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1

Wpływ kompostu po biodegradacji polilaktydu (PLA) na wzrost i rozwój wierzby wiciowej (Salix viminalis)

Janczak Katarzyna, Mazuryk Alicja, Lisewska Daria, Szymańska Lauren, Krasinska Oksana

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 5

549--554

PL

Wierzbę wiciową (Salix viminalis) uprawiano na dwóch rodzajach podłoża, zawierających kompost ogrodowy lub kompost po biodegradacji PLA, oba zmieszane z glebą w stosunku 1:1. Wzrost roślin oceniano pod kątem długości pędów, suchej masy, zawartości chlorofilu, a także parametrów podłoża, takich jak pH, potencjał redoks i liczba mikroorganizmów. Badania wykazały, że kompost po biodegradacji PLA miał różny wpływ na wzrost wierzby wiciowej w zależności od warunków uprawy. W szklarni zakwaszenie podłoża ograniczyło wzrost roślin, podczas gdy w warunkach polowych biomasa roślin w wariancie PLA była prawie dwukrotnie wyższa niż w kontroli. Stosowanie tego kompostu może być korzystne w środowisku otwartym, ale jego długoterminowy wpływ na glebę wymaga dalszych badań.

EN

Salix viminalis was grown on 2 types of substrate, contg. garden compost or PLA biodegraded compost, both mixed with soil at a ratio of 1:1. Plant growth was evaluated in terms of shoot length, dry weight, chlorophyll content, as well as substrate parameters such as pH, redox potential and microbial abundance. The studies showed that compost after PLA biodegradation had different effects on the growth of Salix viminalis depending on the cultivation conditions. In the greenhouse, acidification of the substrate limited plant growth, while in field conditions, plant biomass in the PLA variant was almost twice that of the control. The use of this compost may be beneficial in an open environment, but its long-term effect on the soil requires further research.

2

Ecological cosmetic packaging: use of biodegradable polymers

Fabijański Mariusz, Jaszczuk Jan

Polish Technical Review

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2025

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No. 1

2--6

EN

Traditional plastic packaging used in the cosmetics industry constitutes a significant burden on the environment due to its limited recyclability and long degradation time. In response to this problem, an alternative solution was developed in the form of biodegradable polymer packaging. This work presents the process of creating a safe and functional packaging for cosmetic masses, which is biodegradable under industrial composting conditions. The research included the development of an appropriate polymer composition, analysis of its mechanical and barrier properties, assessment of biodegradability and safety in contact with cosmetic products. Additionally, tests were carried out to optimize the production process and a series of packaging meeting the appropriate requirements were developed. The effect of the work carried out was to obtain a material with functional parameters that also meets environmental standards. The effectiveness of the developed solution was confirmed by obtaining appropriate certificates and a patent for the invention, which proves the innovativeness and implementation potential of the new type of biodegradable cosmetic packaging.

PL

Tradycyjne opakowania z tworzyw sztucznych stosowane w przemyśle kosmetycznym stanowią istotne obciążenie dla środowiska ze względu na ich ograniczoną możliwość recyklingu i długi czas degradacji. W odpowiedzi na ten problem opracowano alternatywne rozwiązanie w postaci biodegradowalnych opakowań polimerowych. Niniejsza praca przedstawia proces tworzenia bezpiecznego i funkcjonalnego opakowania na masy kosmetyczne, które ulega biodegradacji w warunkach kompostowania przemysłowego. Badania obejmowały opracowanie odpowiedniej kompozycji polimerowej, analizę jej właściwości mechanicznych i barierowych, ocenę biodegradowalności oraz bezpieczeństwa w kontakcie z produktami kosmetycznymi. Dodatkowo, przeprowadzono testy nad optymalizacją procesu produkcji oraz opracowano serię opakowań spełniających odpowiedzenie wymagania. Efektem przeprowadzonych prac było uzyskanie materiału o parametrach użytkowych, który jednocześnie spełnia normy środowiskowe. Skuteczność opracowanego rozwiązania potwierdzono poprzez uzyskanie stosownych certyfikatów oraz patentu na wynalazek, co dowodzi innowacyjności i potencjału wdrożeniowego nowego typu biodegradowalnych opakowań kosmetycznych.

