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1

Preparation of α-alumina particles from alunite ores by using dry caustic assisted roasting

Demirci Seda, Vapur Huseyin, Altiner Mahmut

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2025

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Vol. 61, iss. 1

art. no. 202256

EN

In this study, the production of α-alumina particles from alunite ore was carried out through roasting-leaching and precipitation tests. The effects of parameters such as temperature, stirring speed, solid ratio, and leaching time on Al yield% were investigated in leaching tests using the response surface methodology (RSM) and central composite design (CCD). As a result of the experiments, the highest Al yield ratio as 86.06% was achieved in water leaching under conditions of 100°C, 900 rpm, 15% as solid ratio, and 65 min. as time after roasting at 600°C with NaOH. The experimental results revealed that temperature and solid ratio% were more influential than other parameters. To precipitate Al(OH)3 from the loaded solution, HCl was used to reduce the pH. The precipitate was roasted in a muffle furnace at 1100°C (±50°C) for 240 min. Then, α-alumina particles were obtained with an efficiency of 89.89% and purity of 91.24%. The morphological properties of the final product were confirmed by TGA-DTA, SEM/EDX and X-ray diffraction analyses.

2

Circular economy in practice: Production of sustainable composites from waste

Banaszkiewicz Kamil, Wiśnicka Kinga

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 2

73--83

EN

An element of the circular economy strategy is processing waste into useful products. This study aimed to produce materials incorporating hazardous waste contaminated with heavy metals. Sulfur polymer cement (SPC) modified with natural tung oil was used as the binder. Compared to Portland cement, sulfur-based binders not only reduce CO₂ emissions but also enable the utilization of sulfur waste, such as byproducts from the petrochemical industry. Samples were prepared using an SPC mod-ified with different amounts of tung oil (2–8 wt % S) and two filler mixtures containing 6 and 12% waste (mixes A and B). The composites were tested for water absorption by immersion, compressive strength, and metal leaching toxicity (TCLP test and EN 12457-4). The water absorption of all samples was below 1.6 wt %. Worse results were observed for monoliths with higher waste content (mix B). The highest mechanical strength was observed for samples where the sulfur binder was modified with 4 wt % tung oil. The compressive strength of composites based on mixtures A and B was 8.0 and 11.5 MPa, respectively. Analysis of the samples showed an uneven coating of waste particles by the sulfur binder. The TCLP test indicated a potential risk of heavy metal leaching in an acidic environment (pH ca. 4). Conversely, the EN 12457-4 test demonstrated low heavy metal leaching for all mixture A composites.

3

Optimization of hydrometallurgical recovery of lithium, aluminum, iron, and copper from lithium-iron batteries

Huang Yu-Rui, Lee Ching-Hwa, Popuri Srinivasa R., Lee Lien-Chieh

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

75--82

EN

As lithium-iron batteries play a crucial role in the growth of electric vehicles, their disposal is projected to increase, posing significant environmental and health risks. Recovering the metals that compose these batteries can help mitigate the negative environmental impacts of mining and address raw material shortages. This research employs hydrometallurgy to recover lithium, aluminum, iron, and copper from the electrode mixture of spent lithium-iron batteries. The average metal content found for lithium, aluminum, iron, and copper was approximately 5%, 2%, 18%, and 16%, respectively. Under optimal leaching conditions, the recovery rates for lithium and aluminum reached 100% and 95%, respectively. These metals can be further separated by pH adjustment to produce lithium and aluminum products. The remaining iron and copper in the leaching residue can also be recovered through additional leaching, replacement, and pH adjustment processes to obtain products containing iron and copper.

