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EN
Introduction: The primary goal of head and neck cancer surgery is the restoration of vital functions. To achieve this, after tumor ablation, lost tissues are reconstructed using free flaps (FF) or pedicled flaps simultaneously. Many objective monitoring techniques of flap perfusion have been explored, but none of them has been recognized as the gold standard. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using infrared thermography (IRT) to assess the viability of FF and pedicled flaps in head and neck reconstructive surgery. Material and Methods: 14 flap reconstructions in patients diagnosed with oral cancer were investigated. One flap from the entire study group developed signs of necrosis. The temperature parameters taken from static IRT were average temperature derived every day from the day before surgery till the sixth day after and were described as Tavei, where i is the day after surgery. Moreover, the difference in average temperature changes between the target (TTave) and surrounding (TSave) ΔT = TTave – TSave was taken into consideration. Results: A larger decrease in the average temperature between day 5 and day 6 is observed for the surrounding. The average temperature of the flap changes till the 6th day after surgery, and the lowest temperature of the flap is described on the last day of study. Despite a wide range of the standard deviation results for the study group each day after reconstruction, the temperature values obtained for the patient with necrosis were always beyond it. The differences between ΔT parameter obtained for the whole studied group and the patient with necrotic flap are significant every day after surgery. Conclusions: Temperature difference (ΔT) between the target and its surrounding seems to be the proper parameter for the prediction of surgery results. However, due to the small study group, it should be taken only as a preliminary result, which should be confirmed in further studies on the bigger study group of patients.
2
Content available Review on infrared single-pixel imaging
EN
The article discusses modern single-pixel imaging techniques. Different solutions of spatial light modulators (SLMs) used in infrared imaging are presented. The focus is on image reconstruction methods, in particular on the use of a modulator based on orthogonal codes, cyclic matrices, and neural networks for image reconstruction. The potential possibilities and limitations of these new imaging methods are described, emphasizing their usefulness in different ranges of the infrared spectrum. Moreover, the experimental implementation of a single-pixel infrared camera is presented. Possible applications and future development perspectives of this technology are indicated.
EN
The use of thermographic techniques or contact temperature measurements in diagnostics can be a rich source of information on the technical condition of the object examined. The application of diagnostics using thermographic techniques allows for the precise localization of malfunctioning machine components and enables effective repair without replacing properly functioning parts. This is particularly important in bearing elements, where relative rotational movement generates significant heat due to friction between cooperating components. This article presents the results of studies on selected friction joints working under various operating conditions. Based on the results obtained from the measurement and using statistical tools, a method was developed to evaluate the correct operation of the selected friction nodes The verification of the developed test method was carried out on the results obtained from thermal imaging measurements.
PL
Wykorzystanie w diagnostyce technik termowizyjnych lub pomiarów kontaktowych temperatury może być bogatym źródłem informacji o stanie technicznym badanego obiektu technicznego. Zastosowanie diagnostyki z wykorzystaniem technik termowizyjnych umożliwia precyzyjne zlokalizowanie wadliwie funkcjonujących elementów maszyn i urządzeń oraz dokonanie skutecznej naprawy bez niepotrzebnej wymiany prawidłowo działających części. Szczególnie ma to znaczenie w elementach łożyskowych, w których względny ruch obrotowy powoduje wydzielanie znacznej ilości ciepła w wyniku tarcia współpracujących elementów. W opracowaniu przedstawiono wyniki badań wykonane dla wybranych węzłów ciernych, pracujących w różnych warunkach eksploatacyjnych. Na podstawie otrzymanych wyników pomiarów z wykorzystaniem narzędzi statystycznych opracowano metodę oceny poprawnego stanu pracy wybranych węzłów tarcia. Weryfikację opracowanej metody badawczej przeprowadzono w oparciu o wyniki uzyskane z pomiarów termowizyjnych.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono sposób modelowania sygnału pochodzącego od kamery termowizyjnej, pozwalający na wykonanie analizy porównawczej algorytmów wyznaczania tak zwanego przepływu optycznego. Sposób modelowania powstał na potrzeby rozwoju czujnika inercyjnego, wyznaczającego przesunięcie pojazdu na podstawie analizy obrazu z kamery termowizyjnej. W ramach prac rozwojowych niezbędne okazało się dokonanie wyboru rodzaju algorytmu wyznaczania przepływu optycznego oraz optymalizację parametrów algorytmu. Syntetyczny model sygnału pozwolił na szybkie prototypownie algorytmów i automatyczną optymalizację jego parametrów. W artykule przedstawiono przykładowe wyniki porównania efektywności algorytmów SAD oraz Farnebäcka w kontekście zastosowania dla obrazów termowizyjnych.