3

Microstructure and features of thermal behavior of polymer composites based on polylactic acid and carbon nanotubes

Lysenkov Eduard A., Lysenkova Iryna P.

Composites Theory and Practice

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2025

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R. 25 nr 2

123-131

EN

This study investigates the thermal behavior of biodegradable polylactide (PLA) modified with multi-walled car bon nanotubes (MWCNTs), conducted to determine the influence of the nanofiller and the prehistory on the structural and phase transformations in the polymer matrix. Experimental samples with different MWCNT contents were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry to determine the glass transition temperatures, melting and crystallization features, as well as light microscopy methods to study the morphology. The obtained data made it possible to trace the dynamics of thermal transitions in nanocomposites considering the thermal prehistory and to identify trends in the formation of the crystalline structure depending on the MWCNT concentration. The results of the study indicate a complex interaction between the nanofiller and the polymer matrix, which is of significant importance for the development of new functional materials based on PLA with improved heat-resistant and mechanical properties.

4

Lignocellulosic composites based on flax and thermoplastics

Lipska Karolina, Goławski Sebastisn

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2025

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No. 129

5--16

EN

The increasing global population and widespread consumerism have led to a significant rise in waste generation. While recycling rates have improved, they remain insufficient, making innovative approaches to waste management necessary. One promising strategy involves utilizing agricultural by-products, such as flax pomace, a residue from oil extraction, as an alternative filler in wood plastic composites (WPC). This study investigates the feasibility of replacing conventional wood-based fillers in WPC with flax pomace to create more sustainable materials. Composites were produced using flax pomace and thermoplastics: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polylactide (PLA), and polypropylene (PP). The materials underwent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze chemical structure, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the morphology of composites. FTIR analysis showed that the materials are bonding physically, not chemically. All composites do not create a fully homogenous structure, but PLA_FLAX stands out due to its visibly loose and irregular internal structure, with noticeable gaps between particles. PE_FLAX and PLA_FLAX, occurred to be less thermally stable than neat polymers, but PP_FLAX showed the opposite. Composites made of flax pomace are promising alternatives for WPC. Further research and process optimization may support their application as wood-based product alternatives.

5

Application possibilities and properties of plastic mixtures based on biodegradable polymers

Garbarski Jacek, Fabijański Mariusz

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 2

2--8

EN

In this study, an attempt was made to develop generalized conclusions based on previous publications regarding research on the processing possibilities and analysis of the mechanical properties of PLA and TPS polymer mixtures and the possibility of modifying TPS with calcium carbonate. An in-depth analysis of the obtained results turned out to be quite interesting. Further research is necessary to explain the phenomena occurring when mixing two biodegradable polymers, where a certain synergism and the impact of the filler on the polymer matrix are observed.

PL

W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę opracowania uogólnionych wniosków na podstawie wcześniejszych publikacji dotyczących badań nad możliwością przetwórstwa oraz analizy właściwości mechanicznych mieszanin polimerowych PLA i TPS oraz możliwości modyfikacji TPS węglanem wapnia. Pogłębiona analiza uzyskanych wyników okazała się dosyć intersująca. Konieczne są dalsze badania polegające na wyjaśnieniu zjawisk zachodzących podczas mieszania dwóch polimerów biodegradowalnych, gdzie zaobserwowane pewien synergizm oraz odziaływania napełniacza na osnowę polimerową.

6

Otrzymywanie i degradacja kompozytów na bazie polilaktydu i paździerzy konopnych modyfikowanych stearyną

Biniaś Dorota, Drabek Weronika

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 7 (27)

