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1

Social capital of Kłodzko County – implications for the security of the region and its inhabitants

Książek Sylwia

Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces

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2023

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Vol. 55, No. 1(207)

57--68

EN

For more than two decades, the social capital theory has attracted interest in the fields of sociology, political science and economics. Its various theoretical and empirical approaches invariably explain new and often hidden phenomena arising at the interface between institutional society and the economy. Its essence is trust built on relationships between people and between people and institutions that are the pillars for shaping security, in the broadest sense of the term, as well as the feeling of security among citizens. Social capital is also a scientific category requiring constant reconstruction and permanent attention in relation to changing social, cultural, political and economic realities. The primary (cognitive) aim of this article is to identify the characteristics of the social capital of Kłodzko County, its peculiarities and implications for the security of the region and its citizens (not only in the social dimension).

PL

Teoria kapitału społecznego od ponad dwóch dekad budzi zainteresowanie zarówno w obszarze socjologii, politologii, jak i ekonomii. Jego różne ujęcia teoretyczne i empiryczne niezmiennie wyjaśniają nowe, często ukryte zjawiska powstające na styku społeczeństwa instytucji i gospodarki. Jego istotą jest zaufanie budowane na relacjach ludzi z ludźmi oraz ludzi z instytucjami stanowiącymi filary kształtowania szeroko pojmowanego bezpieczeństwa i jego poczucia wśród obywateli. Kapitał społeczny to również kategoria naukowa wymagająca nieustannej rekonstrukcji i permanentnej uwagi w związku ze zmieniającą się rzeczywistością społeczną, kulturową, polityczną i gospodarczą. Głównym (poznawczym) celem artykułu jest identyfikacja cech kapitału społecznego powiatu kłodzkiego, jego specyfiki oraz implikacji z bezpieczeństwem (nie tylko społecznym) regionu i jego obywateli.

2

Wykorzystanie bogatego w lewan ekstraktu z pofermentu do wytwarzania bezpiecznych w stosowaniu i funkcjonalnych, ekologicznych żeli do mycia twarzy

Seweryn Artur, Wasilewski Tomasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 2

156--165

PL

Przeprowadzono badania nad wykorzystaniem ekstraktu z pofermentu bogatego w lewan do wytwarzania bezpiecznych i funkcjonalnych żeli do mycia twarzy. Opracowano receptury i wytworzono modelowe żele do mycia twarzy na bazie surowców pochodzenia naturalnego. Przygotowane prototypy kosmetyków zawierały różne stężenia ekstraktu (5, 10, 20 lub 40%). Prototypy kosmetyków oceniano pod kątem bezpieczeństwa stosowania (liczba zeinowa, test z albuminą wołową) oraz funkcjonalności (lepkość, roztwarzalność w wodzie, mętność, zdolność do emulgowania tłuszczu, właściwości pianotwórcze, analiza kolorymetryczna). Stwierdzono, że wprowadzenie do prototypów żeli do mycia twarzy ekstraktu z pofermentu bogatego w lewan spowodowało spadek lepkości i skrócenie czasu rozpuszczania w wodzie. Dodatek surowca roślinnego wpłynął na zmianę barwy próbek. W badaniach nie stwierdzono istotnego wpływu ekstraktu na pozostałe oceniane para- metry użytkowe kosmetyków. Wzrost stężenia ekstraktu w badanych próbkach przyczyniał się do zmniejszenia zdolności do emulgowania zabrudzeń tłuszczowych w kosmetykach i wpłynął na zmniejszenie działania drażniącego kosmetyków na skórę.

EN

Levan-rich digestate extract were added to model facial cleansing gels at concns. of 5, 10, 20 or 40%. The cosmetic prototypes were evaluated for their safety in use (zein number, bovine serum albumin test) and functionality (viscosity, dissolution time in water, turbidity, ability to emulsify fatty soil, foaming properties and colorimetric anal.). The addn. resulted in lower viscosity, reduction dissolution time in water and the color change of the gels. Increasing the concn. of the extract in the samples tested contributed to a decrease in the emulsifying ability of fatty soiling in the gel, but also to a decrease in the irritating effect of cosmetics on the skin.