4

Recovery of rare earths and lithium from rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag by lime transformation, co-leaching and stepwise precipitation

Li Xinglan, Luo Peidi, Liu Zishuai, Tang Xuekun, Zhang Baqun, Guo Jiangfeng

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 186333

EN

The rare earth molten salt electrolytic slag (REMSES) has recently attracted significant attention due to its potential environmental hazards and high content of rare earths and lithium, leading to a surge in recycling efforts. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a novel and straightforward process for the simultaneous extraction of rare earths and lithium from REMSES through lime transformation and sulfuric acid leaching at low temperatures. Firstly, during the lime transformation process, REMSES is converted into hydroxides that can be easily dissolved in acids. Secondly, REEs and Li present in the slag are co-extracted using a conditional sulfuric acid leaching method, resulting in 95.72% REEs leaching efficiency and 99.41% Li leaching efficiency under optimal conditions. Finally, REEs and Li in the solution are precipitated using oxalic acid and trisodium phosphate with precipitation efficiencies of 99.02% for REEs and 94.85% for Li respectively. This innovative process enables the conversion of REEs and lithium from REMSES into high-purity products (a mixture of REOs with 99.31% purity; Li3PO4 with 98.93% purity), thereby facilitating their valuable utilization.

5

Bioweathering of Egyptian Nubian sandstone and Theban limestone: three months insight by experimental incubation

Potysz Anna, Osman Amr, Bartz Wojciech

Mineralogia

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2024

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Vol. 55, iss. 1

60--79

EN

This study undertook laboratory incubation approach to examine abiotic and biotic factors potentially influencing the bioweathering of Egyptian dimension stones, namely Nubian sandstone and Theban limestone. The dynamic and efficiency of metal release were assessed by means of bioleaching experiments (quantification by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), whereas potential element donor phases were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS). Overall, biotic weathering plays more of an important role for initiation of limestone dissolution, whereas its contribution to sandstone dissolution is more specific to host minerals accommodating individual elements. Kaolinite and Fe-bearing cement minerals (ilmenite and magnetite) in sandstones were found to be particularly attractive to bacteria that enhanced Al and Fe leaching by factors up to 7.0 and 5.7, respectively. Leaching of Al and Fe from limestone was enhanced by a factor up to 13 in the presence of bacteria. Siderophore concentration in biotic incubation reached 45.2-75.5 μmol L-1 and 90.6 μmol L-1 for sandstones and limestone, respectively. Regardless of immersed solid, higher Ca and Mg leaching from calcite and dolomite under chemical instead of biotic conditions was observed indicating either preferential mineral colonization by bacteria or surface passivation by biofilm. At the end of chemical incubation, up to 34.1% of Ca and up to 27.0% of Mg were leached from sandstones, whereas leaching observed for limestone was up to 0.6% (Ca) and 16.3% (Mg). Limestone dissolution was assessed at up to 1.2% (Si). This study has implications for understanding the dissolution of dimension stone used as construction and building materials and cultural heritage objects such as monuments and ornaments.

6

Analysis of the Effectiveness of a Technological Solution to Simultaneously Mitigate Soil Degradation and Control the Infestation of Invasive Plants

Tsuchiya Lucas Hubacek, da Silva Alexandre Marco

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 4

94--112

EN

Geotextile-based products have been considered as an adequate alternative to mitigate soil degradation processes, either by erosion or invasion by weeds. Thus, we assessed the efficiency of a bag confectioned with jute fabric and filled with mowed grass. We constructed six experimental plots considering two experimental conditions – three with the control (uncovered) and three covered with the product we generated (jute bag). We conducted the study during a rainy period and analyzed the efficiency of the product using the indicators: soil-chemical balance (including organic matter), soil-water repellence (hydrophobicity), changes in the microtopography of the plots, and emergence and growth of plants. We identified that within the study period, the engineered product provided effective protection to the soil surface, mitigating erosion processes, as well as delaying the rise of weeds (21% reduction). The soil’s chemical and physical indicators evidenced that the soil was moderately improved. In this way, we argue that the product presents sufficient conditions to be an economically accessible alternative to control the soil degradation processes since it is simple and rapid to be manufactured and it uses materials that were initially considered waste, therefore being ecologically correct and interesting.

