiastków. Próbki zostały pobrane w okresie od października 2018 roku do lipca 2019 roku. Obejmowały one zarówno okresy przejściowe, jak i letni oraz zimowy. Obecnie w TF (task force) działającej w ramach grupy roboczej WG 24 ds. olejów napędowych (working group) prowadzone są badania zmierzające do wypracowania stanowiska CEN w zakresie problemów związanych z obecnością cząstek stałych w oleju napędowym oraz do określenia limitu klasy czystości i metody oznaczania liczby cząstek celem wprowadzenia jej do specyfikacji EN 590. Analizie podlegają również korelacje pomiędzy liczbą cząstek a parametrami takimi jak tendencja do blokowania filtrów w temperaturze pokojowej i w obniżonej (3 lub −1°C), całkowita zawartość zanieczyszczeń, zawartość wody czy obecność takich pierwiastków jak Fe, Cu i Si. Analiza uzyskanych wyników badań wskazała, że problem zanieczyszczenia paliwa cząstkami stałymi dotyczy dużej grupy olejów napędowych dostępnych na rynku krajowym. Między innymi można wymienić tu zanieczyszczenie tych paliw cząstkami metali, które dostają się do oleju na skutek zużywania powierzchni trących i wraz z zanieczyszczeniami pochodzącymi spoza układu.

EN

This article presents the results of the work, the purpose of which was to conduct extensive research on the content of diesel fuel impurities together with determining the purity class and the tendency to block filters in various temperature conditions. 86 diesel fuel samples of various manufacturers were obtained at gas stations. They were taken from distributors, since the latter constitute the last link in the distribution chain, from which the fuel directly goes to the end user, who may suffer problems related to the failure of the injection system. The scope of tests covered the parameters included in the PN-EN 590 specification, with particular emphasis on the total content of impurities, as well as additional tests, i.e. cleanliness class (parameter included in the World Fuels Card), in the range of particles 4, 6 and 14 µm, tendency to block filters at temperature at room temperature and at –1°C and, for selected samples, of elemental content. Samples were taken from October 2018 to July 2019. They covered both transitional periods as well as summer and winter periods. Currently, TF (Task Force) operating within the WG 24 Working Group on diesel fuels is conducting research aimed at developing the position of CEN on problems related to the presence of solid particles in diesel fuel and determining the purity class limit as well as method for determining the number of particles in order to introduce it into the EN 590 specification. Correlations between the number of particles and parameters such as the tendency to block filters at room temperature and at reduced temperatures (3 or –1°C), total impurities content, water content or the presence of such elements like Fe, Cu and Si are also analyzed. The analysis of the obtained test results allowed to conclude that the problem of particulate fuel pollution concerns a large group of diesel fuels available on the domestic market. Among other things, it can be mentioned that these fuels are contaminated with metal particles that get into the fuel as a result of wear of friction surfaces and together with impurities coming from outside the system.

9

Impact of using a filter in a direct gasoline injection engine exhaust system on the emitted particle mass and numer

Fuć Paweł, Lijewski Piotr, Sokolnicka Barbara, Szymlet Natalia, Siedlecki Maciej, Dębowski Tomasz

Journal of KONBiN

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2020

|

Vol. 50, iss. 1

61--76

EN

The article presents emission test results comparison carried out on a dynamic engine dynamometer. Parameters were recorded during a drive made in accordance with the requirements of the RDE. Test bench allowed to determine the particle mass and number emission in the repetitive engine operation conditions. One of three used elements wan an OEM solution from one of particulate filters producers, the other was intended for use in original systems, the third was a custom product. The highest efficiency of particulate filtration was demonstrated by the last filter, which was adapted to the engine.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono porównanie wyników badań przeprowadzonych na dynamicznej hamowni silnikowej. Parametry zarejestrowano podczas przejazdu zgodnego z wymaganiami procedury RDE (Real Driving Emissions). Wykorzystanie stanowiska badawczego umożliwiło określenie emisji masy i liczby cząstek stałych w powtarzalnych warunkach eksploatacji. Do badań wykorzystano trzy elementy, z czego jeden stanowił rozwiązanie OEM, drugi również przeznaczony był do wykorzystania w oryginalnych układach, trzeci stanowił produkt własny. Największą skuteczność filtracji wykazał filtr ostatni, który dostosowany został do specyfiki i warunków pracy silnika.