3

Friction heating and stress-strain state of ventilated disc brakes

Holenko Kostyantyn, Dykha Oleksandr, Babak Oleg, Posonskiy Sergiy

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2023

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Vol. 8, No. 1

43--52

EN

This paper describes the study of ventilated car disc brakes stress-strain conditions and friction under the pressure using the ANSYS environment. Such influencing factors are taken into account in the course of research as angular speed value, the pressure of the pads on the disk, the nature of the load application, convection, thermal expansion, etc. Computer modelling of the stress field and the transient thermal field in the area of contact between the pads and the disk is provided by the method of sequential thermostructural communication of the intermediate states of the brake model directly in the ANSYS Coupled Field Transient environment. Besides, the ANSYS calculations were also performed based on the primitive assembly model of two steel blocks (the discrepancy was less than 3%) to determine the identity of the theoretical knowledge about the heating of bodies as a result of the work to overcome frictional forces. Finally, a high level of calculation results convergence by analytical formulas and computer modelling was established. Since this approach justified itself, its principles were taken as a basis in the calculations of ventilated disc brakes of cars, which significantly facilitates their application, knowing the area of the active part of the disc (the rest of the boundary conditions are typical and correspond to the normal operating modes of the vehicle).

4

Research into the opinion of professional drivers on improving road safety by using the front brake light

Poliak Miloš, Čulík Kristián, Hajduk Iwona, Kubáňová Jaroslava

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

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Vol. 99, nr 1

45--52

EN

The European Union has an ambition to achieve zero road deaths by 2050. It is an ambitious target, but not an unachievable one. The installation of a front brake light, which provides information to other road users that the vehicle is braking, can help to achieve this goal. Today, this information is available to road users who can see the rear of the vehicle. Because the brake lights are located at the rear of the vehicle. The information that the vehicle is braking is also important when looking at the front of the vehicle. Whether it is other drivers or other road users such as pedestrians and cyclists. The aim of this paper is to conduct a research among professional road transport drivers what their opinion is about the front brake light. From their opinion, we will conclude whether such light has the potential to improve road safety or not.

5

Tomašková Marianna, Balážikova Michaela, Krajňák Jozef

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 117

247--260

EN

Today, being a member of the Fire-Rescue Department (FRD) is challenging as it is a risky and professionally demanding job, which often requires an individual schedule both in terms of physical condition and psychological knowledge as well as safety and health protection at work. Apart from the standard services provided by the FRD and the integrated rescue system, their members also participated in hundreds of interventions during emergencies and crisis situations to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic on society.

6

An innovative method in measuring permeability and evaporation parameters in porous pavements with emphasis on its effects on increasing urban transport safety

Ghafouri Fard Zohrah, Khabiri Mohammad Mehdi, Afkhami Meybodi Pouya

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 116

125--140

EN

Today, the increasing development of urbanization and climate change and its resulting issues, including the occurrence of urban floods, is one of the important issues facing city managers. One of these problems that seriously affect lives today is the occurrence of floods and the inundation of urban thoroughfares. Among the problems of floods in urban areas are the disruption of the urban transportation system, reduced transportation safety, inundation of thoroughfares, and consequently, the poor appearance of urban roads. One of the successful strategies in controlling urban runoff is the use of porous pavements in urban thoroughfares. The two capabilities of permeability and evaporation of a porous pavement lead to reduced runoff and a resultant lack of occurrence of inundation of thoroughfares; therefore, accurate measurement of these two parameters is of special importance. This study aims to introduce two devices for measuring the permeability and evaporation of porous asphalt with an innovative method that can measure the permeability and evaporation of asphalt and porous concrete with appropriate accuracy.