7

A Comparative Study about Production of Vanadium Carbide via Self Propagating High Temperature Synthesis and Reduction

Bugdayci Mehmet, Once Levent, Alkan Murat, Turan Ahmet, Cinarli Umay

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2024

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Vol. 69, iss. 1

257--262

EN

Vanadium carbide is important for industrial applications because of its high hardness, high temperature resistance, high chemical, and thermal stability. It is generally obtained from the reaction between V and C powders at a high temperature ranging from 1100 to 1500°C. Investigations on these high strength, high abrasion resistant, hard materials have been intensified in recent years and consequently, significant improvements have been achieved. In this study, VC alloys are produced with low cost processes, by reducing the oxides of their components by SHS methods and ball mill-assisted carbothermal reduction. In the experimental stage, V2O5 was used as oxidized Vanadium source, Cblack as carbon source, magnesium and Cblack as reductant. In the study, VC powders were synthesized by two different methods and optimum production conditions were determined. Furthermore, the effect of different stoichiometric charge components and the effect of experiment durations were realized by X-ray diffraction, HSC Chemistry, and SEM analyses for different reductants.

8

Uwalnianie jonów żelaza(III) do środowiska pod wpływem roztworów kwaśnych

Drużyńska Martyna, Glanowska Emilia, Greń Karolina, Smajdor Joanna

Analit

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2024

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Nr 14

6--9

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestię wymywania żelaza z odpadów przemysłowych. Badaniom zostały poddane trzy próbki: piaski formierskie, żużel ze spalarni odpadów oraz żużel stalowniczy. Na każdą z próbek działano roztworami kwaśnymi imitującymi kwaśne deszcze. Następnie przeprowadzono pomiary wykorzystując metodę spektrometrii UV-Vis, aby sprawdzić ile żelaza (III) uwalnia się z tego typu odpadów.

EN

The article addresses the issue of iron leaching from industrial waste. Three samples were examined: foundry sands, slag from waste incineration, and steel slag. Each sample was treated with acidic solutions simulating acid rain. Subsequently, measurements were conducted using the UV-Vis spectrometry method to determine the amount of iron (III) released from these types of waste.

9

Badania nad wymywaniem chromu z żużli hałdowanych w zakładzie przetwórstwa odpadów

Izydor Kinga, Matlak Teresa, Myśliwiec Wiktoria, Wtorkowska Karolina

Analit

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2024

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Nr 14

48--58

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na wpływie rozcieńczonych kwasów; solnego i azotowego na wymywanie chromu z żużli oraz kinetyce tego procesu. Zbadano również wpływ uziarnienia próbki na ilość wymywanego chromu. Próbki żużla stalowniczego oraz żużla ze spalarni pobrano z zakładu zajmującego się przetwórstwem odpadów. W pracy przedstawiono etapy przygotowania próbek oraz przebieg przeprowadzonej analizy. Badania ilościowe uzyskanych roztworów chromu wykonano metodą atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej (ASA). Za pomocą analizy wyników stwierdzono, że z żużla stalowniczego wymywa się więcej chromu niż w przypadku żużla ze spalarni.

EN

The article focuses on the impact of dilute acids, namely hydrochloric and nitric acids, on the leaching of chromium from slag and the kinetics of this process. The influence of sample grain size on the amount of leached chromium was also examined. Samples of steel mill slag and incinerator slag were collected from a waste processing facility. The paper presents the stages of sample preparation and the process of the conducted analysis. Quantitative analysis of the obtained chromium solutions was performed using the method of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results analysis revealed that more chromium is leached from the steel mill slag compared to incinerator slag.

