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1

A review of joining methods of particle-reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites

Wysocki Jan

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 81 (153)

5--22

EN

Composite materials based on aluminum alloys are widely used in the automotive, aviation, and shipbuilding industries. The presence of the ceramic reinforcing phase significantly changes the mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. By appropriate selection of the components that make up the composite materials, it is possible to create mechanical properties that are not possible with unreinforced alloys. Structural elements made of these types of materials often require joining in welding processes. This article presents a general description of methods of joining composites based on aluminum alloys reinforced with ceramic particles, which have been divided into three groups: fusion welding method, solid state welding, and different methods. The individual methods highlighted how the presence of a reinforcing phase affects the welding process. Difficulties mainly arise from the disintegration of the ceramic phase by the concentrated heat source during welding processes, the formation of harmful surface products, and the lack of wettability of the ceramic particles through the metal matrix. The joints obtained vary in terms of structure, ceramic particle distribution, and mechanical properties with respect to the values characterizing the native material. From an analysis of the individual methods, it appears that solid-phase methods have the smallest effect on the degradation of ceramic particles, but have limitations in terms of the shape and size of the materials to be joined. In fusion welding methods, the degradation of the reinforcement phase by the concentrate heat source is greatest. To a certain extent, this can be compensated for by the choice of an additive material, which consists of elements that improve the wettability of the reinforcement phase through the metal matrix and form strengthening separations.

2

Super Duplex - AHSS welding for electric vehicles

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Węgrzyn Tomasz, Kamińska Joanna, Pereira Silva Abilio, Łazarz Bogusław

Transport Problems

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2025

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T. 20, z. 1

59--71

EN

Solutions for planning and improving transport processes often require the modification of existing transport equipment or the development of new equipment to increase its operational range or improve its efficiency. Appropriately introduced modifications contribute to maintaining the smooth flow of the process, enabling transport in a wider operational range. Proprietary solutions consisting of increasing the operational range of the extension arm by incorporating high-strength steels into their structure made it possible to extend the arms of these devices while maintaining the total weight of the device and appropriate high-performance parameters. The solution allows operators to reach places previously inaccessible to these devices, thus eliminating the need to use other devices in the logistics process. An important element of the solution is to ensure the passive safety of the structure; hence, the solution created for the needs of transport logistics required the development of an appropriate process for joining different types of steel. This type of joint is important in the automotive industry, especially in the construction of mobile platforms, because, on the one hand, a light, spacious, and durable structure is required, and on the other hand, this structure should be characterized by good anti-corrosion properties. The uniqueness of the presented solution is evidenced by the fact that the developed processes supporting the reduction of the “carbon footprint” were deliberately used to combine elements of two different types of steel: super duplex (SD) steel and advanced high-strength steel (AHSS), which is a technological novelty in combining the discussed steel grades. The CO2-free gas mixture was selected for technological and environmental reasons in accordance with EU directives, which strongly recommend reducing CO2 emissions in the automotive industry. The purpose of this article is to present a solution for the execution of welded joints, high- strength steels with duplex steels, ensuring the achievement of the desired structures of transport equipment, taking into account the principles of sustainable development and striving in this area to reduce CO2 in technological processes. The main methods for checking the quality of the welded dissimilar joint were based on the tensile, bending, and impact toughness tests. The results are very promising, and the obtained correct joints are characterized by high mechanical properties suitable for constructing mobile platforms in the automotive industry. The presented solution supports activities for sustainable development and logistics in transport. The proposed solution to modify transport means will improve the functionality of this device. The solution was developed to address the need to implement the transport processes of the examined organization.

3

Optimizing δ-ferrite structure to enhance high-temperature elongation in ER308L stainless steel deposited metal

Jiang Cong, Qi Yanchang, Xu Zixin, Yang Guangchang, Ma Chengyong

Materials Science Poland

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2025

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Vol. 43, No. 2

52--62

EN

As the size and weight of crucial equipment in third-generation nuclear power plants increase, the demand for high-temperature plasticity in welds has become more critical. This study examines the effect of varying δ-ferrite content on the high-temperature tensile properties of 308L austenitic stainless steel deposited metal at 350°C. The results reveal that as the δ-ferrite content decreased from 11.6 to 7.4%, the ferrite morphology shifted from continuous lathy and network structures to a discontinuous skeletal form. Correspondingly, 350°C high-temperature elongation increased from 26 to 32%, while tensile strength remained stable across all specimens, exhibiting good strength and plasticity at room temperature. The discontinuous skeletal δ-ferrite (7.4%) suppresses interfacial crack propagation during high-temperature tensile testing, thereby improving the high-temperature ductility.