63--73

EN

As a result of the work carried out, composites were obtained whose matrix was polylactide (PLA) and the filler was hemp shives with the addition of stearin. Using a heating press, composites with different shares of both PLA and hemp shives were obtained. The amount of stearin was always 15% in relation to the mass of hemp shives used. Samples were prepared from the obtained composites to test the biodegradation process, which were measured and weighed. The biodegradation process was carried out in the environment, placing the appropriately prepared batches of composites in compost derived from grass. Samples were taken at monthly intervals to analyze changes in mass and thickness and morphological assessment. The degradation process of the obtained composites was carried out for 3 months. The mass of the samples after the first month of biodegradation did not change significantly, however, with the biodegradation time, the masses of the tested composite samples decrease. The thickness of composite samples after the first month of biodegradation increased in relation to the initial value, which may be caused by the adsorption of water from the substrate. However, after three months of biodegradation, a decrease in thickness was observed for all samples in comparison to the initial value. Analysis of the surface morphology of the composite samples carried out using a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning electron microscope confirmed the biodegradation process for the obtained composites. Stearin, which is a mixture of fatty acids, used as a composite modifying additive turned out to be a nutrient for microorganisms present in the compost, which accelerated the decomposition of the samples. As a result of the conducted research, it can be stated that the obtained composite has properties that support ecological processing, which is in line with the assumptions of a circular economy.

7

Additive manufacturing technology for modern packaging

Domiński Adrian, Duale Khadar, Konieczny Tomasz, Kurcok Piotr, Kowalczuk Marek, Rydz Joanna, Grundmann Alexander, Kaysser Simon T.

Packaging Review

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2024

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No. 1

6--15

EN

Appropriate packaging is essential to protect products from external contamination, physical damage or food spoilage. The latest innovations in the packaging industry are mainly limited to the development of new polymeric barrier materials and composite or green, environmentally friendly materials. However, recently, new active, and/or intelligent (smart) packaging is being developed that can extend the shelf life of a product, keep it in good condition and help control the quality of food products. This review presents the latest developments and applications of additive manufacturing in the production of smart food packaging.

PL

Odpowiednie opakowanie jest niezbędne, aby chronić produkty przed zanieczyszczeniami z zewnątrz, uszkodzeniami fizycznymi lub zepsuciem się żywności. Najnowsze osiągnięcia w branży opakowań ograniczają się głównie do opracowania nowych polimerowych materiałów barierowych oraz kompozytowych lub ekologicznych materiałów przyjaznych dla środowiska. Jednak ostatnio opracowywane są nowe opakowania aktywne i/lub inteligentne (smart), które mogą wydłużyć okres przydatności do spożycia produktu, utrzymać go w dobrym stanie i pomóc kontrolować jakość produktów spożywczych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono najnowsze osiągnięcia i zastosowania wytwarzania przyrostowego w produkcji inteligentnych opakowań do żywności.

8

Pathogen-resistant biodegradable SMS materials: a solution for medical applications

Madej-Kiełbik L., Bednarowicz A., Zielińska D., Gzyra-Jagieła K., Kęska S., Czarnecki P., Tarzyńska N.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 127, nr 2

60--75

EN

Purpose: The study aims to develop and assess a biodegradable spun-bond-melt-blown-spun-bond (SMS) structure composed of polylactic acid (PLA) for medical applications. The innovation addresses the environmental impacts of petroleum-based disposable materials by proposing a sustainable, pathogen-resistant alternative with effective filtration capabilities. Design/methodology/approach: The PLA-based SMS structure was fabricated with spun-bonded and melt-blown technologies, incorporating triethyl citrate (TEC) as a plasticiser to enhance the melt-flow rate and facilitate the production of fine fibre filtration. Thermal, mechanical, molecular, and biodegradability properties were evaluated through standard laboratory tests, including GPC/SEC analysis, SEM imaging, FTIR spectroscopy, and composting experiments. Findings: The developed SMS structure exhibited excellent filtration efficiency (98.5% for 0.3 μm particles) and biodegradation potential, achieving an 84.3% mass reduction after 24 weeks in a composting environment. The material’s spun-bonded layers provided mechanical durability, while the melt-blown layer ensured superior filtration properties. The results demonstrate the structure’s suitability for medical protective equipment while reducing environmental harm. Research limitations/implications: While the study highlights the potential of PLA-based SMS materials, further work should focus on developing industrial-scale production, long-term biodegradability under different environmental conditions and cost-effectiveness compared to commercially available products. Practical implications: Adopting PLA-based SMS materials in protective medical textiles could significantly lower plastic waste and greenhouse gas emissions associated with single-use polypropylene products. The biodegradable solution aligns with global sustainability goals and addresses the demand for disposable protective gear. Originality/value: The study presents a new biodegradable material for medical textiles that combines high performance with environmental responsibility. It brings a possible development path for researchers and identifies solutions for manufacturers and customers looking to create more sustainable healthcare solutions.