10

Innovative hydrometallurgy for galvanic sludge sustainable recovery

Brožová Silvie, Drápala Jaromír, Brož Jiří, Macháčková Adéla

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2023

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

46--56

EN

The manuscript explores the feasibility of recovering zinc and iron from waste galvanic sludge generated during galvanic plating processes. Galvanic sludge, characterized by elevated concentrations of heavy metals, represents a suitable candidate for hydrometallurgical recycling. The primary objective of the experimental and practical phases was to extract zinc and iron through the leaching of galvanic sludge. Leaching procedures were conducted using sulfuric acid at varying temperatures and time durations, augmented by the introduction of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone. Subsequent separation of the leach and filtrate was achieved through filtration. The leachate underwent additional processing involving the precipitation of iron and other metals, employing diverse agents. Following further filtration, electrolysis was employed to attain pure zinc on the cathode, utilizing an electrical voltage of approximately 3 V. Comprehensive chemical analyses were conducted on all intermediate products, including the leachate, leach liquor, filtrate, solid precipitate, and the separated metal on the cathode. The outcomes of these analyses are meticulously presented in tables and graphs.

11

Ocena możliwości wykorzystania mieszanki osadowo-popiołowej do rekultywacji gruntów z uwzględnieniem wpływu pH środowiska na wymywalność metali ciężkich

Mizerna Kamila

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 10

1087--1091

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań uwalniania metali ciężkich z mieszanki osadowo-popiołowej pod wpływem oddziaływania pH środowiska w szerokim zakresie wartości. Wyznaczono także stężenia metali ciężkich w podstawowym teście ługowania stosowanym w badaniu ziarnistych materiałów odpadowych. Wszystkie wyniki wymywalności porównano z zawartością całkowitą metali ciężkich w mieszance w celu oceny poziomu ich mobilności do środowiska gruntowo-wodnego. Proces wymywania metali ciężkich w dużej mierze zależy od faz mineralnych w odpadach oraz ich składu chemicznego, dlatego też parametry te były także przedmiotem analizy.

EN

Municipal sewage sludge and ashes from the combustion of solid fuels in households were mixed in a mass ratio of 1:1 on a dry basis, crushed and mineralized to det. the content of heavy metals. Grinded samples of the research material were stirred for 24 h in the leachant of various pH and the content of heavy metals in the obtained eluate was detd. using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The leachability results were compared with the total content of heavy metals in the mixt. in order to assess the level of their mobility into the water environment. The pH of the environment strongly detd. the mobility of heavy metals.

12

Nickel recovery from low-grade laterites: study of thermal pre-treatments to improve the efficiency of the hydrometallurgical process

Borda Johana, Torres Robinson

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2023

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Vol. 22. iss. 3

219--226

EN

The processing of lower-grade laterites to obtain nickel has increased due to the gradual depletion of higher-grade sulphide ore reserves. However, the extraction from laterites has been limited because conventional technologies imply a considerable expense of energy or reagents. In this document, the effect of thermal pre-treatments on a laterite sample is demonstrated to improve nickel leaching under moderate conditions. The influence of agents such as coke, coal and NaCl in the heat treatment was also studied. With the results it is presumed that part of the nickel occluded in the goethite migrates to the iron oxides surface during the heat treatment; this is why the dissolution of nickel is linked to that of iron. The highest extractions (64.7% nickel) were achieved by combining heat treatment and leaching with 1 M H2SO4 at ambient conditions. Compared to direct leaching of unpretreated laterite, leaching rates for this metal are increased by 26.5%. The chlorinating calcination and the optimization of the studied variables will be favourable to reach higher metallic extractions.

13

Recovery of Niobium Pentaoxide and Ammonium Sulfate from Titanium-Magnesium Production Waste

Ultarakova Almagul, Lokhova Nina, Karshyga Zaure, Toishybek Azamat, Yessengaziyev Azamat, Kassymzhanov Kaisar, Mukangaliyeva Arailym