7

The protective measures against SARS-COV-2 infection in the seafood company from the perspective of the employees

Wiśniewska Małgorzata Z., Grybek Tomasz, Grudowski Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 157

631--648

EN

Purpose: To identify and discuss the protective measures implemented to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection among employees. Design/methodology/approach: The four-stage course of research. Case study and structured interviews with all employees, directly and indirectly, involved in food processing. Research questions: (R1) What measures have been taken to prevent the risk of infection among employees? (R2) What activities and responsibilities were the most difficult and easiest for employees to follow when implementing these measures? Findings: Administrative protective measures dominate in the organization. Wearing additional protective equipment, keeping distance, and following new hygienic procedures are the most difficult issues. Temperature self-measurement and signing of health declarations are not a problem for employees. It is a need to listen to employees about the protective measures. Research limitations/implications: The results refer to one unique case and should not be generalized. However, it is clear that protective measures and their implementation seem to make employees more aware of potential hazards. Therefore, the questions included in our interview can be recommended for use in other organizations, not only in food companies. Originality/value: The article fills in the research gap. According to the authors' knowledge, this is the first study in Poland that is based on the experience of a food company.

8

Psychological safety of employees (necessity or option)

Grebski Michalene Eva, Gajdzik Bożena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 157

145--155

EN

Purpose: This article describes these kinds of working conditions which has become known as psychological safety. Design/methodology/approach: The article describes the workforce development from farm forced-labor to the first Industrial Revolution factory workers and finally to the knowledge 11 based company personnel. As the work was becoming more complicated and technologically advanced, the methods of incentives to increase the productivity of the workforce needed to be revised. To solve the complex problems of the world, one person or either one discipline is not sufficient. It is required that people work together, communicate with each other and exchange knowledge. Findings: This paper is focusing on building psychological safety as an organizational culture. Psychological safety is also being incorporated into education as a method conducive towards learning and the exchange of knowledge. Post-secondary graduates already trained in a psychologically safe environment are a great asset to their future employers. Most proactive knowledge-based companies, especially in Industry 4.0, already have psychologically safe environments or are in the process of creating them. Research limitations/implications: As a direct consequence of the research topic, theoretical activities will be carried out in the next publication. The direct consequence of such activities will be theoretical activities aiming, in the next publication, at building a model and empirical research aiming at verifying the theoretical layer of the described problematic. The issues of security and its threats constitute a constant element present in the actions of individuals and social groups interpreted in a historical perspective. Nowadays, these issues have been treated as important and in need of ordering in accordance with the requirements of science. In accordance with the requirements of science. Practical implications: This article is an introduction to further research in the field of safety psychology and may serve as an inspiration for other researchers or companies in improving work safety procedures, employee training, awareness of safe work, etc. Social implications: The topic of the psychology of occupational safety is part of society's concerns about the health of people working in industry. Originality/value: In the next industrial revolution- Industry 4.0, the topic of safety psychology is a new area of research because factories are building smart environments.

9

Placement prospects of the business in terms of pandemic threats

Stadnicki Jerzy, Terebukh Andrii

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 155

491--502

EN

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that global production chains significantly reduce the security of states and companies: in the face of problems with the movement of goods and people, there have been disruptions in the supply of goods. States and companies should influence the location of safety-critical businesses by limiting their acceptable space. This means the need to form a list of businesses that are important to the security of the state or company and are sensitive to pandemic threats, as well as the need to establish acceptable placement for such businesses. To assess the prospects of business placement in terms of pandemic threats, it is necessary to improve theoretical approaches to the study of factors of business placement. On this basis, it is possible to conduct a qualitative study of pandemic threats as factors in the placement of businesses and to develop recommendations for states and companies to limit the space for the acceptable placement of relevant businesses. Design/methodology/approach: Morphological analysis is used as the main research method. Findings: It is advisable to divide the business placement factors into internal factors, which are generated by the "business" side and external generated by the "place" side, as well as for the past, present and future. Internal and external factors of business placement form complementary pairs of factors, which are characterized by the strength of the impact, as well as the possibility of artificial creation, cost and duration. Originality/value: Business placement factors need to be investigated over time, for which it is advisable to use the term PPF-research (past-present-future-research). Pandemic threats were in the past, are now and, with a high probability, will be factors in the placement of many types of business in the future. Business placement under the influence of pandemic threat factors in targeting sales markets sharply increases the attractiveness of production using 3D printing technologies, the widespread and continuous improvement of which should become one of the priorities of the innovation policy of states and companies in Europe.