EN
The article presents a method of modeling the signal coming from a thermal imaging camera that allows to perform a comparative analysis of algorithms for determining the so-called optical-flow. The modeling method was created for the development of an inertial sensor determining the displacement of the vehicle based on the analysis of the image from a thermal imaging camera. As part of the development work, it was necessary to select the type of optical flow algorithm and optimize its parameters. The synthetic signal model allowed for quick prototyping and automatic optimization of its parameters. The article presents exemplary results of comparing the efficiency of SAD and Farnebäck algorithms in the context of application for thermal imaging.
EN
The article presents the simulation results of a single-pixel infrared camera image reconstruction obtained by using a convolutional neural network (CNN). Simulations were carried out for infrared images with a resolution of 80 × 80 pixels, generated by a low-cost, low-resolution thermal imaging camera. The study compares the reconstruction results using the CNN and the ℓ₁ reconstruction algorithm. The results obtained using the neural network confirm a better quality of the reconstructed images with the same compression rate expressed by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM).
PL
W artykule omówiono badania transformatorów metodą emisji akustycznej oraz sposoby interpretacji i weryfikacji ich wyników przy pomocy termowizji i analizy chromatograficznej gazów rozpuszczonych w oleju. Opisano rzeczywiste przypadki łącznego wykorzystania tych metod w celu precyzyjnego określenia przyczyn generacji emisji akustycznej w transformatorach i stopnia zagrożenia ich eksploatacji przez wyładowania niezupełne. Wskazano na niestandardowe możliwości zastosowania metody emisji akustycznej do wykrywania w kadzi transformatora miejsc o podwyższonej temperaturze.
EN
The article discusses tests of transformers using the acoustic emission method and methods of interpretation and verification of their results using thermal imaging and DGA analysis of gases dissolved in the oil. Real cases of combined usage of these methods are described in order to precisely determine the causes of acoustic emission generation in transformers and the degree of risk of their operation posed by partial discharges. Non-standard possibilities of using the acoustic emission method for detecting places with increased temperature in the transformer tank were indicated.
PL
W pracy wskazano potencjalne źródła ciepła wydzielanego w bez załogowych systemach powietrznych (BSP), które mogą być wy korzystane w systemach wykrywania do detekcji BSP. omówiono przykładową budowę BSP z uwzględnieniem systemu zasilania i zarządzania energią. zaprezentowano i omówiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na komercyjnych i amatorskich BSP z wykorzystaniem kamery termograficznej.
EN
The work indicates potential sources of heat emitted in unmanned aerial systems (uAVs), which can be used in detection systems for uAV detection. An exemplary construction of a uAV was discussed, including the power supply and energy management system. The results of research carried out on commercial and amateur uAVs using a thermographic camera were presented and discussed.
EN
The article presents the results of thermovision tests of the disc brake and the drive system components located in its vicinity on the 111Ed electric locomotive in field conditions. For this locomotive, tests were carried out on a test track to measure the temperature of the disc and the temperature of other devices that were installed close to the brake disc. These tests were performed pointwise, i.e. before and after the test, and continuously through-out the braking process. The article presents the methodology of thermal imaging research and the preparation of the camera for outdoor research with objects with different emissivity. Due to the rotating brake disc, it was decided to measure using an IR camera because measurements using thermocouples were very difficult and complex. In exceptional situations, temperature measurement using thermocouples is used, but it requires an extensive additional measurement system and signal recording, which is more expensive. Correct configuration of the IR camera to real conditions is extremely important because it directly translates into the increase in measurement error.