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

227--235

EN

This study was aimed to investigate the development of a technology for the extraction of niobium pentaoxide and ammonium sulfate from titanium-magnesium production waste, specifically, the sublimates of dust chamber into concentrate in the form of niobium pentoxide. Optimal conditions for washing the niobium hydroxide precipitate by repulpation with hot (60–70°C) distilled water, drying at 200°C for 6 hours were determined. The influence of temperature and duration of the process was studied. Optimal conditions for the dynamic desorption of niobium from saturated ionite (Purolite A100) was determined. The results further indicated that the optimum quantity of the solution of desorption with sulfuric acid was equal to 5.5% and ammonium oxalate was equal to 4%, while temperature and the flow rate of the desorbing solution was 22–27°C and 6 rpm, respectively. The study of the precipitation of niobium from sulfuric acid desorbates showed that the interaction of niobium ions with ammonia takes place at a low rate. The degree of precipitation of niobium hydroxide equal to 99.6% was achieved in 7 hours of agitation of the suspension at a temperature of 22–25°C.

14

Tests of Cement and Slag Mortars with SBR Rubber Granulates in Terms of Ecotoxicity and Strength

Grynkiewicz-Bylina Beata, Słomka-Słupik Barbara, Rakwic Bożena

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2023

|

no. 2, vol. 2

153--162

EN

Various solutions for the management of rubber waste from used tires are known. We encounter in particular tests of concrete mixtures and the finished product, in the literature. These tests are describing rheological, mechanical and durability properties, mainly. However, the high toxicity of rubber waste from car tires requires that such concrete be tested in terms of ecotoxicology. The paper presents the results of research on the use of three different SBR granulates as fillers in mortars with a slag or CEM IV cement binder. The focus was on the immobilization of harmful compounds from rubber granules in the binder mass. It was assumed that the construction product using mortar with rubber granules would be in contact with water. The mass share of granulates in mortars was 4.7%. The grain size of the granulates was up to 4 mm, mainly 1–3 mm. A decrease in the strength of mortars with the addition of granulates and no leaching of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from mortars was demonstrated. The metals from the mortars were absorbed by the rubber, most probably. The strength of slag mortars was greater than cement mortars.

PL

Znane są różne rozwiązania zagospodarowania odpadów gumowych pochodzących ze zużytych opon, w literaturze napotykamy w szczególności na badania mieszanek betonowych i już gotowego wyrobu. Są to badania opisujące głównie właściwości reologiczne, mechaniczne i trwałościowe. Jednak duża toksyczność gumowych odpadów z opon samochodowych nakazuje badać taki beton pod względem ekotoksykologicznym. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań nad użyciem 3 różnych granulatów jako wypełniaczy zapraw ze spoiwem żużlowym lub cementowym CEM IV. Skupiono się na immobilizacji szkodliwych związków z granul gumowych w masie spoiwa. Założono, że wyrób budowlany z użyciem zaprawy z granulatem gumowym będzie miał kontakt z wodą. Masowy udział granulatów w zaprawach wynosił 4,7%. Uziarnienie granulatów wynosiło do 4 mm, głównie 1–3 mm. Wykazano spadek wytrzymałości zapraw z dodatkiem granulatów oraz brak wymywania wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych z zapraw. Metale z zapraw zostały zasorbowane przez gumę, w większości przypadków.

15

Wymywanie metali ciężkich z odpadów pobranych z hałdy wałbrzyskiej - badania wstępne

Zielińska Amelia

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2023

|

R. 64, nr 3

4--8

PL

Celem pracy było określenie wartości wymywania wybranych metali ciężkich z odpadów pochodzących z hałd wałbrzyskich. Próbki pobranych materiałów rozdrobniono na frakcje poniżej 4 oraz poniżej 1, które następnie poddano wymywaniu, a w powstałym eluacie oznaczono zawartość Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Wartości stężeń metali są poniżej granic oznaczalności. Na tej podstawie stwierdzono, że migracja metali ciężkich z odpadów pogórniczych do środowiska wodnego jest nieznaczna i nie powinna stanowić istotnego problemu. Badania wymagają jednak kontynuacji dla zróżnicowanych warunków wymywania.