10

Method for Assessing Windscreen Abrasive Wear

Szczyglak Piotr, Napiórkowski Jerzy, Wodzyński Artur

Tribologia

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2022

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nr 2

79--88

EN

This study addresses safety issues surrounding windscreens use and identifies factors affecting the wear rate for windscreens and windscreen wiper blades. Moreover, it presents an original method for bench-testing the windscreen wear process. The method allows tests to be carried out under near-operational conditions. The paper also describes an automated bench equipped with an abrasive dispenser and methods for measuring windscreen wear. Tests were conducted for the effects of quartz sand, marine sand and electro-corundum on the windscreen. It was demonstrated for marine sand and electro-corundum that even the short-term effect of these forcings on the windscreen reduced light penetration to a level of 70%, i.e., a critical value for windscreens. The change in the roughness Ra value during the impact of quartz sand on the pane was characterised by a much greater variability compared to the interaction of marine sand and electro-corundum. It was also demonstrated that the condition of wiper blades was related to the roughness of the windscreen. The summary presents conclusions concerning the research method described and the study results.

PL

W pracy omówiono problemy dotyczące bezpieczeństwa użytkowania szyb samochodowych. Zidentyfikowano czynniki wpływające na intensywność zużycia szyb i piór wycieraczek. Przedstawiono autorską metodę stanowiskowego badania procesu zużycia szyb samochodowych. Metoda pozwala na prowadzenie testów w warunkach zbliżonych do eksploatacyjnych. Opisano zautomatyzowane stanowisko wyposażone w dozownik materiału ściernego, a także sposoby pomiaru zużycia szyby. Przeprowadzono badania dla oddziaływania na szybę piasku kwarcowego, morskiego i elektrokorundu. W przypadku piasku morskiego i elektrokorundu wykazano, że nawet krótkotrwałe oddziaływanie na szybę tych wymuszeń powodowało spadek przenikalności światła do wartości 70%, co dla szyb samochodowych jest wartością krytyczną. Zmiana wartości chropowatości Ra w czasie oddziaływania na szybę piasku kwarcowego charakteryzowała się znacznie większą zmiennością w porównaniu do oddziaływania piasku morskiego i elektrokorundu. Wykazano także, że stan piór wycieraczek ma związek, z chropowatością szyby. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono wnioski dotyczące opisanej metody badawczej i wyników badań.

11

The safety and efficiency of water transport: statistical analysis

Maternová Andrea, Materna Matúš

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 2

81--92

EN

This paper provides comprehensive research on the linearity between the efficiency and safety of inland waterway transport (IWT). For this purpose, methods of statistical analysis are used. The efficiency of IWT is expressed by the transportation outputs, which today are strongly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to find whether the demand for IWT has an impact on the accident occurrence probability. The results show the linearity between shipping accidents and the outputs of freight and passenger IWT. The COVID-19 crisis has a higher impact on the efficiency of passenger navigation than on freight navigation. With reduced demand, the level of safety is higher but at the cost of declining efficiency in the transport sector.

12

Assessment of the acoustic microclimate and rating of noise hazards in the inner transport system of a bucket wheel excavator: a case study

Sokolski Piotr, Sokolska Justyna

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 1

187--200

EN

Noise and acoustic microclimate have an important influence on working conditions in industry. However, there are many sources of noise in machinery that create occupational hazards. In particular, these problems occur in belt conveyors, which are components of integrated continuous material handling systems. In large heavy-duty machines used for surface mining (bucket wheel, bucket chain excavators, and stackers), the most acoustically active areas are located in the zones of conveyor lines. For this reason, the present article presents the results of comprehensive research of noise in a transport system in a bucket wheel excavator operated in a surface mine. The most significant sources of noise were tested. Two analysis approaches (deterministic and probabilistic) were applied. Lower values of permissible exposure time were obtained using the latter method. This approach should be selected, as it takes into account the real conditions of operation of the tested object. The research and analysis showed that in real operating conditions of large working machines (multi-bucket wheeled excavators), the noise level cannot be treated in deterministic categories. This is due (among other factors) to the fact that the working loads are randomly variable in various operating conditions, which also causes the nature of noise in the area of these machines and their surroundings to change randomly. For this reason, the acoustic climate and the assessment of the level of noise hazards in such machines should be analyzed by taking into account the random nature of noise.

