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1

Non-contact eddy current conductivity measurements as an effective tool for evaluating aluminum alloys in aircraft

Uchanin Valentyn

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2024

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Nr 3 (276)

43--57

EN

Aluminum alloys (AAs) are pivotal materials in modern aircraft due to their superior mechanical properties and low weight. The structural integrity of these alloys, crucial for aircraft safety, heavily depends on heat treatment processes that alter their mechanical characteristics. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, such as eddy current (EC) conductivity measurements, play a vital role in assessing these alloys throughout their lifecycle. EC methods enable the measurement of electrical conductivity, a structure-sensitive parameter that correlates with mechanical properties affected by heat treatments and operational stresses. This paper reviews the application of EC conductivity measurements in the aerospace industry, focusing on their role in assessing AA structural integrity. It discusses how EC methods can penetrate non-conductive coatings, crucial for in-service measurements without surface removal. Recent developments include a novel small-size EC probe and signal processing algorithms aimed at enhancing sensitivity to conductivity changes through dielectric coatings, up to 0.5 mm thick, commonly found in aircraft structures. Key findings include analyses of specific electrical conductivity (SEC) changes in AAs due to heat treatment deviations and long-term operational stresses, crucial for predicting residual life and maintaining safety standards. Case studies on aircraft wing skins and helicopter rotor blades demonstrate the practical application of EC conductivity meters in identifying critical damage zones. The methodology proves effective in evaluating localized degradation based on SEC distributions, thereby enhancing maintenance efficiency and aircraft safety. Overall, this research underscores the significance of EC conductivity measurements in advancing NDE practices for AAs in aircraft applications. The methodologies and findings presented aim to improve safety, durability assessment, and maintenance efficiency in the aerospace industry.

2

Badania wytrzymałościowe blach aluminiowych stosowanych w przemyśle spożywczym

Sulewski Leszek, Kowalski Marcin, Wernik Jacek

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 12

1483--1486

PL

Przedstawiono zagadnienie badawcze dotyczące minimalizacji zużycia stopu aluminiowego do produkcji zakrętek opakowań szklanych, co ma istotny wpływ na odpowiedni dobór parametrów procesu technologicznego. Do produkcji zakrętek opakowań szklanych stosowane są najczęściej blachy z normowanego stopu aluminium EN AW-8011A, który cechuje się bardzo dobrą formowalnością. Stop jest szeroko stosowany w przemyśle, m.in. do produkcji wymienników ciepła. Literatura przedmiotu wskazuje, że nadal istnieje zapotrzebowanie na stopy aluminiowe o większej wytrzymałości i ciągliwości. Wykonano badania wytrzymałościowe nowego stopu aluminium 5801 i porównano go z właściwościami stopu AW-8011A. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że aluminium serii 5801 jest lepszym materiałem do produkcji elementów metodą tłoczenia blachy.

EN

Samples of 0.18 and 0.19 mm thick sheets of 5801 Al alloy and 0.2 mm thick sheets of AW-8011A alloy were analyzed for tensile strength, yield strength, modulus of elasticity, and elongation at break. The effects of material thickness and heat-technol. treatment, including painting and one- or two-sided hardening of the paint, were studied. The Lankford coeff. and the planar and normal anisotropy index were detd. based on recording geometric changes of the sample during the tensile process. Samples made of heat-treated 5801 sheet were stronger compared to the corresponding ones made of 8011A sheet.

3

Wykonywanie połączeń różnoimiennych ze stopów aluminium metodami spawania łukowego i FSW

Węglowska Aleksandra, Rykała Janusz, Pfeifer Tomasz, Pietrzak Jacek

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2024

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R. 26, nr 5

52--56

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań spawania TIG i MIG oraz zgrzewania FSW złączy z blach ze stopu aluminium EN AW-6082, EN AW 5754 oraz odlewniczego stopu EN AC-43200. Scharakteryzowano stopy Al-Mg oraz Al-Mg-Si i ich spawalność. W ramach realizowanych badań przeprowadzono dobór warunków spawania i zgrzewania różnoimiennych stopów aluminium. Złącza poddano badaniom wizualnym, metalograficznym makroskopowym, penetracyjnym (złącza spawane) oraz własności mechanicznych w statycznej próbie rozciągania i zginania (złącza zgrzewane FSW). Na podstawie wyników badań realizowanych w Łukasiewicz – GIT oceniono, że jakość złączy spawanych zależy od przygotowania elementów do spawania, natomiast złączy zgrzewanych od parametrów zgrzewania i ustawienia stopów Al w złączu względem ruchu obrotowego narzędzia.