EN

The aim of the work was to determine the leaching value of selected heavy metals from waste from Wałbrzych heaps. Samples of collected materials were crushed into fractions below 4 and below 1 mm, which were then subjected to leaching, and the content of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, was determined in the resulting eluates. Metal concentration values are below the limits of quantification. On this basis, it was found that the migration of heavy metals from post-mining waste to the aquatic environment is insignificant and should not be a relevant issue. However, research needs to be continued for different leaching conditions.

16

Właściwości produktów powstałych w procesie zestalania i stabilizacji popiołów lotnych powstałych z termicznego przekształcania osadów ściekowych

Wichowski Piotr, Kalenik Marek, Rutkowska Gabriela, Malarski Maciej, Czajkowska Justyna, Franus Wojciech

Cement Wapno Beton

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2023

|

R. 28, nr 6

389--408

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę wyników badań składu popiołów lotnych z termicznego przekształcania osadów ściekowych [SSA z ang. sewage sludge ash], pobranych z trzech spalarni zlokalizowanych w Warszawie, Krakowie i Łodzi oraz oznaczono wymywania wybranych metali ciężkich z badanych popiołów lotnych i betonów zwykłych klasy C20/25 z częściową zamianą - do 20% cementu na popiół lotny. Wykonane badania laboratoryjne wykazały, że mają porównywalny skład granulometryczny, natomiast właściwości fizyko-chemiczne badanych popiołów lotnych różnią się od tradycyjnie stosowanych w technologii betonu popiołów ze spalania węgla. SSA charakteryzują się przeciętnie mniejszą zawartością tlenków krzemu, żelaza i aluminium przy wielokrotnie większej zawartości fosforu. Badania wymywania wskazują na małą mobilność metali ciężkich spełniającą polskie przepisy dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania SSA w budownictwie do określonych zastosowań. Jednocześnie nie stanowią istotnego zagrożenia dla zdrowia ludzi i nie szkodzą środowisku. Odpady budowlane zawierające SSA mogą być składowane na składowiskach odpadów obojętnych.

EN

The article presents an analysis of the results of research on the composition of fly ash from the thermal processing of sewage sludge [SSA] collected from three incineration plants located in Warsaw, Cracow and Łódź. It determines the leaching values of selected heavy metals from the tested fly ash and ordinary class concrete C20/25 with partial replacement - up to 20% of cement with fly ash. The laboratory tests performed showed that they have a comparable granulometric composition. In contrast, the physico-chemical properties of the tested fly ashes differ from ashes from coal combustion traditionally used in concrete technology. SSA is characterized by an average lower content of silicon, iron, and aluminium oxides with a much higher content of phosphorus oxides. Leaching tests indicate low mobility of heavy metals, meeting Polish regulations regarding the possibility of using SSA in construction for specific applications. At the same time, they do not pose a significant threat to human health or the environment. Construction waste containing SSA may be disposed of in inert waste landfills.

17

Rtęć w odpadach wydobywczych i możliwości ich zagospodarowania w wyrobiskach odkrywkowych województwa śląskiego