EN
Thermography as an innovative diagnostic technique with non-contact temperature measurement is used in many industries – science, industry, medicine, and security. When using thermography in the field of health, images and images sequences obtained from thermal imaging cameras allow to record the temperature distribution in order to further recognize whether the state of the body is consistent with the defined parameters or whether there are deviations. However, it is worth paying attention to the measurement accuracy of thermal imaging cameras, their specification, and image quality of thermograms. In the case of recording stress states, measurement discrepancies between thermal imaging cameras for smartphone may affect the final results. Therefore, this article focuses on the comparison of the possibility of recording and detecting stress using two smartphone thermal imaging cameras: SEEK THERMAL Compact Pro and FLIR ONE Pro. The specifications of both cameras were compared. At the same time, the possibility of recording stress using smartphone thermal imaging cameras was confirmed on the basis of an exemplary study. The results of the comparison and analysis show that smartphone thermography can be a quick registration and diagnostic method in behavioral-biomedical issues.
EN
Unmanned aerial vehicles are a synergistic technology that complements other new technologies and is in constant development. The paper focuses on using artificial intelligence (AI) in security surveillance. This article aims to develop an unmanned aerial system to monitor border areas and detect human silhouettes in challenging environmental conditions. For this purpose, thermal imaging technology was used for remote sensing in combination with artificial intelligence, particularly Yolo algorithms. After testing various Yolo versions, the target algorithm was implemented on an NVIDIA Jetson Xavier edge device. Prototyping of the AI-based thermal detection system was carried out on the DJI S900 multi-rotor aircraft. The final solution was implemented on a vertical take-off and landing aircraft. A summary containing observations and conclusions, as well as perspectives for the development of future work, are included at the end of the paper.
EN
Methane and coal dust explosions are among the most common causes of disasters in hard coal mining. Therefore, it is important for occupational safety in hard coal mines operating under methane and coal dust explosion hazards to identify possible ignition sources, whether due to natural or technical factors. One technical source of ignition can be mechanical sparks generated during operation of mechanical equipment and high surface temperatures of equipment components during operation. This paper presents the methodology and results of thermal imaging and strength testing of roadway support elements under dynamic loading. The goal of the tests was to identify the potential explosive atmosphere ignition sources during the operation of the support under the conditions of rock bursts. The scope of testing encompassed the temperature measurements by means of thermal camera of friction prop and yielding support frame sliding joint elements at yield under dynamic impact loading (simulating a burst). Significant joint element heating and mechanical sparking was observed during the testing of arching yielding support frame sliding joints and straight friction prop joints as a result of friction at yield. Some of the aspects defined in standard PN-EN ISO80079-36:2016 include the maximum temperature T max =150°C for a surface that can accumulate a layer of coal dust. Tests of the friction joints have shown that during impact loading, numerous mechanical sparks are produced at the friction joints of sections of the steel prop, with the surface temperature of the sections starting from 169.6°C and reaching up to 234.1°C. During tests it was also to determined emissivites of the tested sliding joints constructed from V29-V32 secrions depending on corrosion products which consist in range 0.842-0.873. Such a high temperature can initiate an explosive mixture consisting of methane, air and coal dust.
EN
The experiments conducted in a didactic laboratory of the Kielce University of Technology involved temperature distribution measurements on the outer surface of a steel radiator using a thermal imaging camera and thermocouples to compare both investigation methods. The research included registering the parameters for a specific period for each of the four different medium flows. Graphs present the results with the division of the radiator into eight thermal fields. The results present the differences in temperatures between 1.78°C to 3.65°C. The non-contact method with an infrared camera seems more accurate since it is precise for surface temperature measurement.
EN
Introduction: World statistics confirmed that about 40-50% of men and 50-55% of women suffer from chronic venous disease. Currently, the Duplex ultrasound is the leading diagnostic method for chronic venous disease (CVD), but it has some limitations. Therefore, it is important to find a new diagnostic technique that will provide additional parameters, describing not only structural but also early metabolic and functional changes. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to demonstrate the usefulness of the thermal imaging technique in the diagnosis of chronic venous disease. Results were obtained for two groups: 61 patients suffering from the primary chronic venous disease (CVD group) and 30 healthy people (control group). The obtained results compared the thermal imaging parameters to data obtained from the ultrasound examination. Parameters such as the reflux duration and extent of the CEAP classification were correlated with the mean temperature of the limb, the mean temperature of the lesion (determined using two methods), and the thermal range. Based on data obtained during the study, correlation coefficients were calculated for individual parameters. Results: The results obtained show that the mean limb temperature, and especially the mean temperature of a proposed isothermal area, is significantly correlated with the range of reflux. The conducted tests showed the correlation between some thermal and ultrasonic parameters determined by Spearman's coefficient is 0.4 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Thus, parameters such as the isothermal area and the thermal range may be used as a preliminary quantitative diagnosis, similarly to those derived from the Duplex ultrasound.