13

Assessing users’ perceptions of four types of road safety measures

Alonso Francisco, Useche Sergio A., Faus Mireia, Esteban Cristina

Transport Problems

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2022

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T. 17, z. 2

137--149

EN

Road crashes remain an important public health issue. This study aimed to assess the perceived importance of four types of measures for reducing traffic crash rates. For this cross-sectional study, data were obtained from a national sample of 1,200 Spanish drivers responding to a telephone-assisted survey. The most valued types of road safety measures were those related to users’ training/education and infrastructural improvements. Further, individual perceptions were influenced by both demographic and trip-related factors. The results of this study support the idea that user features remain a relevant issue to consider when developing and implementing road safety measures.

14

Easy Risk Assessment for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Outline of the Method

Wyszywacz Wiktor

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2022

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Nr 3 (268)

32--47

EN

The key element of safety systems in air transport is risk management. The rules for the safety of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations are established by the Commission Implementing Regulations (European Union [EU]) and national regulations. Risk assessment is the foundation of all activities. The broadest scope is covered by the special category of flights for which the Joint Authorities for rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) developed the Specific Operations Risk Assessment (SORA) analysis. The primary purpose of the SORA analysis is to create a comprehensive safety portfolio, which is attached to the National Aviation Authority (NAA) application for permission to perform specific category flights. Aviation authorities may accept the use of other risk analysis methods to demonstrate risk reduced to a safe level. Easy Risk Assessment (ERA) for UASs is an attempt to determine the risk for UAS flights in a simple way by considering a range of factors influencing risk management in a similar way to the SORA. It is an uncomplicated method, which determines threats and their sources, provides risk management, and allows the determination of the level of risk tolerance. The ERA is intended to be an alternative to the SORA methodology for those looking to carry out risk assessment.

15

Lighting of pedestrian and pedestrian-driving routes in a housing estate as a source of light pollution

Sciężor Tomasz

Technical Transactions

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2022

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Vol. 119, iss. 1

art. no. e2022012

EN

This paper is devoted to the extremely important issue of lighting pedestrian and pedestrian-driving routes within a housing estate. Both aspects are discussed with regard to the safety of route users and the potential impact on the natural environment through the phenomenon of light pollution. It was found that most of the outdated high-pressure sodium lamps present in the analysed Podwawelskie housing estate in Kraków do not fulfil their basic purpose, which is to sufficiently illuminate the ground below. Nevertheless, the light of these lamps does not make a noticeable contribution to the basic form of light pollution, which is the city's sky glow. It has been suggested that it would be best to replace these types of lamps with LED lighting, which has already been partly done. The LED lamps provide lighting that is sufficient to ensure the safety of residents. However, their improper installation may cause glare for pedestrians or residents of neighbouring houses. Additionally, their light reflected from an excessively bright pavement makes a significant contribution to the artificial sky glow. Solutions are proposed that minimise the negative impact of this lighting on the environment while ensuring comfort for the residents of the estate, which is in line with the principles of sustainable development.

16

Architecture as a set of instruments for shaping a friendly and safe living environment

Kręska-Pyrz Marta

Technical Transactions

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2022

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Vol. 119, iss. 1

art. no. e2022003

EN

One of the basic human needs is the need for security. As a primary objective, it has both a direct and an indirect impact on architecture. The elimination of threats and protection against them is the basis for shaping contemporary architecture. Since the beginning of history, man has sought refuge from animals and nature. This covers everything from the basic feats of providing warmth and shelter from rain and animals to creating an environment in which one can develop their personal needs and preferences. This article presents aspects of security in architecture. It is related to human needs. The classification of stress factors in urbanised space is also presented. In addition, the analysis of spatial systems in architecture and the ways of marking the space are described. Based on the conducted analyses, conclusions are drawn concerning the methods of ensuring human safety in the built environment.