4

Study of quality of welded joints of high-strength ferritic steel made with a cover of a mixture of argon and hydrogen

Sosnowski Wojciech, Sałaciński Tadeusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 6

215--222

EN

Testing of joints made during welding with a TIG of high-strength, fine-grained ferritic steels confirms that a small addition of hydrogen to the argon-based shielding mixture does not affect the formation of hydrogen cracking. It is very important to strictly adhere to the technological regimes during steel preparation before and after welding. Then the controlled addition of hydrogen coming from the casing mixture has a positive effect. Due to the presence of 2% hydrogen, the joints are characterised by deeper penetration, lower inclination to edge flooding and smooth face. They are technically correct and impeccable in terms of aesthetics.

5

Influence of speed and heat input of the pulsed-arc welding process on the structure formation of Al-Mg-Mn aluminum alloy joints

Korzhyk Volodymyr, Gao Shiyi, Khaskin Vladyslav, Illiashenko Yevhenii, Grynyuk Andrii, Alyoshin Andriy, Bushma Oleksandr, Wang Xinxin, Hu Yanchao, Guirong Guirong

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 8

313--331

EN

This paper establishes the trends in structure formation of 4 mm thick 1561 aluminum alloy welded joints, depending on changes in the parameters of the MIG welding mode on a steel substrate (specifically, the speed and heat input of the process). Welding modes were selected based on the criterion of satisfactory seam formation, and the optimal welding mode was determined based on the criteria of minimizing porosity, grain refinement, and improved mechanical properties. Technological studies have shown that, based on the criterion of satisfactory seam formation with a quality level ranging from C to B according to ISO 10042, it is advisable to select a welding speed between 380 and 600 mm/min with a heat input between 217 and 240 J/mm. Metallographic studies have shown that increasing the MIG welding speed promotes weld grain refinement, decreases their shape factor, and simultaneously increases the number of pores while reducing their size. Mechanical tests demonstrated that increasing the welding speed enhances the mechanical properties of welded joints. Therefore, when using MIG welding of aluminum alloys in industry, it is recommended to increase the speed to 600 mm/min and higher.

6

Dissimilar Hardox and low-alloy steel in excavator structures

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Węgrzyn Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 124

217--227

EN

In the structure of excavators and other transport vehicles, it is observed that there is an increasing necessity to weld elements from the Hardox steels. The paper verifies the possibility to obtain accurate DMW (dissimilar metal welds from totally different grades of Hardox 450 steel with S355J2 steel). The microstructure and mechanical tests of the obtained various welds were analysed. Argon-based shielding gases with micro nitrogen additions were used for MAG welding. Gas mixtures with micro nitrogen additions of up to even 2000 ppm and their use in welding are an absolute novelty. The purpose of the manuscript was to find the correct parameters of making dissimilar joints with such modern mixtures and to determine the most suitable mixture for welding Hardox steel and low-alloy steel for use in the automotive industry.

7

DOCOL 1100M welding in the construction of electric means of transport

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Gołombek Klaudiusz, Węgrzyn Tomasz, Łazarz Bogusław, Lukaszkowicz Krzysztof, Pereira Silva Abilio, Antczak-Jarząbska Romana

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

219--228

EN

Advanced high-strength steels are important for the automotive sector. Metal active gas (MAG) is the most popular method for joining grades of steel. The goal of the paper is to analyze the mechanical properties of the MAG welding joint made of high-strength DOCOL 1100M intended for the construction of electric vehicles. The manuscript shows a basic understanding of the properties of DOCOL joints. This type of material is characterized by a martensitic microstructure, which makes it difficult to make a proper joint. The tensile strength, metallographic structure, and type of non-metallic inclusions were analyzed as a function of the oxygen amount in the protective gas mixture. Investigations of oxide non-metallic inclusions were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. This article attempts to obtain high joint strength of the electric vehicle structure by controlling the average size of non-metallic inclusions in the weld, which is influenced by shielding gas in the MAG welding process. The solution has application potential for the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles.