10

Atmospheric particulate matter in Tarnów City (Southern Poland) – short time investigation of a space-time variability in the winter of 2019

Chyc Marek, Klich Mariusz, Klich Sabina, Żelazo Patrycja, Ciężadło Agnieszka, Żeleźnik Paweł, Partyńsk Paweł

Science, Technology and Innovation

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2019

|

Vol. 5, no. 2

50--59

EN

Tarnów is a city where air pollution is a major problem during the wintertime. An acceptable level of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are exceeded very often. The main reason of this situation is individual housing and their heat system based on ineffective old units based on hard coal and sometimes even people use waste as a fuel. The city has two air quality monitoring stations and a private network for measurements of particulate matter. However, there is still a lack of information on air quality in some areas of the city. For obtaining full information on the air quality in Tarnów, readings from the monitoring station and field measurements were carried out. The obtained information allowed to determine which areas of the city are most exposed to the occurrence of smog in the heating season. So far, air quality measurements in Tarnów have not been conducted at the same time for so many collections.The most polluted air occurs in Krzyż District but air quality should be improved in all city. The best air quality has been observed for locations where heat is available from municipal heating plant e.g. Słoneczna Str. Presented research work shows that air quality in Tarnów City is very unhealthy because of particulate matter pollution. In the winter time the main problem is too high concentration of PM2.5, but also PM10 concentration. Those parameters are very frequently exceeded. The worst air quality occurs in the evenings (8 p.m.), but in the mornings (8 a. m.) air quality is highly polluted too. When air quality in Tarnów City is bad situation concerns all localisations. The similar situation is observed when air quality is good or acceptable. The main conclusion is that for locations where heat is available from heat plant is not generated individually by domestic sources, the situation is the most comfortable. Our investigation covered short period, but it is preliminary study and this important issue will be continued in the future.

11

Opportunities to evaluate emission of particulate matter from the combustion engines of rail vehicles

Pielecha Jacek, Merkisz Jerzy

Pojazdy Szynowe

|

2019

|

Nr 3

1--14

EN

The paper deals with particulate emission from the rail vehicles equipped with a combustion engine drive. Physicochemical properties of the particulate matter and the mechanisms of their emergence are described as well as their consequences exerted on the environment, with special attention paid to their impact on humans. Legal regulations related to their emission are quoted, inclusive of the latest standards (stage V) as well as the requirements relating to the measurement methods of the particulate mass and number of the particles.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy emisji cząstek stałych z pojazdów szynowych, w których źródłem napędu jest silnik spalinowy. Opisano właściwości fizykochemiczne cząstek stałych, mechanizmy ich powstawania oraz zaprezentowano wpływ ich oddziaływania na otoczenie, w tym bezpośrednio na człowieka. Zawarto regulacje prawne dotyczące ich emisji wraz z określeniem najnowszych norm (etap V) oraz wymagania dotyczące metod pomiarowych pomiaru masy i liczby cząstek stałych.

12

Exhaust emissions from a EURO 6c compliant PC vehicle in real operating conditions

Fuć Paweł, Siedlecki Maciej, Szymlet Natalia, Sokolnicka Barbara, Rymaniak Łukasz, Dobrzyński Michał

Journal of KONBiN

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2019

|

Vol. 49, iss. 4

421--440

EN

The current EURO 6c standard has introduced a limit on the number of solid particles for spark ignition engines equal to that for compression ignition engines (6x10e11). To meet the requirements, manufacturers install particulate filters in the exhaust systems of most new engines. The article presents the results of vehicle testing with this solution during the drive carried out in accordance with the RDE procedure. The measurement results, after taking into account the Conformity Factor in relation to the approval limits, confirmed the efficiency of aftertreatment system in terms of both gas and solid components.

PL

Obecna norma EURO 6c wprowadziła limit liczby cząstek stałych dla silników z zapłonem iskrowym równy temu dla silników z zapłonem samoczynnym (6x10e11). By spełnić wymagania, producenci instalują filtry cząstek stałych w układach wylotowych większości nowych silników. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań pojazdu z tym rozwiązaniem podczas przejazdu przeprowadzonego zgodnie z procedurą RDE. Wyniki pomiarów po uwzględnieniu współczynnika Conformity Factor w stosunku do limitów homologacyjnych potwierdziły skuteczność oczyszczania spalin zarówno pod względem emisji składników gazowych, jak i cząstek stałych.