EN

Results of TIG, MIG and FSW welding technologies of joints made of EN AW-6082, EN AW 5754 aluminum alloy sheets and EN AC-43200 casting alloy are presented. This article briefly presents the characteristics of Al-Mg and Al-Mg_Si alloys and their weldability. As part of the research welding conditions for dissimilar aluminum alloys were selected. The joints were subjected to the visual and penetrant tests (TIG, MIG joints), light microscopy examination as well as tensile and bend tests (FSW joints). Based on the test results obtained in Łukasiewicz – GIT, it was found that the quality of arc welded joints depends on the preparation of the elements for welding, while the quality of FSW joints depends on the welding parameters and the positioning of Al alloys in the joint in relation to the rotational movement of the tool.

4

Simulation and Experimental Study of the Termo-Mechanical Effect of the Milling Process of 7075 Aluminium Alloy

Habrat W., Lisowicz Joanna, Tymczyszyn Jarosław, Skroban Anna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 3

58--66

EN

This study combined simulation and experimental tests to analyse the cutting performance of three solid carbide end mills with distinct geometries during the milling of the 7075 aluminium alloy. For the tests, three uncoated end mills were employed, which differed in rake angle, clearance angle, and helical pitch. Simulation tests revealed temperature distributions and the resultant cutting forces. The machining with a milling cutter with a higher blade angle was shown to cause an increase in the temperature in the cutting zone. However, during machining with a sharper blade of cutting tool, a decrease of cutting forces was not observed. The simulated temperature distribution on the cutting edge of the cutting tool may justify significant differences in the dynamics of changes in the cutting force components during the period of operational wear.

5

Fabrication and Characteristics of Cast Aluminium – Mineral Particles Composite

Kargul Marcin, Borowiecka-Jamrozek Joanna Maria

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 5

75--89

EN

The paper presents the results of research on the production of cast composites based on aluminum alloys with a mineral filler with a porous structure. AlSi12 silumin and AlSi12 silumin with the addition of 3% magnesium (AlSi12-Mg3) were used as the matrix material, while particles of natural zeolite, expanded perlite and expanded clay with a size of 4 to 6 mm were used as the mineral filler. In order to increase the efficiency of the production process, the mineral particles have been covered with a sodium silicon solution with the addition of silicon powder. The coated particles were then heated at 400 °C for 1 hour to remove moisture from them. The prepared mineral particles were then placed inside a casting mold and flooded with liquid alloy at a temperature of 790 °C. The obtained composites were subjected to macroscopic observations and analysis using computed tomography (CT). Phase analysis was also performed to determine the phase composition of the obtained composites. In order to determine the mechanical and physical properties, the obtained composites were subjected to compressive strength tests and density measurements. As a result of the research, it was found that the use of the AlSi12-Mg3 alloy and coating in the form of a solution of sodium silicate and silicon powder allows for the most effective production of composites. The low density of the produced composites, combined with their favorable structure and strength properties, suggest the possibility of use as light products transferring compressive stresses, as well as energy-absorbing products.

6

Metallurgical aspects of the corrosion resistance of 7000 series aluminum alloys – a review

Lachowicz Marzena Małgorzata

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 3

159--180

EN

This article contains a review of selected studies conducted in the field of corrosion resistance of precipitation-hardenable 7000 series aluminum alloys. In particular, it discusses the effect of heat treatment and the role of thus formed microstructure on the corrosion behavior of these alloys. The article presents the three types of corrosion that occur most commonly in this group of materials in the context of their microstructure. It points to the importance of the chemical composition of a 7000 alloy, including the precipitates present in the microstructure, for the development of corrosion. The aluminum solid solution can act as an anode or cathode in relation to intermetallic particles. Such corrosion features may result in the destruction of the surfaces of elements made of the 7000 series aluminum alloy. It also raises the issue of the mechanism of corrosive destruction of the aluminum solid solution, which is connected with a crystallographic attack. In the case of this process, the nature of the micro-pits formed as a result of their local dissolution is related to the privileged dissolution of specific crystallographic planes and directions.