9

Screw Extrusion as a Scalable Technology for Manufacturing Polylactide Composite with Graphene Filler

Kaczor Daniel, Bajer Krzysztof, Raszkowska-Kaczor Aneta, Krasinska Oksana, Domek Grzegorz, Szroeder Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 2

226--237

EN

The use of carbon nanomaterials as fillers in the process of obtaining polymer composites by extrusion poses many problems. The high agglomeration ability and low bulk density of carbon nanomaterials do not allow to easy production of composites characterized by very good dispersion of the filler in the polymer matrix, which is required to obtain a high-quality product. The advantage of this type of fillers is that the improvement of the composite properties can be achieved even at a low degree of filling. In this article, we describe a method for obtaining polylactide composites with a nanofiller in the form of graphene nanoplatelets. To overcome the difficulties associated with the use of graphene, we divided the process of obtaining composites into two stages. In the first stage, we made a masterbatch containing 25 wt.% graphene, from which, in the second stage, we obtained target composites containing from 0.1 to 2 wt.% graphene. A twin-screw extruder was used in both stages. The tested filling levels had no significant impact on the recorded processing parameters. The composites obtained by the described method are characterized by good dispersion of graphene. However the graphene agglomerates can be observed in the polymer matrix. Composites were tested by SEM, FTIR, DSC and MFR methods. Mechanical tests such as static tension, three-point bending, impact strength showed that the addition of 0.5 wt% of graphene improves tensile strength by 10 %, Young's modulus by 19 % and both flexural strength and flexural modulus by 15 %. The carbon filler has an impact on crystallization process of the polymer matrix by acting as a nucleating agent.

10

Screw Extrusion as a Scalable Technology for Manufacturing Carbon Nanotube-Filled Polylactide Composites

Kaczor Daniel, Bajer Krzysztof, Raszkowska-Kaczor Aneta, Domek Grzegorz, Schroeder Paweł

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 3

99--110

EN

The bottleneck in the widespread use of carbon multiwall nanotube polymer composites is the lack of manufacturing technology that can be used on an industrial scale. In this article, we describe a two-step composite manufacturing technology based on screw extrusion that produces composites characterizing with good dispersion of carbon nanotube filler in polylactide matrix. The first stage involved the fabrication of highly filled masterbatches of 25 wt% of carbon nanotubes. In the second stage, by screw extrusion of the masterbatch mixture with neat polymer, we obtained homogeneous composites with the target filler concentration. The resulting composites with nanotube content ranging from 0.1 to 2 wt%. Mechanical tests including static tension, tensile strength, tensile modulus, three-point bending and impact strength has shown that optimal concentration of the carbon nanotube filler is ranged between 0.5 and 1 wt%. Samples were examined also by SEM, FTIR-ATR, DSC and MFR methods.

11

Novel pla composites modified with steel fibres and (3-thiopropyl) polysilsesquioxane derivatives

Pakuła Daria, Sztorch Bogna, Romańczuk-Ruszuk Eliza, Marciniec Bogdan, Przekop Robert E.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 4

707--713

EN

In recent years, a significant increase in the development of new composite materials with desirable mechanical, thermal or surface properties has been observed. One of the popular polymers on the market is polylactide. This article explores how to modify the polymer using steel fibres and organosilicon compounds (SSQ-SH, SSQ-SH-OCT, and SSQ-SH-OFP) to enhance its properties. Test samples were obtained by injection molding with varying concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 5% of steel fibres. Mechanical tests, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength, were conducted, along with an analysis of the contact angle. The modified samples showed higher impact strength values, with the PLA /steel fibres /SSQ-SH sample seeing an increase of 12%. The addition of modifiers with fluoroalkyl groups led to a contact angle increase of 8.5% compared to neat PLA. Thermal tests (TGA) were also carried out to determine the influence of fibres and organosilicon compounds on decomposition.