13

Size Distribution of Particulate Matter in Indoor Environment During Nanomaterial Paint Application

Svedova Barbora, Kucbel Marek, Raclavska Helena, Raclavsky Konstantin, Kantor Pavel

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

|

R. 21, nr 1

183--188

EN

Due to the increasing production and development of nanoparticles, it has become necessary to control the exposure to ultrafine particles (aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 μm) when handling nanopaints. The paper deals with the number and mass distribution of particulate matter (PM) in an indoor environment before, during and after the application of paint Protectam FN containing titanium nanoparticles. The size distribution determination was performed by the electrical low-pressure cascade impactor (ELPI+) in the range from 0.006 μm to 9.93 µm. The highest number of particles was observed in the range from 0.006 to 0.0175 μm. The particulate mass concentration ranging from 0.0175 to 0.0307 μm did not represent more than 0.5% of the sum of PM10 during the individual measurements. The particle mass concentration increased in the range of 0.0175 to 0.0307 μm, after application of the coating nanopaint Protectam FN, but it was observed that the total number of particles has decreased. During the days following the application of the nanopaint, the mass concentration in this grain size class was significantly reduced.

PL

W związku z rosnącą produkcją i rozwojem nanocząstek konieczne stało się kontrolowanie ekspozycji na ultradrobne cząstki (średnica aerodynamiczna <0,1 μm) gdy wykorzystuje się farby zawierające nanocząsteczki (nanopaint). Artykuł dotyczy liczby i rozkładu masowego cząstek stałych (PM) w środowisku wewnętrznym przed, w trakcie i po zastosowaniu farby Protectam FN zawierającej nanocząstki tytanu. Określenie rozkładu wielkości przeprowadzono za pomocą elektrycznego impaktora kaskadowego (ELPI +) w zakresie od 0,006 μm do 9,93 μm. Największą liczbę cząstek zaobserwowano w klasie ziarnowej od 0,006 do 0,0175 μm. Udział masowy cząstek w zakresie od 0,0175 do 0,0307 μm nie stanowił więcej niż 0,5% sumy PM10 podczas poszczególnych pomiarów. Stężenie cząstek wzrosło w zakresie od 0,0175 do 0,0307 μm, po nałożeniu powłoki nanopaint Protectam FN, ale zaobserwowano, że całkowita liczba cząstek zmniejszyła się. Z upływem czasu od nałożenia nanopaint, udział tej klasy ziarnowej spadał.

14

Ceramic and Glass Fibre Reinforced Flexible Composites for Particulate Filter Walls – A Novel Approach

Prabu K., Srinivasan J., Prakash C.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

|

2019

|

Vol. 27, no. 3 (135)

91--97

EN

Flexible composites from high performance fibres were developed and targeted to replace the wall of existing rigid ceramic Particulate Filters. The composites are made from E Glass fibre webs of different density in the middle, with standard SiC Ceramic fibres webs in in the outer layers, forming a sandwich structure. Different needling densities were applied to form nonwoven composites, and they were stitched diagonally on the surface at specified intervals with continuous glass fibre filament yarn. In total, nine novel flexible composites were developed and evaluated for their structural, surface, mechanical and thermal properties. Based on the results and statistical analysis, the B2 sample is considered to be taken for further research to develop Particulate Matter (PM) filters.

PL

W pracy opracowano giętkie kompozyty wzmocnione włóknami ceramicznymi i szklanymi do zastosowania w ścianach filtrów cząstek stałych. Kompozyty tworzące strukturę wielowarstwową zostały wykonane ze wstęg z włókna szklanego o różnej gęstości (warstwa wewnętrzna) i włókien ceramicznych (warstwa zewnętrzna). Zastosowano różne gęstości igłowania w celu utworzenia kompozytów włókninowych i zszyto je ukośnie na powierzchni w określonych odstępach za pomocą ciągłej przędzy z włókna szklanego. Opracowano dziewięć nowych giętkich kompozytów i oceniono ich właściwości: strukturalne, powierzchniowe, mechaniczne i termiczne. Na podstawie wyników i analizy statystycznej stwierdzono, że do dalszych badań w celu opracowania filtrów materii cząstek stałych (PM) należy wytypować próbkę B2.