7

Wykonywanie połączeń różnoimiennych ze stopów aluminium metodami spawania łukowego i FSW

Węglowska Aleksandra, Rykała Janusz, Pfeifer Tomasz, Pietrzak Jacek

Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe

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2023

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Nr 1 (128)

103--107

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań spawania TIG i MIG oraz zgrzewania FSW złączy z blach ze stopu aluminium EN AW6082, EN AW 5754 oraz odlewniczego stopu EN AC-43200. Scharakteryzowano stopy Al-Mg oraz Al-Mg-Si i ich spawalność. W ramach realizowanych badań przeprowadzono dobór warunków spawania i zgrzewania różnoimiennych stopów aluminium. Złącza poddano badaniom wizualnym, metalograficznym makroskopowym, penetracyjnym (złącza spawane) oraz własności mechanicznych w statycznej próbie rozciągania i zginania (złącza zgrzewane FSW). Na podstawie wyników badań realizowanych w Łukasiewicz – GIT oceniono, że jakość złączy spawanych zależy od przygotowania elementów do spawania, natomiast złączy zgrzewanych od parametrów zgrzewania i ustawienia stopów Al w złączu względem ruchu obrotowego narzędzia.

EN

Results of TIG, MIG and FSW welding technologies of joints made of EN AW-6082, EN AW 5754 aluminum alloy sheets and EN AC-43200 casting alloy are presented. This article briefly presents the characteristics of Al-Mg and Al-Mg-Si alloys and their weldability. As part of the research welding conditions for dissimilar aluminum alloys were selected. The joints were subjected to the visual and penetrant tests (TIG, MIG joints), light microscopy examination as well as tensile and bend tests (FSW joints). Based on the test results obtained in Łukasiewicz – GIT, it was found that the quality of arc welded joints depends on the preparation of the elements for welding, while the quality of FSW joints depends on the welding parameters and the positioning of Al alloys in the joint in relation to the rotational movement of the tool.

8

Investigations of CrN/TiO2 coatings obtained in a hybrid PVD/ALD method on Al-Si-Cu alloy substrate

Staszuk Marcin

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

art. no. e144622

EN

The paper addresses an important scientific topic from the utilitarian point of view concerning the surface treatment of Al-Si-Cu aluminum alloys by PVD/ALD hybrid coating deposition. The influence of the conditions of deposition of titanium oxide in CrN/TiO2 coatings on their structure and properties, in particular corrosion resistance, were investigated. The TiO2 layer was produced by the atomic layer deposition (ALD) method with a variable number of cycles. Structural investigations were performed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy methods. Electrochemical properties were analyzed using potentiodynamic and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The CrN/TiO2 hybrid coating with titanium oxide deposited at 500 ALD cycles showed the best corrosion properties. It was also found that the prerequisite for obtaining the best electrochemical properties was the amorphous structure of titanium oxide in the tested hybrid coatings. The high tribological properties of the tested coatings were also confirmed.

9

Corrosion Protection of Selected Aluminum Wrought Alloys applied in the Automotive Industry

Jakóbczak Karol, Kowalik Remigiusz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

287--293

EN

The paper aims to review the corrosion properties of selected aluminum alloys applied in the automotive industry which are used in heat exchangers, bodyworks and car wires. Particular attention was focused on application of selected chemical compounds which added to corrosive environment in certain amounts lead to decrease of corrosion rate of protected aluminium alloy. Considered different environmental conditions which are simulating real vehicle exploitation. At review analyzed ability to application mentioned compounds on automotive parts, because there is needed fill of following requirements: environmentally friendly, relatively inexpensive and characterized by long-term performance under certain conditions. Main conclusion of review is that there are needed extension of research regarding to application of inhibitive compounds especially on the surface of cars wires.

10

Morphology and Distribution of α-Al and Mn-rich Phases in Al-Si-Mn Alloys under an Electromagnetic Stirring

Mikołajczak P.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

74--87

EN

Convection caused by gravity and forced flow are present during casting. The effect of forced convection generated by a rotating magnetic field on the microstructure and precipitating phases in eutectic and hypoeutectic AlSiMn alloys was studied in solidification by a low cooling rate and low temperature gradient. The chemical composition of alloys was selected to allow joint growth or independent growth of occurring α-Al, α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. Electromagnetic stirring caused instead of equiaxed dendrites mainly rosettes, changed the AlSi eutectic spacing, decreased the specific surface Sv and increased secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2 of α-Al, and modified the solidification time. Forced flow caused complex modification of pre-eutectic and inter-eutectic Mn-phases (Al15Si2Mn4) depending on the alloy composition. By high Mn content, in eutectic and hypoeutectic alloys, stirring caused reduction in the number density and a decrease in the overall dimension of pre-eutectic Mn-phases. Also across cylindrical sample, specific location of occurring phases by stirring was observed. No separation effect of Mn-phases by melt flow was observed. The study provided an understanding of the forced convection effect on individual precipitates and gave insight of what modifications can occur in the microstructure of castings made of technical alloys with complex composition.