12

Mikroorganizmy jako czynnik zmniejszający zanieczyszczenie środowiska mikroplastikami

Janczak Katarzyna, Mazuryk Alicja, Lisewska Daria, Puszczykowska Natalia, Fiedurek Kacper

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 10

1081--1086

PL

Zanieczyszczenie tworzywami, w tym mikroplastikami, stanowi problem wielu środowisk. W celu opracowania bioproduktu wytypowano mikroorganizmy przyspieszające biodegradację polilaktydu (PLA). Spośród 48 wybrano 6 szczepów bakterii, których aktywność metaboliczna istotnie wzrastała w obecności PLA, powodując zmiany degradacyjne folii. Dodatkowo nie wykazywały one fitotoksyczności wobec rzepaku.

EN

Of the 48 types of bacteria tested for their ability to grow on polylactide (PLA) film, 6 were selected whose metabolic activity significantly increased in the presence of PLA. After 28 days of incubation at 29°C, the growth was assessed according to the degree of surface coverage of the film sample, then the changes in the surface structure were analyzed and the BOD was detd. The mass loss of the PLA sample, carbonyl index and O/C ratio were detd. The anal. of PLA degradation changes indicated the greatest potential of bacterial strains isolated from polymer plastic waste from landfills. Additionally, they did not show phytotoxicity to rapeseed.

13

Biodegradable polymers: polylactide - processing, mechanical properties

Fabijański Mariusz, Garbarski Jacek

Polish Technical Review

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2023

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No. 3

9--13

EN

In the paper, a short review of literature concerning obtaining of polylactide (PLA, Polylactic Acid) and its properties was presented. The process of degradation was discussed. In the experimental part, the process of injection was carried out and the evaluation of mechanical properties based on the static stretching and impact strength tests was performed. The obtained results confirm that PLA may be processed in standard machines, without the necessity of their modifying. Values of stretching resistance, elongation at break (after fracture) and impact strength do not deviate from the typical parameters of plastics intended, for example, for packaging.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótki przegląd literatury dotyczący otrzymywania profilaktyku (PLA) i jego właściwości. Omówiono proces degradacji. W części doświadczalnej przeprowadzono proces wtrysku oraz dokonano oceny właściwości mechanicznych na podstawie próby statycznego rozciągania i udarności. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają, że PLA może być przetwarzany na standardowych maszynach, bez konieczności ich modyfikacji. Wartości wytrzymałości na rozciąganie, wydłużenia przy zerwaniu oraz udarności nie odbiegają od parametrów typowych tworzyw przeznaczonych na przykład na opakowania.

14

Polymer composites for obtaining human anatomic structures

Oleksy Małgorzata, Dynarowicz Klaudia, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 6

323--329

EN

Composites based on PLA with the addition of 3, 6 and 10 wt% silica, hydroxyapatite and bentonite were obtained by twin-screw extrusion. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used to enhance interface interactions. The influence of the fillers used on the Charpy impact strength, Rockwell hardness, tensile properties and processing shrinkage was investigated. Test samples were obtained by 3D printing. The highest impact strength and hardness were obtained for the composite containing 10 wt% hydroxyapatite. PLA with 10 wt% hydroxyapatite and 3 wt% bentonite was used to obtain anatomical structures by 3D printing.

PL

Metodą dwuślimakowego wytłaczania otrzymano kompozyty na osnowie PLA z dodatkiem 3, 6 i 10% mas. krzemionki, hydroksyapatytu oraz bentonitu. W celu zwiększenia oddziaływań na granicy faz użyto polietylenu szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym. Zbadano wpływ stosowanych napełniaczy na udarność Charpy’ego, twardość Rockwella, właściwości mechaniczne przy statycznym rozciąganiu oraz skurcz przetwórczy. Próbki do badań otrzymano za pomocą druku 3D. Największą udarność i twardość uzyskano w przypadku kompozytu zawierającego 10% mas. hydroksyapatytu. Do otrzymywania struktur anatomicznych metodą druku 3D zastosowano hybrydowy kompozyt PLA zawierający 10% mas. hydroksyapatytu i 3% mas. bentonitu.

15

Polymer and composite materials used in medicine – an overview

Oleksy Małgorzata, Dynarowicz Klaudia, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 7-8

363--370

EN

The article is a review of the literature on the use of polymers in medicine as biomaterials. Examples of the preparation of the most commonly used synthetic polymers in medicine, such as: polylactide (PLA), polyglycolide (PGA), polyhydrobutyrate (PHB), polycaprolactone (PCL) are described. The characteristics of ceramic materials: hydroxyapatite (HAp) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) are also presented in terms of the use of synthetic biodegradable polymers as biofillers. The last part of article is devoted to the functional properties of composites based on PLA with the addition of HAp and TCP.