15

A preliminary study of the concentrations and mass size distributions of particulate matter in indoor sports facilities before and during athlete training

Kuskowska Karolina, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Widziewicz Kamila

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2019

|

Vol. 45, nr 3

103--112

EN

The mass size distribution of five fractions of particulate matter inside most popular types of closed sports facilities before and after athlete training were compared. In all the facilities, the concentrations of particles were higher during the training than before it. Their values depended on the type of flooring and cubic capacity of the rooms. Particle mass size distribution importantly affects the particle deposition rate in the respiratory tract. The results of the work indicate the necessity of further investigating the relations between the physical properties of particles and the effects of inhaling them during training in various sports facilities.

16

Comparative tests of a passenger car with compression ignition engine on chassis dynamometer during NEDC and WLTC tests and during RDE road test

Gis Wojciech, Gis Maciej, Wiśniowski Piotr, Bednarski Mateusz

Combustion Engines

|

2019

|

R. 58, nr 3

228--234

EN

Air pollution is a challenge for municipal authorities. Increased emission of PM10 and PM2.5 particles is particularly noticeable in Poland primarily the autumn and winter period. That is due to the start of the heating season. According to the above data, road transport accounted for approximately 5% of the creation of PM10 particles, ca. 7% of PM2.5 and approximately 32% for NOx. In Poland, suspended particles (PM10 and PM2.5) cause deaths of as many as 45,000 people a year. The issue of smog also affects other European cities. Therefore, it is necessary to undertake concrete efforts in order to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions as much as possible. It is therefore justifiable to reduce the emission of exhaust pollution, particularly NOx, PM, PN by conventional passenger cars powered by compression ignition engines. Emissions by these passenger cars have been reduced systematically. Comparative tests of the above emission of exhaust pollution were conducted on chassis dynamometer of such passenger car in NEDC cycle and in the new WLTC cycle in order to verify the level of emissions from this type of passenger car. Measurements of fuel consumption by that car were also taken. Emission of exhaust pollution and fuel consumption of the this car were also taken in the RDE road test.

17

Filtry cząstek stałych a emisja z samochodów benzynowych

Pacura Wiktor, Szramowiat-Sala Katarzyna, Gołaś Janusz

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

|

2019

|

nr 4

40--47

PL

Jednym z najgroźniejszych dla zdrowia i życia ludzkiego spalin samochodowych są cząstki stałe. Ich emisja uzależniona jest od architektury silnika, stylu jazdy czy też warunków otoczenia.

18

Relationship between mineral magnetic properties and soil textural parameters

Kanu M. O., Meludu O. C., Basavaiah N., Oniku A. S.

Acta Geophysica

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2019

|

Vol. 67, no. 2

517--532

EN

The study analyzed the relationship between mineral magnetic properties and particle size in order to determine the suitability of magnetic measurements to serve as particle size proxy for urban top soils samples collected from Jalingo, NE Nigeria. Pearson correlation analyses between mineral magnetic parameters (χlf, χfd%, χARM, SIRM, Soft IRM, ARM/SIRM) and particle size properties (PM2.5, PM10, clay, silt and sand) are reported. Results indicate that each particle size class shows different strength of correlation with magnetic parameters, implying that each particle class contains a proportion of magnetic minerals. For the whole data set (n = 154), χfd%, χARM and ARM/SIRM show significant positive correlation with the fine size fractions (PM2.5, PM10, clay and silt) but negatively correlated with the sand proportion, while χlf, SIRM and Soft IRM exhibit contrasting relationship. Of all the magnetic parameters, the magnetic parameters indicating fine-grained ferrimagnetic minerals (ARM/SIRM and χARM) have the strongest and most significant correlations. The nature of the magneto-particle size relationship is different when examined in terms of land use. The fact that magnetic properties and textural parameters have strong relationship indicates that magnetic methods could be considered a potential particle size proxy in Jalingo. However, since the relationship does not follow predictable and consistent patterns of other studies in top soils and sedimentary settings, it brings to fore the non-universality of the method. Hence, the type of relationship existing between magnetic and particle size properties in an environmental setting must be determined before applying the magnetic method as particle size proxy.