8

A micro-cooled high-strength weld for heavy transport means

Węgrzyn Tomasz, Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Szymczak Tadeusz, Łazarz Bogusław, Piwnik Jan

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 1

83--96

EN

This paper focuses on the technical problem of repairing the main operating elements of heavy vehicles (semitrailers, dumps, and drums). If these vehicles are in service, significant changes in work schedules can occur, and costs can be generated immediately. Therefore, using the correct technology for repairs is crucial to minimizing financial and logistic difficulties. The article aims to analyze the mechanical properties of an MMA (Manual Metal Arc) welding (covered electrodes) joint made of Hardox 450 steel. This kind of material has a martensitic microstructure, which is difficult to weld because of changes in the components to the other ones during the joint process. Other inconveniences are related to the different chemical composition of steel and covered electrodes, their mechanical resistance, and thermodynamic conditions (consisting of the pre-heating temperature and the cross-pass temperature). Therefore, the joint quality should be determined using a few methods. In this case, NDT (magnetic and radiographic tests) and DT (microstructural analysis and static as well as fatigue tests) were used. All obtained results have enabled the proposed guides for the MMA welding of the steel grade. This is indicated as follows: (1) the method of bevelling the sheets before welding should be used, (2) pre-heating is necessary at temperature levels of 100 C and 125 C, and (3) the recommended interstitial temperature is between 170 C and 200°C.

9

Research on welding processes of multi-node aircraft frames and methods for their control

Bałon Paweł, Rejman Edward, Kiełbasa Bartłomiej, Smusz Robert, Szeliga Grzegorz

Mechanik

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2024

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R. 97, nr 5-6

54--59

EN

The designed aircraft frame structure uses a connection of tubular rods by welding. To apply automatic welding of trusses, the authors designed and assembled the welding station adapted to the dimensions and truss shape. You should also choose the appropriate welding power source and an interface for communication with a robot or automaton. Automatic welding of trusses also requires programming of the robot’s movement trajectory, especially the welding head, and a particularly accurate selection of welding process parameters. The most important issue of automation of the welding process is the nodes of the aircraft engine frame, whose limited access requires manual welding. Therefore, the future of welding lattice aircraft structures requires a hybrid approach to the process, i.e. some of the node connections can be easily automated, and some will remain in classical manufacturing methods. In addition, the topic of checking such connections using NDT methods was discussed. In addition, the issue of checking this type of connection using methods approved for aviation, i.e. NDT, was discussed.

PL

W projektowanej konstrukcji ramy samolotu zastosowano połączenie prętów rurowych poprzez spawanie. Aby zastosować spawanie automatyczne kratownic, autorzy zaprojektowali i zmontowali stanowisko spawalnicze dostosowane do wymiarów i kształtu kratownicy. Należy również dobrać odpowiednie źródło zasilania spawania i interfejs do komunikacji z robotem lub automatem. Spawanie automatyczne kratownic wymaga programowania trajektorii ruchu robota, zwłaszcza głowicy spawającej, oraz bardzo dokładnego doboru parametrów procesu. Najistotniejszą kwestią automatyzacji procesu jest spawanie węzłów ramy silnika samolotu, które ze względu na ograniczony dostęp wymagają spawania ręcznego. Zatem przyszłość spawania kratowych konstrukcji lotniczych wymaga hybrydowego podejścia do procesu - czyli częściowo proces łączenia węzłów można będzie prosto zautomatyzować, a częściowo trzeba będzie pozostać przy klasycznych metodach wytwarzania. Ponadto podjęto tematykę kontroli tego typu połączeń metodami dopuszczonymi dla lotnictwa, tj. NDT.