Klojzy-Karczmarczyk Beata, Mazurek Janusz, Staszczak Jarosław

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2022

|

nr 110

129--141

PL

Wypełnianie wyrobisk odkrywkowych odpadami wydobywczymi jest możliwe w procesie rekultywacji technicznej, ale wymaga szczegółowego rozpoznania warunków środowiskowych. Zastosowanie różnego rodzaju odpadów do wypełniania wyrobisk jest zagadnieniem złożonym w zakresie jakości materiału odpadowego oraz w zakresie określenia lokalizacji miejsc przeznaczonych do takiego zagospodarowania odpadów. Istotne jest rozpoznanie lokalizacji czynnych wyrobisk odkrywkowych na tle granic głównych zbiorników wód podziemnych (GZWP) oraz w pobliżu cieków wodnych. Analizie poddano wyrobiska, w których eksploatowane są surowce węglanowe oraz wyrobiska piasków i żwirów. Analizy zostały wykonane w różnych latach aktywności wyrobisk ((Klojzy-Karczmarczyk i in. 2016a; Klojzy-Karczmarczyk i Staszczak 2017, 2019; Staszczak 2020). W grupie surowców węglanowych (kamienie łamane i bloczne), poza granicami GZWP oraz w odległości ponad 500 metrów od cieków powierzchniowych zlokalizowane są zaledwie 3 obiekty. W grupie piasków i żwirów, poza granicami GZWP oraz w odległości ponad 500 od cieków powierzchniowych znajduje się 19 obiektów. Zestawiono zawartość całkowitą rtęci oraz wielkość jej wymywania. Podano udział formy wymywalnej w całkowitej zawartości pierwiastka. Badania prowadzono w różnych warunkach pH środowiska. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie badań z lat 2014–2021 (Klojzy-Karczmarczyk i Mazurek 2014, 2019a, b, 2021). Odpady wydobywcze typu skała płonna (kruszywa) charakteryzują się wyższą zawartością rtęci całkowitej we frakcji najdrobniejszej i niższą we frakcjach grubszych. Udział formy wymywalnej rtęci w kruszywach jest na średnim poziomie 1,3–2,0%. Średni udział formy wymywalnej w mułach węglowych jest na poziomie 1,8%. Przy obniżaniu pH środowiska, udział ten wzrasta w każdym przypadku. Wyraźny wzrost wymywalności obserwuje się ponadto w odpadach zwietrzałych. Ze względu na jakość materiału odpadowego, badania odpadów wydobywczych wykazały możliwość ich zastosowania do celów rekultywacji.

EN

The open-cast workings filling with extractive waste is possible in the process of technical reclamation, but it requires a detailed recognition of environmental conditions. The use of various types of waste to fill the workings is a complex issue, in the field of the waste material quality and in the field of determining locations assigned for such waste management. It is important to recognise the location of active opencast mines against a background of main groundwater basins (MGB) and close to watercourses. The workings, left after extraction of carbonate raw materials, as well as sands and gravels, were analysed. The analysis were performed in different years of the open pits activity (Klojzy-Karczmarczyk et al. 2016a; Klojzy-Karczmarczyk and Staszczak 2017, 2019; Staszczak 2020). In the carbonate raw materials group (crushed and block stone) only 3 facilities are situated outside the MGB area and at a distance of more than 500 m from surface watercourses. In the sands and gravels group only 19 facilities are situated outside the MGB area and at a distance of more than 500 m from surface watercourses. Total mercury content and the amount of its leaching was compiled. The percentage of leachable form in the total content of the element was studied. The studies were carried out under various pH conditions of the environment. The analysis was based on the studies from 2014–2021 (Klojzy-Karczmarczyk and Mazurek 2014, 2019a, b, 2021). The extractive waste of the barren rock type (aggregate) features a higher content of total mercury in the finest fraction and a lower in coarser fractions. The share of mercury leachable form on average is 1.3–2.0%. The share of mercury leachable from coal sludge is approx. 1.8%. At pH reduction this share increases in each case. A clear increase in leachability is observed in the weathered waste. Because of the waste material quality, the studies on extractive waste have shown a possibility to use it for reclamation.

18

Study on the mechanism and kinetics of sulfuric acid leaching scandium from rich scandium anatase