PL
W artykule omówiono badania transformatorów metodą emisji akustycznej oraz sposoby interpretacji i weryfikacji ich wyników przy pomocy termowizji i analizy chromatograficznej gazów rozpuszczonych w oleju. Opisano rzeczywiste przypadki łącznego wykorzystania tych metod w celu precyzyjnego określenia przyczyn generacji emisji akustycznej w transformatorach i stopnia zagrożenia ich eksploatacji przez wyładowania niezupełne. Wskazano na niestandardowe możliwości zastosowania metody emisji akustycznej do wykrywania w kadzi transformatora miejsc o podwyższonej temperaturze.
EN
The article discusses tests of transformers using the acoustic emission method and methods of interpretation and verification of their results using thermal imaging and DGA analysis of gases dissolved in the oil. Real cases of combined usage of these methods are described in order to precisely determine the causes of acoustic emission generation in transformers and the degree of risk of their operation posed by partial discharges. Non-standard possibilities of using the acoustic emission method for detecting places with increased temperature in the transformer tank were indicated.
PL
Celem pracy były badania termograficzne dzikich zwierząt przebywających w Śląskim Ogrodzie Zoologicznym. Termiczną analizę powłok brzusznych oraz stawów kończyn u ciężarnych żyraf prowadzono cyklicznie, na przestrzeni sześciu miesięcy, w okresie jesienno-zimowym. Otrzymane rezultaty prowadzonych badań wskazały, iż średnia temperatura powłok brzusznych u dwóch z trzech badanych żyraf wzrosła o niemal 2°C w okresie powadzonych badań. Zakładając powtarzalność warunków, w których prowadzono badania, można przypuszczać, iż wystąpił wzrost ukrwienia i metabolizmu tej części ciała, co z kolei może być związane z rozwojem płodu u ciężarnych zwierząt. Z kolei przeprowadzone badanie termowizyjne stawów kończyn pokazało asymetrię termalną w pierwszym okresie badań, która z czasem uległa znaczącemu zmniejszeniu. To z kolei może wskazywać na zmianę obciążenia odpowiedniej części ciała, wskutek ułożenia i rozwoju płodu u badanych żyraf.
EN
The aim of the work was the thermographic research of wild animals kept in the Silesian Zoological Garden. Thermal analysis of abdominal integuments and limb joints in pregnant giraffes was carried out cyclically, over the course of six months, in the autumn and winter. The obtained results of the research showed that the average temperature of the abdominal integuments in two of the three giraffes studied increased by almost 2°C during the research period. Assuming the repeatability of the conditions in which the research was conducted, it can be assumed that there was an increase in blood supply and metabolism in this part of the body, which in turn may be related to the development of the fetus in pregnant animals. In turn, the thermal imaging examination of the joints of the limbs showed thermal asymmetry in the first period of the study, which significantly decreased over time. This, in turn, may indicate a change in the load on the relevant part of the body due to the positioning and development of the fetus in the studied giraffes.