11

Flow Effect on Si Crystals and Mn-Phases in Hypereutectic and Eutectic Al-Si-Mn Alloys

Mikołajczak Piotr

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, iss. 4

72--86

EN

During mold filling and casting solidification, melt flow caused by gravity is present. Otherwise, forced flow may be a method applied for casting properties improvement. The flow effect generated by an electromagnetic field on the growing phases and a whole microstructure in Al-Si-Mn alloys was studied by slow solidification conditions. The hypereutectic and eutectic alloys were chosen to allow independent growth or joint growth of forming: Si crystals, Mn-rich α-Al15Si2Mn4 phases and Al-Si eutectics. In eutectic alloys, where Mn-phases precipitate as first and only one till solidus temperature, flow decreased number density of pre-eutectic α-Al15Si2Mn4. In the hypereutectic alloys, where Mn-phases grow in common with Si crystals, forced convection increased the overall dimension, decreased number density of pre-eutectic Mn phases and strengthened the tendency to growth in the outside of the sample. In the alloys, where Si crystals grow as first, stirring reduce number density of Si and moved them into thin layer outside cylindrical sample. Also by joint growth of Si crystals and Mn-phases, in hypereutectic Mn/Si alloy, flow moved Si crystals outside, reduced number density and increased the dimension of crystals. Stirring changed also AlSi eutectic spacing, specific surface Sv of α-Al and secondary dendrite arm spacing λ2. The results gave insight of what transformation under stirring take place in simple Al-Si-Mn alloys, and helps to understand what modifications in technical alloys may occur, that finally lead to changes in castings microstructure and properties. The possibility to control dimension, number density and position of Mn-phases and Si crystals is completely new and may help by metallurgical processes, continuous casting of billets and in the production of Si for the solar photovoltaic industry.

12

Iron impact on the quality of sand casting made from secondary AlSi7Mg0.6 alloy used in the automotive and aerospace industry

Pastierovičová Lucia, Kuchariková Lenka, Tillová Eva, Chalupová Mária

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 72 (144)

86--91

EN

Due to the high demand for secondary alloys in the automotive and aerospace industry, this work investigates the effect of higher iron content on the quality of AlSi7Mg0.6 sand castings. Secondary-recycled Al-Si alloys contain an increased amount of impurities due to their remelting of scrap metal. One of the most unwanted impurities found in these alloys is iron. Iron leads to the formation of various Fe-rich intermetallic phases, whose morphology influences the mechanical properties even at low Fe content. It also promotes the formation of casting defects, such as porosity and shrinkage. The formation of porosity in secondary Al-alloys is another major aspect that can affect the final properties of castings. Since these materials are mainly used to produce castings for the automotive industry, such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, and so on, it is necessary to produce castings without any defects. Therefore, the quality of AlSi7Mg0.6 sand casting is investigated at lower iron content (0.128% wt. Fe) and compared to the higher iron content (0.429% wt. Fe), whereby a correlation between iron content and porosity is monitored.

13

A study of the properties and development in technology for obtaining multi-component systems of particle reinforced aluminum and titanium alloys

Gumen Olena, Selina Irina, Kruzhkova Mariia

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2022

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Vol. 11

17--21

EN

The article analyzes the groundwork on the influence of alloying contaminants on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. Aluminum has become widely used in various parts of machine-building due to its physical properties. However, the main task of modern material science is to increase the strength of aluminum alloys. Therefore, today there is the development of materials and alloys based on aluminum with alloying constituents (copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, mangan), which are administered in aluminum mainly to increase its strength. Especially attractive are properties of aluminum-doped by transition metals, in particular scandium, zirconium, iron, etc. Finally, conclusions are drawn in order to develop a material based on aluminum with increased hardness, durability, and crack resistance.