17

The Horizon: a user experience assessment of automotive user interfaces

Kukiela Kaz

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2022

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Vol. 11, iss. 2

77--84

EN

Innovations for new display technologies equipped in vehicles set forth a need for assessing the impact of their user-adoption and emergence. This paper offers a phenomenological approach for investigating the user interaction and user experience of driving when augmented reality, heads-up displays, and digital screens are present. In doing so, this paper aims to show how the phenomenological concept of the horizon helps us to understand the ways in which screen technologies may affect the quality of the user experience for drivers. Implications of the horizon allow us to consider how, while driving, we recognize objects categorically in sense perception, observe the present and foresee its future consequences, and make decision-procedures according to levels of priority and attention to detail. As a result, these considerations help strengthen our approach to understanding driving activity while screens are in the periphery. Thus, these findings are suggested to be adopted for further user experience quality assessments in the field of intelligent transport systems.

18

Kryzys na granicy polsko-wschodniej a zasadność wprowadzenia stanu wyjątkowego

Siwek Karolina

Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego

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2022

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R. 12, Nr 25

25--40

PL

W opracowaniu pod tytułem „Kryzys na granicy polsko-wschodniej a zasadność wprowadzenia stanu wyjątkowego” przedstawiono analizę sytuacji Polski w obliczu niedawnego kryzysu na granicy wschodniej, który doprowadził do wprowadzenia stanu wyjątkowego. Głównym celem artykułu jest wskazanie słuszności wprowadzenia stanu wyjątkowego w związku z kryzysem na granicy wschodniej. Poruszony został przede wszystkim temat bezpieczeństwa i wpływ stanów nadzwyczajnych na bezpieczeństwo, co powoduje wprowadzenie ich i ich następstwa. Zostały opisane definicje i rodzaje stanów nadzwyczajnych oraz ich umocowanie w polskim prawodawstwie. Ponadto, jednym z najważniejszych problemów poruszonych w artykule jest przedstawienie dwóch stanowisk Rzecznika Praw Obywatelskich dotyczących wątpliwości w sprawie dostępu do informacji publicznej i nieprawidłowości związanych z rozporządzeniem wprowadzającym stan wyjątkowy na części terenu województw podlaskiego i lubelskiego. Kolejnym celem artykułu było wskazanie czym są stany nadzwyczajne i to, jak wpływają na funkcjonowanie państwa, rządu i jaki bezpośredni wpływ na prawa i wolność jednostki ma wprowadzenie tego typu rozwiązań. Po 40 latach w Polsce, już pod rządami Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 2 kwietnia 1997 roku, wprowadzono po raz kolejny stan wyjątkowy na części terytorium województw podlaskiego i lubelskiego. Całe wydarzenie poprzedzone było niezwykle napiętą sytuacją na granicy polsko-białoruskiej, której źródło jest zdecydowanie bardziej złożonym problemem na arenie nie tylko europejskiej, ale i światowej. Poniższy artykuł opisuje całe tło wprowadzenia ostatecznego środka, który miał za zadanie zapewnić bezpieczeństwo obywatelom RP mieszkającym w samym sercu kryzysu na granicy i to, czy rzeczywiście było to konieczne, a także to, czy decyzja była słuszna. Ponadto zostały omówione badania mówiące o nastrojach społecznych związanych z wprowadzeniem stanu wyjątkowego na terenach województw podlaskiego i lubelskiego. Kluczowym znaczeniem wyników przytoczonych badań jest poczucie bezpieczeństwa Polaków, których objął stan wyjątkowy, wskazanie tego, czy Polacy dotknięci bezpośrednio wprowadzeniem stanu mieli poczucie, że został wprowadzony słusznie. To pomogło wyciągnąć odpowiednie wnioski podsumowujące tematykę poruszoną w artykule. Wszystkie te elementy składają się na problemy badawcze artykułu. Zastosowano krytyczna analizę literatury przedmiotu w zakresie wykorzystania metod badawczych.