PL

Artykuł stanowi przegląd literatury dotyczący zastosowania polimerów w medycynie jako biomateriałów. Opisano przykłady otrzymywania najczęściej stosowanych syntetycznych polimerów w medycynie takich jak: polilaktyd (PLA), poliglikolid (PGA), polihydromaślan (PHB), polikaprolakton (PCL). Przedstawiono także charakterystykę materiałów ceramicznych: hydroksyapatytu (HAp) i trójfosforanu wapnia (TCP) pod kontem stosowania jako bionapełniacze syntetycznych biodegradowalnych polimerów. Ostatnia część artykułu jest poświęcona właściwościom użytkowym kompozytów na osnowie PLA z dodatkiem HAp i TCP.

16

Polylactide Used as Filament in 3D Printing – Part 2: TG-DTG, DSC and DRIFT Investigations

Grabowska Beata, Skowron Mateusz, Kaczmarska Karolina

Journal of Casting & Materials Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 7, no. 4

41–48

EN

In this second part of the article, we delve deeper into the research area initiated in the first part, focusing on the critical exploration of polylactide (PLA) modification to enhance thermal and mechanical properties in PLA-based materials, building upon the insights obtained from comprehensive structural and thermal analyses utilizing analytical methods such as infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT), and thermoanalytical research (DRIFT, TG-DTG). A series of structural and thermal analysis research (TG-DTG, DSC, DRIFT) were performed for samples of polylactide (PLA), which is commonly used in additive technologies as a structural material. In total, four materials were considered, including two containing dyes with different colors, a material made of PLA recyclate and a graphene-modified PLA material. It was noted that PLA material reinforced with graphene phase (GRAFYLON®) retains the best thermal properties (TG-DTG), which results in its wider potential for processing, including further modification and usability in manufacturing vehicle structural elements. Recycled PLA material (ALFA+W) was characterized by a higher melting point (Tp ) by more than 20°C than other samples (DSC analysis), so it can be more useful in the production of structural elements operating and used at elevated temperatures.

17

Effect of the Surface modification of Cellulose nanofibers on the Mechanical Properties and Disintegrability of Specific PLA/Cellulose Composites

Wietecha Justyna, Kazimierczak Janusz, Jeziorna Agata

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2023

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Vol. 31, no. 6

15--29

EN

PLA/nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) composite films were produced by solution casting. Before use, the cellulose fibers were modified with various types of surface active agents – cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants. The structure and morphology of samples of the cellulose fillers and composite films with polymer were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and PXRD diffraction. Thermal parameters of the composite films were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the films were evaluated in mechanical tests. The ability to disintegrate of all PLA/NFC composites under composting conditions was also determined and compared.

18

Protein release from different forms of polylactide and alginate composite carriers

Morawska-Chochół Anna

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

2--10

EN

The development of composite biomaterials constituting both a porous scaffold for filling tissue defects (especially bone tissue) and a carrier of biologically active substances (proteins) is an innovative approach of the presented research. The paper presents the following studies of obtained composites: model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) release, changes in microstructure during incubation and bioactive potential in a simulated biological environment (based on scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis – SEM/EDS – and infrared spectroscopy – FTIR). Three types of composites with a poly(L-lactide) matrix PLLA were investigated. PLA fibres covered with silica-calcium sol, calcium alginate fibres and calcium alginate beads were used as modifiers of the PLA matrix and carriers of protein. Process of releasing albumin proceeded differently depending on the material and form of the carrier. In the case of calcium alginate fibres, almost all protein was released within 14 days. For the remaining materials, this amount was reached after 3 weeks. All tested composites showed bioactive potential connected with apatite precipitation during incubation in a simulated biological environment. However, coating PLA fibres with silica-calcium sol significantly increased this effect. The highest cell viability was observed for a biomaterial modified by calcium alginate beads.