19

Retrofitting issues of non-road vehicles on the example of a farm tractor

Sokolnicka B., Fuć P., Lijewski P., Szymlet N., Siedlecki M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 63, nr 4

193--196

EN

It is not possible to meet the current type approval standards for the exhaust emission from internal combustion engines without the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems. An additional problem is in the increased emissions in real driving conditions compared to the values obtained in type approval tests. The current legislative trends are not limited to just lowering the emission limits for new vehicles, but also actions aimed at reducing the impact of vehicles that are already in operation. One of such actions is known as retrofitting, described as retrofitting older structures with modern exhaust aftertreatment systems, without the need for any changes in the engine design. Research has shown that the emission of toxic compounds from agricultural machinery engines can reach values up to 30 times higher than those of an average passenger vehicle. This problem has been noticed by the legislators and regulations concerning operated non-road machines are successively being introduced. Such restrictions are already present in the Berlin city center for example, where all vehicles operated within the given zone must meet the Stage 3b emission limits. Retrofitting is a multi-stage process. The article discusses the issue of performing this process, starting with NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery) emission measurements, through simulation studies of a virtual model of a particulate filter in CFD software (Computational Fluid Dynamics), to verify its operation in an agricultural tractor, i.e. one of the most numerous vehicle types within the non-road vehicle group in Poland.

PL

Nie jest możliwe spełnienie aktualnych norm homologacji typu dla emisji spalin z silników spalinowych bez stosowania układów oczyszczania spalin. Dodatkowym problemem jest zwiększona emisja w rzeczywistych warunkach jazdy w porównaniu z wartościami uzyskanymi w badaniach homologacyjnych. Obecne tendencje legislacyjne nie ograniczają się tylko do obniżenia limitów emisji dla nowych pojazdów, ale także do działań mających na celu ograniczenie wpływu już eksploatowanych pojazdów. Jednym z takich działań jest modernizacja, opisywana jako modernizacja starszych konstrukcji za pomocą nowoczesnych systemów oczyszczania spalin, bez potrzeby wprowadzania jakichkolwiek zmian w projekcie silnika. Badania wykazały, że emisja szkodliwych związków z silników maszyn rolniczych może osiągnąć wartości do 30 razy wyższe niż w przypadku przeciętnego pojazdu pasażerskiego. Problem ten został zauważony przez ustawodawców i sukcesywnie wprowadzane są regulacje dotyczące eksploatowanych maszyn pozadrogowych. Takie ograniczenia są już obecne na przykład w centrum Berlina, gdzie wszystkie pojazdy eksploatowane w ramach danej strefy muszą spełniać limity emisji Stage 3b. Modernizacja jest procesem wieloetapowym. W artykule opisano problem prowadzenia tego procesu, wychodząc z pomiarów emisji NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery), poprzez badania metodą symulacji wirtualnego modelu filtru cząstek w oprogramowaniu CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics), w celu sprawdzenia jej działania w ciągniku rolniczym, czyli jeden z najliczniejszych rodzajów pojazdów w grupie pojazdów nieporuszających się po drogach w Polsce.

20

Engine-generated solid particles - a case study

Szramowiat K., Woodburn J., Pacura W., Berent K., Bielaczyc P., Gołaś J.

Combustion Engines

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2018

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R. 57, nr 3

33--39

EN

Current ecological trends and resulting legislation like European emissions standards Euro 6d or Best Available Techniques are setting new challenges in the field of environmental protection. Since the problem of emissions of particulate matter from diesel engines was solved by the application of diesel particulate filters (DPFs or FAPs) and due to the global dominance of gasoline fuelled passenger cars, particular concern has been focused on improvement of emissions performance of gasoline vehicles, including hybrids, as well as heavy-duty and non-road vehicles. This paper presents the results of preliminary studies on the chemical and physical properties of gasoline engine-generated particles, including nanoparticles. SEM images were presented which allowed identification of the character of particulate matter and estimates of the dimensions of particles. Moreover, the particles were found to be composed of different elements, including Cu, Si, Na, Ca, Zn and P, pointing to the origination of these particles from the pistons and lubricant additives.