14

Corrosion Damage Mechanisms of TiO2 Cold-Sprayed Coatings

Lachowicz Marzena, Winnicki Marcin

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

975--985

EN

Cold spraying as a low-temperature coating deposition method is intended for thermally sensitive materials. Due to its precise temperature control, it limits the formation of structural defects, and can therefore be easily applied to spray corrosion protective coatings made from metal or metal-ceramic powders. However, the formation of pure ceramic coatings with the use of cold spraying is still not so common. Titanium dioxide is one of the most interesting ceramics due to its photocatalytic properties. Nevertheless, these types of coating materials usually work in a corrosion favoring humid atmosphere. In the presented paper, amorphous TiO2 powder was deposited onto aluminum alloys and steel substrates and then submitted to potentiodynamic corrosion tests in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. The as-sprayed coating showed phase transition from amorphous TiO2 to anatase, and also revealed porosity. As a result, electrolytes penetrated the coating and caused undercoating corrosion in the tested environment of an aqueous NaCl solution. The analysis of the potentiodynamic curves showed that the presence of the coating decreased corrosion potential on both substrates. It arose from the mixed phases of TiO2, which consisted of photocathode - amorphous material and photoanode - crystalline anatase. The phase mixture induced the galvanic corrosion of metallic substrates in the presence of electrolytes. Moreover, pitting-like corrosion and coating delamination were detected in aluminium alloy and steel samples, respectively. Finally, the corrosion mechanism of the titanium dioxide coatings was characterized and described.

15

Effect of single roll drive cross rolling on the microstructure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

Kazemi-Navaee Amir, Jamaati Roohollah, Aval Hamed Jamshidi

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 1

art. no. e41, 2022

EN

In this work, the effect of single roll drive cross rolling on the microstructure, crystallographic texture, hardness, tensile properties, and fracture behavior of AA7075 aluminum alloy was investigated. It was found that with increasing the thickness reduction, the grain size reduced and the average width of grain for the 40% deformed sample decreased to 3.7 ± 0.4 µm. Due to the nature of the cross-rolling process, several X-type shear bands were observed after 40% deformation. The recrystallization texture is notably intensified to its highest value of 4.4 × R, after only 20% cold deformation due to the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The intensity of recrystallization texture sharply dropped to its lowest value of 2.7 × R. This was due to the rotation of Goss-orientated new grains in the 20% deformed sample toward copper orientation during 40% rolling. With increasing the thickness reduction, the overall texture intensity significantly reduced owing to the nature of the cross-rolling process in which the rolling direction rotates 90° after each 10% strain. Two texture transitions were observed along τ fiber: rolling (copper) texture to recrystallization (Goss) texture after 20% thickness reduction and recrystallization to the rolling texture after 40% deformation. The hardness and strength increased by increasing the thickness reduction, while the ductility decreased. After a 40% thickness reduction, yield strength significantly increased from 138.3 ± 4.4 MPa (for initial sample) to the highest value of 580.5 ± 11.5 MPa, demonstrating 320% increment, in the 0° direction. This increment for 45° and 90° direction was 265% and 337%, respectively. By 40% rolling, the value of in-plane anisotropy (IPA) remarkably decreased to its lowest value of 3.4% due to texture weakening. With increasing the rolling reduction to 20%, the severity of Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) increased in the flow curves due to the occurrence of CDRX and also strengthening of the rotated cube {001} < 110 > and E {111} < 110 > components. With increasing the rolling reduction, the size of cleavage facets and the severity of delamination increased, and the number and depth of dimples decreased.

16

Heat Treatment of AlSi7Mg0.3 Aluminium Alloys with Increased Zirconium and Titanium Content

Kantoriková E., Kuriš M., Pastirčák R.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

|

Vol. 21, iss. 2

89--93

EN

The paper compares changes in the structure and mechanical properties due to the synergistic effect of alloying elements Zr and Ti. It is assumed that by increasing the content of Zr and Ti in the aluminium alloy, better mechanical properties will be achieved. Paper focuses on description of the differences between the samples casted into the shell mold and the metal mold. Main difference between mentioned molds is a different heat transfer coefficient during pouring, solidification and cooling of the metal in the mold. The main goal was to analyse the influence of Zr and Ti elements and compare the mechanical properties after the heat treatment. Curing and precipitation aging were used during the experiment. The effect of the elements on AlSi7Mg0.3 alloy created differences between the excluded Zr phases after heat treatment. Evaluation of the microstructure pointed to the decomposition of large predominantly needle Zr phases into smaller, more stable formations.