10

Welding of lifting equipment structures made of steel DOCOL 1300 M

Węgrzyn Tomasz, Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Jurek Adam, Jurek Piotr

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 5

art. no. 6

EN

Because of their high temporary tensile strength and significant fatigue strength, DOCOL steels from the AHSS group (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel) are often used in the fabrication of mobile platforms. The welding of the above-named steels is difficult due to the dominant martensitic structure and requires extensive experience. The article discusses the identification and adjustment of welding parameters appropriate for steel DOCOL 1300M and presents the assessment of the effect of selected process parameters, i.e. filler metal wires, shielding gas mixture and, primarily, the correct preheating temperature, on the quality of welded joints.

PL

W budowie podestów ruchomych coraz częściej wykorzystuje się stale DOCOL z grupy AHSS (AHSS – Advanced High-Strength Steel), z uwagi na ich wysoką, doraźną wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i znaczną wytrzymałość zmęczeniową. Spawanie tych stali jest utrudnione, ze względu na dominującą strukturę martenzytyczną. Podczas spawania tych stali szczególną rolę odgrywa doświadczenie. W artykule opisano dobór właściwych parametrów spawania stali DOCOL 1300 M i przedstawiono ocenę wpływu wybranych parametrów procesu, takich jak: dobór drutu elektrodowego, osłonowej mieszanki gazowej, a przede wszystkim ustalenie prawidłowej temperatury podgrzewania wstępnego na poprawność wykonanego złącza.

11

Gas pipeline welding procedure qualification – standards and tests

Silezin Julia, Parzych Sławomir

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 3

art. no. 3

EN

The article describes the so-called combined welding technologies, marked as method “A” – 141/135, method “B” – 141/111 and method “C” – 141/136. In each of the methods, the root run (root layer) was obtained using method 141, whereas the groove was filled using methods 135, 111 and 136. In respect of the welding technology qualification process, the key issue was connected with finding an appropriate range of values for a heat input to each run, aimed to prevent dangerously high grain growth in the HAZ. The results of welded joint tests were fully consistent with the PN-EN ISO 15614-1 and PN-EN 12732 standards as well as Annex 5 to PI-ID-I03.

PL

W artykule opisano tzw. kombinowane technologie spawania, które oznaczono jako: metoda „A” − 141/135, metoda „B” − 141/111, metoda „C” − 141/136. W każdej z metod warstwę przetopową wykonano metodą 141, a wypełnienie rowka metodą kolejno: 135, 111, 136. W kontekście procesu kwalifikowania technologii spawania, kluczowe było znalezienie odpowiedniego przedziału wartości ilości wprowadzonego ciepła spawania każdego ze ściegów, aby wskutek kumulacji ciepła spawania uniknąć niebezpiecznie wysokiego rozrostu ziarna w SWC. Otrzymane wyniki badań złączy spawanych są zgodne z wymaganiami norm PN-EN ISO 15614-1 oraz PN-EN 12732, a także załącznika nr 5 do PI-ID-I03.

12

Electron beam welding of high-strength aluminium alloys

Śliwiński Piotr, Węglowski Marek St., Kubik Kamil, Gotkowski Piotr

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 2

art. no. 5

EN

Owing to the greater precision of energy density control, the highest possible metallurgical purity of the process and the lack of sensitivity to reflectivity and surface roughness, electron beam welding is a suitable method for joining aluminium alloys. The paper presents results concerning the welding of aluminium alloy grades 6060 and 6061 as well as experimental alloys having higher copper contents. The tests discussed in the paper led to the obtainment of joints characterised by a high strength of up to 289.7 MPa and the lack of unacceptable imperfections.

PL

Spawanie wiązką elektronów, ze względu na większą precyzję kontroli gęstości energii, najwyższą możliwą czystość metalurgiczną procesu oraz brak wrażliwości na współczynnik odbicia światła i chropowatość powierzchni, jest odpowiednią metodą łączenia stopów aluminium. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono wyniki spawania stopów aluminium w gatunku: 6060, 6061, a także eksperymentalnych stopów o podwyższonej zawartości miedzi. W ramach badań uzyskano złącza charakteryzujące się wysoką wytrzymałością, nawet do 289,7 MPa, a także brakiem niedopuszczalnych niezgodności.