PL
Celem badania było ustalenie, czy tatuaż ma wpływ na mapę temperaturową ciała i jak długo ten efekt się utrzymuje. Obecnie nie ma wystarczających informacji związanych z dokładnym wpływem wykonania tatuażu, przyczynami i czasem utrzymywania się zmian temperaturowych powierzchni ciała [1]. Dynamika takich zmian i ich amplituda może świadczyć o procesie gojenia tkanek lub infekcji, co może mieć znaczenie dla szybkiej reakcji farmakologicznej. Badanie termowizyjne ramienia wykonano 3 dni przed, a także 3 i 10 dni po wykonaniu tatuażu. Porównanie średniej temperatury powierzchniowej badanych obszarów pokazało znaczące różnice między tymi obszarami. Po upływie 3 dni od wykonania tatuażu, średnia temperatura obszaru nienaruszonej skóry wynosiła 30,4°C, natomiast obszar pokryty tatuażem 35,8°C. Różnica temperatury dla tych obszarów wyniosła 5,4°C. Wraz z gojeniem się skóry różnica temperatury zmniejszała się i efekt zapalny zanikał. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań można wywnioskować, że wykonanie tatuażu powoduje wzrost temperatury skóry podobny do ostrej reakcji zapalnej. Ponadto efekt utrzymuje się, choć maleje aż do 10 dnia od zabiegu.
EN
The aim of the study was to determine whether tattooing affects the body’s temperature map and how long this effect persists. Currently, there is insufficient information related to the exact impact of tattooing, the causes, and the duration of temperature changes on the body surface [1]. The dynamics of such changes and their amplitude may indicate the process of tissue healing or infection, which may be important for a rapid pharmacological response. Thermal imaging of the arm was performed 3 days before, as well as 3 and 10 days after tattooing. A comparison of the mean surface temperature of the examined areas showed significant differences between the areas. 3 days after tattooing, the mean temperature of the intact skin area was 30.4°C, while that of the tattooed area was 35.8°C. The temperature difference for these areas was 5.4°C. As the skin healed, the temperature difference decreased, and the inflammatory effect disappeared. Based on the study, it can be concluded that tattooing causes an increase in skin temperature like an acute inflammatory reaction. In addition, the effect persists, although it decreases until the 10th day after the procedure.
EN
The article presents research on animal detection in thermal images using the YOLOv5 architecture. The goal of the study was to obtain a model with high performance in detecting animals in this type of images, and to see how changes in hyperparameters affect learning curves and final results. This manifested itself in testing different values of learning rate, momentum and optimizer types in relation to the model’s learning performance. Two methods of tuning hyperparameters were used in the study: grid search and evolutionary algorithms. The model was trained and tested on an in-house dataset containing images with deer and wild boars. After the experiments, the trained architecture achieved the highest score for Mean Average Precision (mAP) of 83%. These results are promising and indicate that the YOLO model can be used for automatic animal detection in various applications, such as wildlife monitoring, environmental protection or security systems.
EN
Equipment condition monitoring is essential to maintain the reliability of the electromechanical systems. Recently topics related to fault diagnosis have attracted significant interest, rapidly evolving this research area. This study presents a non-invasive method for online state classification of a squirrel-cage induction motor. The solution utilizes thermal imaging for non-contact analysis of thermal changes in machinery. Moreover, used convolutional neural networks (CNNs) streamline extracting relevant features from data and malfunction distinction without defining strict rules. A wide range of neural networks was evaluated to explore the possibilities of the proposed approach and their outputs were verified using model interpretability methods. Besides, the top-performing architectures were optimized and deployed on resource-constrained hardware to examine the system's performance in operating conditions. Overall, the completed tests have confirmed that the proposed approach is feasible, provides accurate results, and successfully operates even when deployed on edge devices.
PL
Amerykański producent dronów Skydio wykorzystał technologię termowizyjną programu FLIR do stworzenia doskonałego ładunku w podczerwieni długofalowej z zastosowaniem modułu kamery termowizyjnej Boson+.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczących stosowania materiałów budowlanych o ciemnych barwach oraz ich wpływu na środowisko zbudowane. W tej części przedstawione są wyniki pomiarów kamerą termowizyjną w przestrzeni otwartej, w której materiały wyeksponowane są na promieniowanie słoneczne. Analizowane przykłady zostały podzielone na trzy grupy: nawierzchnie placów i ciągów komunikacyjnych, elewacje budynków oraz materiały pokryć dachowych.
EN
The article presents the results of research on the use of dark-colored building materials and their impact on the built environment. This section presents the results of measurements with a thermal imaging camera in an open space, in which materials are exposed to solar radiation. The analyzed examples were divided into cladding materials of the façade, roofing and pavements of communication routes.
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