EN

The study entitled „The crisis on the Polish-Eastern border and the legitimacy of the introduction of a state of emergency” presents an analysis of Poland’s situation in the face of the recent crisis on the eastern border, which led to the introduction of the state of emergency. The main aim of the article is to show the rightness of the introduction of the state of emergency in connection with the crisis on the eastern border. First and foremost, the issue of safety and the impact of emergency states on safety were discussed, which causes their introduction and their consequences. The definitions and types of extraordinary measures and their authorization in Polish legislation have been described. Moreover, one of the most important problems raised in the article is the presentation of two positions of the Human Rights Defender concerning doubts regarding access to public information and irregularities related to the regulation introducing the state of emergency in part of the Podlaskie and Lubelskie provinces. Another aim of the article was to indicate what emergency states are and how they affect the functioning of the state and government, and what direct impact on the rights and freedoms of individuals is the introduction of such solutions. After 40 years in Poland, under the rule of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland of April 2, 1997, the state of emergency was once again introduced in part of the territory of the Podlaskie and Lubelskie provinces. The whole event was preceded by an extremely tense situation on the Polish-Belarusian border, the source of which is definitely a more complex problem, not only in Europe, but also worldwide. The following article describes the whole background of the introduction of the final measure, which was to ensure the safety of Polish citizens living in the heart of the crisis on the border, whether it was really necessary, and whether the decision was the right one. Moreover, research on social moods related to the introduction of the state of emergency in the territories of Podlaskie and Lubelskie voivodships was discussed. The key significance of the results of the cited studies is the sense of security of Poles affected by the state of emergency, indicating whether Poles directly affected by the introduction of the state of emergency felt that it was introduced rightly. This helped to draw appropriate conclusions summarizing the subject matter raised in the article.

19

Analysis of Important Factors Having an Impact on Safety in Road Tunnels – Research Findings

Schmidt-Polończyk Natalia

Safety & Fire Technology

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2022

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Vol. 59, iss. 1

84--94

EN

Aim: This article presents relevant safety issues in road tunnels based on the results of a survey and evacuation experiments conducted on real scale in two existing road tunnels in Poland. Project and methods: An analysis of the relevant factors influencing the level of safety in road tunnels was carried out based on the results of experimental studies in two road tunnels in which the course of evacuation under fire conditions was observed. As part of the study, several evacuation trials were carried out at equal smoke levels, examining a different parameter each time: pre-movement time, speed of movement, the effect of smoke on the speed of movement, the effect of tunnel infrastructure on evacuation, among others. A survey carried out among 504 respondents, in turn, attempted to assess the awareness of hazards and safety procedures in road tunnels. The survey has four parts and questions covered the following issues: knowledge of tunnel infrastructure, behaviour in case of congestion, choice of evacuation route, behaviour during the evacuation, personal belongings during the evacuation, self-assessment of tunnel safety knowledge and the role of experience. An analysis was also carried out of the information available in Poland on safety guidelines for road tunnels, which can help tunnel users to improve their knowledge on tunnel safety. Results: The survey results indicate an insufficient level of knowledge regarding safety in road tunnels – only 16% of respondents answered more than 50% of the questions correctly. Ignorance of road tunnel infrastructure itself and the safety rules for the tunnel was also diagnosed. An analysis of the information available to the road users demonstrates that this information is difficult to access and that there is a lack of uniform guidelines to educate the public on the topic raised in the article. A significant impact of evacuation exercises carried out on an accurate scale was emphasised, providing valuable data on the evacuation process and increasing the level of safety in the engineering facilities analysed by raising the awareness of the participants in the experiment. Conclusions: The research findings presented in this article allow for better understanding of the behaviour of the participants of accidents and fires in road tunnels. In addition, the need to raise the awareness of the road users on the dangerous situations that may occur in a tunnel and the appropriate response to them has been demonstrated.