13

Effect of welding parameters on the strength of safety cages

Sowa Mateusz

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 1

art. no. 5

EN

Safety cages, constituting essential equipment in sports car, aim to reduce consequences of potential accidents. These structures should provide the highest possible and reproducible level of workmanship aimed to ensure their strength as that assumed at the design stage. Because of the fact that welding is the primary technology used in the fabrication of safety cages it is highly necessary to analyse the effect of welding parameters as well as the choice of welding methods on process repeatability and strength properties of welded joints. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the welding method on the strength of test cruciform joints of tubes as well as to investigate the effect resulting from the change of MAG and TIG welding current parameters on the linear deformation of welded joints. The article discusses the effect of welding process conditions on the static strength of cruciform joints in steel E355 +N (used in the fabrication of safety cages). The tests revealed that an increase in heat input during welding significantly reduced the strength of cruciform joints as well as significantly contributed to an increase in post-weld linear deformation, which, in terms of spatial safety of cage structure, could lead to a significant pile-up of stresses.

PL

Klatki bezpieczeństwa są niezbędnym wyposażeniem samochodu sportowego, a ich zadaniem jest ograniczenie skutków potencjalnego wypadku. Konstrukcje te powinny zapewniać możliwie najwyższy oraz powtarzalny poziom wykonania, aby ich wytrzymałość była taka, jak założono na etapie projektowania. Z uwagi na fakt, że wiodącą technologią wytwarzania klatek bezpieczeństwa jest spawanie, istnieje istotna potrzeba analizy wpływu parametrów spawania oraz doboru metody na powtarzalność procesu oraz własności wytrzymałościowe połączeń spawanych. Celem badań było określenie wpływu metody spawania na wytrzymałość złączy modelowych w postaci złączy krzyżowych rur, jak również zbadanie wpływu zmiany parametrów prądowych spawania metodami MAG oraz TIG na odkształcenie liniowe złączy spawanych. W niniejszym artykule omówiono wpływ warunków technologicznych spawania na wytrzymałość statyczną połączeń krzyżowych ze stali E355 +N, wykorzystywanych do budowy klatek bezpieczeństwa. Udowodniono, że zwiększenie energii liniowej spawania znacząco obniża wytrzymałość połączeń w węzłach krzyżowych połączeń spawanych, a także istotnie przyczynia się do wzrostu odkształcenia liniowego po spawaniu, co w przypadku przestrzennej konstrukcji klatki bezpieczeństwa znacząco wpłynie na naprężenia w tych konstrukcjach.

14

An introduction to laser materials processing

Lima M. S. F., Siqueira R. H. M., Batalha G. F.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 126, nr 1

17--30

EN

Purpose: of the paper is to proceed with a short introduction and review of lasers for materials processing, showing that they have been used for marking, machining, treating, welding, and additive manufacturing in different areas, such as can-code bar printing and aeroplane manufacturing. Design/methodology/approach: The paper proceeded with a short review and introduced the laser processing of materials based on the authors' experience. Findings: The laser processing system revenues from cutting operations attained approximately 45% of the global market, followed by 20% for welding and brazing and 10% for marking and engraving. Research limitations/implications: Laser beam welding is the principal manufacturing technology for joining applications because of its low heat input, which leads to low distortions, high welding speeds, good control of the microstructure, and flexibility. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) of potentially dangerous substances (bio-agents, drugs, and nuclei), where a very small portion of the target is burned and analysed at a secure distance. Practical implications: Laser additive manufacturing is a growing area of interest in many industries and, together with surface processing, could be a major driving force for the laser market in the coming years. The paper briefly reviews the important characteristics of each laser–material processing technology for prospective users. Originality/value: The value of this introductory review is based on previous research and contributions carried out by the authors.