17

Oznaczanie zawartości boru, krzemu i cyrkonu w nowych stopach glinu

Knapik Magdalena, Kozłowicz Sylwia, Charasińska Jadwiga, Czech Agnieszka

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

|

2021

|

nr 2

48--51

PL

Stopy na bazie glinu ze względu na swoje właściwości znalazły wiele zastosowań i są używane do wyrobu szerokiej grupy produktów – od części karoserii i silników samochodów, przez poszycia i elementy konstrukcyjne samolotów, po części statków kosmicznych.

18

Wytwarzanie powłok tlenkowych metodą elektroplazmową na stopach aluminium EN AW-1050 oraz EN AW-5083

Wala Katarzyna, Nowak Marek, Kozik Anna, Karaś Michał, Pachut Kamila

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2020

|

nr 10

323--326

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące wytwarzania powłok elektroplazmowych (PEO – Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) [2] metodą stałoprądową (DC) na stopach aluminium EN AW-1050 oraz EN AW-5083. Proces PEO realizowano w roztworze alkalicznym z zastosowaniem gęstości prądu 15 A/dm2, w czasie 8 min. Wytworzone powłoki uszczelniono, a następnie poddano procesowi lakierowania. Analizowano wpływ parametrów prądowo-napięciowych oraz temperatury na jakość otrzymywanych powłok. Wykonano badania: składu chemicznego, grubości, chropowatości, odporności na korozję oraz przyczepności powłok do podłoża. Wytworzone powłoki poddano również obserwacjom mikroskopowym.

EN

The paper presents the result of electroplasma coatings production on EN AW-1050 and EN AW-5083 aluminum alloys by DC current methods. The process was carried out in alkaline solution using a current density of 15 A/dm2, during 8 min. The produced PEO coatings [2] were sealed and varnished. The influence of current-voltage parameters and temperature on the quality of obtained coatings were investigated. Afterwards, the measurement of: chemical composition, thickness, roughness, corrosion resistance, abrasive wear and coating adhesion to the substrate were done. The produced coatings were also examined using electron scanning microscope.

19

Role of magnesium and minor zirconium on the wear behavior of 5XXX series aluminum alloys under different environments

Kaiser Mohammad Salim, Matin Mohammad Abdul, Shorowordi Kazi Mohammad

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 4, No 3

209--219

EN

The tribological performance of 5xxx series aluminum alloys with ternary zirconium is evaluated at ambient conditions under dry, wet and saline environment. The experiment has been done using a Pin-on-Disk apparatus under an applied load of 20N. The sliding distances varies ranging from 116m-2772m at a sliding velocity of 0.385 ms-1. The results show that presence of Mg and Zr into this alloy helps to increase their strength and wear resistance under dry sliding condition. But they significantly suffer under wet and corrosive environment due to formation of β-phase Al3Mg2, to slip bands and grain boundaries which may lead to and stress-corrosion cracking. The variation of friction coefficient is observed in wet and corrosive environment due to the formation of oxidation film, lubrication, and corrosion action in solution. The SEM analysis shows that brittle Al3Mg2 phase initiate the fracture surface for Al-Mg alloy and Zr addition accelerate the brittleness of the alloy owing the fine precipitates of Al3Zr.

20

Effect of Welding Parameters and Metal Arrangement of the AA2024-T3 on the Quality and Strength of FSW Lap Joints for Joining Elements of Landing Gear Beam

Myśłiwiec P., Śliwa R. E., Ostrowski R., Bujny M., Zwolak M.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2020

|

Vol. 65, iss. 3

1203--1216

EN

The paper presents the possibility of using FSW technology for joining elements of a landing gear beam of the M28 aircraft. The FSW process was performed on a 4-axis numerical machine under industrial conditions. However, before welding was carried out under industrial conditions, preliminary experimental tests were carried out under laboratory conditions. Preliminary research was carried out for AA2024-T3 aluminum sheets of 1 mm and 3 mm in thickness, joined in a lap configuration. The influence of technological and geometric parameters of the process on the quality and strength of the weld was examined. Sheet metal arrangement was analyzed. Tests were carried out for two configurations. The first of which with 1 mm sheet on the top and 3 mm sheet on the bottom and in reverse order. It has been shown that setting a thicker plate on the top gives a 40% better strength. The microhardness and microstructure of the weld were tested. During the laboratory tests, low-cycle fatigue tests of the FSW lap joint were performed. It has been shown that the FSW method can be an alternative to the riveting process in the production of aviation structure elements.