PL

Cel: W niniejszym artykule poruszono istotne kwestie dotyczące bezpieczeństwa w tunelach drogowych w oparciu o wyniki badania ankietowego oraz eksperymentów ewakuacji przeprowadzonych w skali rzeczywistej w dwóch zlokalizowanych w Polsce tunelach drogowych. Metodologia: Analizę istotnych czynników wpływających na poziom bezpieczeństwa w tunelach drogowych przeprowadzono w oparciu o wyniki badań eksperymentalnych w dwóch tunelach drogowych, w których obserwowano przebieg ewakuacji w warunkach pożaru. W ramach badania przeprowadzono kilka prób ewakuacji przy równym poziomie zadymienia, badając za każdym razem inny parametr, m.in. czas zwłoki, prędkość poruszania się, wpływ zadymienia na prędkość poruszania się, wpływ infrastruktury tunelu na przebieg ewakuacji. Z kolei w badaniu ankietowym, przeprowadzonym wśród 504 respondentów, podjęto próbę oceny świadomości zagrożeń i procedur bezpieczeństwa w tunelach drogowych. Ankieta składała się z czterech części, a pytania obejmowały zagadnienia: znajomość infrastruktury tunelu, zachowania w przypadku zatoru, wyboru drogi ewakuacji, zachowania podczas ewakuacji, rzeczy osobistych podczas ewakuacji, samooceny wiedzy o bezpieczeństwie w tunelu oraz rolę doświadczenia. Przeprowadzono również analizę dostępnych w Polsce informacji o zasadach bezpieczeństwa w tunelu drogowym, dzięki którym jego użytkownik może podnieść swoją wiedzę. Wyniki: Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań ankietowych wskazują na niewystarczający poziom wiedzy w zakresie bezpieczeństwa w tunelach drogowych – jedynie 16% respondentów odpowiedziało poprawnie na więcej niż 50% pytań. Zdiagnozowano również nieznajomość samej infrastruktury tunelu drogowego oraz zasad bezpieczeństwa obowiązujących w tunelu. Z analizy informacji dostępnych dla uczestników ruchu drogowego wynika, że informacje te są trudno dostępne i brakuje jednolitych wytycznych edukujących społeczeństwo w poruszanym w artykule temacie. Podkreślono znaczący wpływ ćwiczeń ewakuacyjnych przeprowadzanych w skali rzeczywistej, nie tylko dostarczający cennych danych o procesie ewakuacji, ale również zwiększający – poprzez podnoszenie świadomość uczestników eksperymentu – poziom bezpieczeństwa w analizowanych obiektach inżynierskich. Wnioski: Wyniki przedstawionych badań pozwalają na lepsze zrozumienie zachowań uczestników wypadków i pożarów w tunelach drogowych. Ponadto wykazały one potrzebę podnoszenia świadomości uczestników ruchu drogowego w zakresie niebezpiecznych sytuacji, które mogą się wydarzyć w tunelu oraz odpowiedniej reakcji na nie.

20

Turbofan Engines Efficiency, Historical Trends, and Future Prediction: A Review

Kuropatwa Michał, Wegrzyn Nicolas, Kozuba Jarosław

Safety & Defense

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2022

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2

82--90

EN

Technological development in the aviation business is usually dictated by diverse safety, economic, environmental, and social goals set by governments, regulatory agencies, and the market. Recently, a rapidly increasing interest in making air transportation climate neutral has been observed. The objective of this study is to analyze the historical trends of aircraft engine fuel efficiency, identify parameters affecting engine efficiency and initiate a discussion about future technology development needed to meet the expectations. The commercial turbofan engines test data comparison is provided in this study, followed by a theoretical assessment. The presented test data trends show a clear correlation between specific fuel consumption decrease and engine parameters like bypass ratio and overall pressure ratio increase, which is confirmed by theoretical assessment. Based on performed analysis results, a bypass ratio increase was indicated as the one potential path to reduce aircraft engine fuel consumption. Bypass ratio improvement could be achieved by fan diameter increase and rotation speed reduction in the case of turbofan engine architecture. A larger fan rotor requires a high torque drive and significantly increases engine weight which could be compensated by the lightweight design of the engine components, e.g., by applying composite materials.