15

Popożarowe zmiany strukturalne w złączach spawanych stali niestopowych

Klimek Marcin, Pańcikiewicz Krzysztof

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2024

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R. 80, nr 3

128--132

PL

W artykule poruszono zagadnienie wpływu pożaru na zmiany w strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych złączy spawanych elementów ze stali niestopowych. Analizie poddano procesy zachodzące podczas spawania, mające wpływ na uzyskiwaną wejściową strukturę i właściwości w spoinie i strefie wpływu ciepła. Na tej bazie dokonano zwięzłej analizy wpływu niskotemperaturowego i wysokotemperaturowego pożaru oraz sposobu jego gaszenia na zmiany w strukturze i właściwościach mechanicznych złączy spawanych stali niestopowych. Zarekomendowano prowadzenie ekspertyz popożarowych stalowych konstrukcji spawanych.

EN

In the article deals with the issue of the impact of fire on changes in the structure and mechanical properties of welded joints of non-alloy steel elements. The processes occurring during welding, affecting the obtained input structure and properties in the weld and in the heat affected zone, were analyzed. On this basis, a concise analysis of the impact of low- and high-temperature fire and the method of extinguishing it on changes in the structure and mechanical properties of welded joints of non-alloyed steels was made. Recommendations for conducting post-fire expertise of welded steel structures are included.

16

Technologia śledzenia spoiny

Dozór Techniczny

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2024

|

z. 2

s. 27--27

PL

Firma Cloos wprowadza nową technologię śledzenia spoiny z wykorzystaniem sensora prądowego dedykowaną dla cobota QINEO ArcBoT.

17

Inteligentne systemy wspomagające spawanie zrobotyzowane

Dozór Techniczny

|

2024

|

z. 6

20--21

PL

WireSense, TouchSense, SeamTracking i sprawdzony w praktyce TeachMode to opatentowane systemy wspomagające spawanie zrobotyzowane, opracowane przez firmę Fronius.

18

Energooszczędne spawanie TIG

Dozór Techniczny

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2024

|

z. 2

s. 17--17

PL

Nowy urządzenie do spawania metodą TIG – Fronius Artis sprawdzi się przy spawaniu stali nierdzewnej, w takich zastosowaniach jak poręcze czy baseny, gdzie liczy się estetyka każdej spoiny. Równie dobrze sprawdza się w tworzeniu wysokiej klasy połączeń rur oraz w precyzyjnych zastosowaniach, takich jak budowa zbiorników i instalacji przemysłowych. W przypadku nowej serii źródeł energii TIG położono nacisk przede wszystkim na przyjazność dla użytkownika, niezawodność i energooszczędność - przy czym warto zaznaczyć, że Artis ma na wyposażeniu wszystkie funkcje jego poprzednika, czyli systemu Fonius TransTig.

19

Czy coboty zainteresują młode pokolenie spawaniem?

Dozór Techniczny

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2024

|

z. 6

15--19

PL

Spawanie pozostaje głównym procesem spajania w branży obróbki metalu, ale wymaga gruntownej wiedzy i zręczności. Mimo dobrego wynagrodzenia ubywa młodych ludzi decydujących się na ten zawód, ponieważ jest on często postrzegany jako nieatrakcyjny, szkodliwy dla zdrowia i brudny. Odpowiedzią na te argumenty mogą być coboty. Sprawiają, że spawanie staje się nie tylko ciekawsze i bezpieczniejsze, ale także bardziej rentowne – nawet przy małych seriach.

20

Controlling Dilution in Multilayer Welding for Additive Manufacturing

Emami Mohammad, Elahi Seyed Hossein

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

|

Vol. 69, iss. 3

825--831

EN

Functionally graded material is a type of material characterized by gradual variations in the chemical composition and structure over volume. Dilution is a major concern in producing such materials produced using welding techniques. In this paper, the effects of the number and thickness of weld overlay layers on the dilution were systematically investigated for two common wire arc additive manufacturing processes. Gas metal arc welding and flux-cored arc welding processes were used to clad plain carbon steel substrate by 410 stainless steel and Stellite 6, respectively. Welding speed was varied to create weld layers with a thickness of 2 mm to 8 mm. The results showed that the weld thickness had the main effect on the dilution. Regarding the number and arrangement of the thin or thick weld layers, no direct effects on the dilution were observed. Consequently, by controlling the thickness of the weld overlay, the changes in the chemical composition in each weld layer could be justified.