He Fei, Gao Likun, Chen Long, Rao Bing, Shen Hairong, Peng Kebo, Gao Guangyan

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 3

art. no. 146171

EN

Scandium and its compounds have excellent properties, and are widely used in cutting-edge fields such as optics, electronics, and alloys. Thus, scandium is an important strategic metal. However, scandium is extremely sparsely distributed in the earth's crust, rarely occurs as an independent mineral, and requires a complex recovery process. Therefore, the study of the extraction of scandium is of great practical significance. This study examined the leaching test and kinetics of scandium under the acid leaching system of refractory anatase ore. Under appropriate two-stage countercurrent leaching conditions, the first stage of the particle size of fraction of -0.074 mm 82.6%, initial H2SO4 concentration of 6 mol/L, leaching temperature of 100 °C, acid/solid ratio of 3 ml/g, stirring speed of 300 rpm, and leaching time of 50 min; and the second stage of the initial H2SO4 concentration of 11 mol/L, leaching temperature of 150 °C, acid/solid ratio of 4 ml/g, stirring speed of 300 rpm, and leaching time of 50 min, a scandium leaching rate of 96.98% was achieved. The kinetics of scandium leaching conformed to a shrinking-core model, and sulfuric acid concentration and temperature were the most important parameters affecting the scandium leaching rate. The kinetic analysis of scandium leaching at different sulfuric acid concentrations showed that as the concentration increased, the sulfuric acid leaching of scandium changed from being chemical reaction-controlled to internal diffusion-controlled, and the apparent reaction order was 1.2429. The kinetics of scandium leaching at different temperatures showed that the sulfuric acid leaching of scandium was reaction-controlled and the apparent activation energy was 42.21 kJ-mol-1.

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Recovery of pure palladium compound from the spent electroplating solutions by hydrometallurgical method

Nguyen Viet Nhan Hoa, Song Si Jeong, Lee Man Seung

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 1

88--100

EN

Electroplating of palladium (Pd) is practiced in the manufacture of electronic materials. The increasing demand for Pd metal necessitates the recovery of Pd(II) from the spent electroplating solutions. In this work, the recovery of Pd compound was studied from the cemented Pd by zinc (Zn) metal from spent electroplating solutions. Initially, the selective extraction ability of ionic liquids synthesized from commercial extractants for Pd(II) over Zn(II) from the synthetic HCl solution was investigated. Pd(II) was selectively extracted over Zn(II) from 9 M HCl solution by ALi-CY301(Nmethyl-N,N,N-trioctylammonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) dithiophosphinic) and by ALi-I (N-methylN,N,N-trioctylammonium iodide) from weak HCl solution (pH 1). Since 9 M HCl was needed to completely dissolve Pd from the cemented Pd, ALi-CY301 was employed for the separation of Pd(II) and Zn(II) from the real HCl leaching solution of the cemented Pd. Two-stages counter-current extraction of the real HCl solution with ALi-CY301 resulted in selective extraction of Pd(II). Pd(II) was effectively stripped from the loaded ALi-CY301 by a mixture of HCl and NaClO. After oxidizing Pd(II) in the stripping solution to Pd(IV) by adding NaClO, Pd(IV) compound was synthesized by adding NH4Cl as a precipitant. By comparing leaching and extraction efficiency between hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solutions, a hydrometallurgical process consisted of HCl leaching, extraction with ALiCY301 and precipitation with NH4Cl was recommended for the recovery of pure (NH4)2PdCl6 from the cemented Pd.

20

Processing of Titanium-Magnesium Production Waste

Karshyga Zaure, Ultarakova Almagul, Lokhova Nina, Yessengaziyev Azamat, Kassymzhanov Kaisar

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 7

215--225

EN

The article presents the results of research on the processing of such wastes of titanium-magnesium production as sludge from sludge dumps and fine dump dusts from the electric smelting of ilmenite concentrates. The results of nitric acid leaching of sludge with the transfer of calcium into solution and the production of calcium nitrate are given. Titanium-containing cake after nitric acid leaching of sludge and electric smelting dust cannot be returned to the technological process due to its high silica content, so the silicon impurity was removed from their composition. Silicon removal was performed by fluoroammonium processing with sublimation of hexafluorosilicate compounds. An amorphous silicon dioxide product was obtained, after ammonia hydrolysis of silicon-containing sublimations and appropriate treatment of the sediment. The residue from the sublimation of silicon fluorides consists mainly of titanium-containing phases and can be suitable for return for electrofusion after ammonia treatment.