19

Long-term influence of soil environment conditions on the structure and selected properties of PLA packaging

Malinowski Rafał, Musioł Marta, Moraczewski Krzysztof, Krasinskyi Volodymyr, Szymańska Lauren, Bajer Krzysztof

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

107--114

EN

Studies on packaging made of polylactide (PLA) subjected to long-term influence of soil environment conditions have been presented in this paper. The scientific objective of this study was to determine changes in selected properties of the PLA packaging after long-term incubation in soil. These changes were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The structure, thermal properties, and disintegration degree of the packaging after their three-year incubation in soil have been discussed. It was found that the PLA packaging did not disintegrate significantly in the soil environment, and slight changes in their structure and lack of significant changes in thermal properties indicate that the efficiency of their degradation in soil conditions after three years is very low. This was mainly due to inadequate temperatures in the soil. It was also found (based on the results of scanning electron microscopy and gel permeation chromatography) that initiation of the biodegradation process took place and that this process is much faster than in the case of conventional non-biodegradable polymers. The results are confirmation that materials obtained of various biodegradable polymers (not only PLA) should be biodegradable only under strictly defined conditions, allocated to a specific type of polymer, i.e. those in which they are easily and quickly biodegradable.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań opakowań otrzymanych z polilaktydu (PLA), które poddane zostały długotrwałemu oddziaływaniu warunków środowiska glebowego. Celem naukowym badań było określenie zmian wybranych właściwości opakowań z PLA po długotrwałej inkubacji w glebie. Zmiany te badano za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej, różnicowej kalorymetrii skaningowej, analizy termograwimetrycznej, a także chromatografii żelowej. Dokonano analizy struktury, właściwości cieplnych oraz stopnia dezintegracji opakowań po trzyletniej inkubacji w glebie. Stwierdzono, że opakowania wytworzone z PLA nie ulegały znacznemu rozpadowi w środowisku glebowym, a niewielkie zmiany obserwowane w ich strukturze i brak istotnych zmian właściwości cieplnych wskazują, że efektywność ich degradacji w warunkach glebowych po trzech latach jest bardzo niska. Było to spowodowane głównie niedostateczną temperaturą w glebie. Stwierdzono również (na podstawie wyników skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej i chromatografii żelowej), że miała miejsce inicjacja procesu biodegradacji, a także, że proces ten jest znacznie szybszy niż w przypadku klasycznych polimerów niebiodegradowalnych. Otrzymane rezultaty badań wskazują na to, że materiały wytwarzane różnych rodzajów polimerów biodegradowalnych (nie tylko PLA) powinny być poddawane procesowi biodegradacji wyłącznie w ściśle określonych warunkach, dedykowanych dla danego rodzaju polimeru, tzn. takich w których łatwo i szybko ulegną one rozkładowi biologicznemu.

20

Flax pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology

Lipska Karolina, Goławski Sebastisn

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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No. 123

86--95

EN

Flax pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology. In the present study, composites made from flax seed pomace and PE, PP, PLA and modified starch were subjected quality parameter tests. Density, modulus of rapture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were examined, as well as water absorption and swelling to thickness after 2h and 24 h soaking in water, wettability and surface roughness. Addition of flax to different polymers caused significant changes of parameters but the level of influence of the addition varied between polymers. Although the characteristics of the produced biocomposites have been shown to be in general inferior to pure polymers, efforts should be made to improve these characteristics. Agri-food waste products can be a valuable raw material for the production of new type of biomaterials.

PL

Wytłoki lniane jako substytut surowca drzewnego w technologii kompozytów lingocelulozowych. Kompozyty wykonane z wytłoków z nasion lnu oraz HDPE, PP, PLA i skrobi poddano testom parametrów jakościowych. Zbadano gęstość, wytrzymałość na zginanie i moduł sprężystości, a także nasiąkliwość, zwilżalność i chropowatość powierzchni. Dodatek lnu do różnych polimerów spowodował znaczące zmiany parametrów, ale poziom wpływu dodatku różnił się między polimerami. Chociaż wykazano, że parametry jakościowe wytworzonych biokompozytów są niższe od czystych polimerów, należy podjąć wysiłki w celu poprawy tych właściwości. Produkty uboczne z przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego mogą być cennym surowcem do produkcji nowych przyjaznych dla środowiska materiałów.