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EN
By the method of numerical simulation, the heat transfer from the room to the environment through a system of two double-chamber windows, into the gap between which ventilation air from the room supplies, is being researched. Distributions of air velocity and temperature in the chambers of double-chamber windows and in the gap between double-chamber windows are determined. The influence of the flow of ventilation air entering the space between the double-chamber windows on the amount of heat transferred from the room to the space between windows through the inner window and the amount of heat removed from the gap to the environment through the external double-chamber window is investigated. The energy advantages of the method of removing ventilation air through the gap between double-chamber windows over the method of direct removal of ventilation air from the room to the environment are determined.
2
EN
The use of various coatings with a low level of radiation on the glass elements of window structures, filling the interglacial space in double-glazed windows with inert gases instead of air, increasing the number of cameras in double-glazed windows, other constructive measures aimed at improving the thermal insulation properties of double-glazed windows, led to a significant increase in the thermal resistance of the fenestration system. However, little has changed in the design and construction of window frames and edge areas adjacent to building facades, leaving these elements responsible for heat transfer through modern windows. In this article, with the help of three-dimensional CFD modeling, the thermal insulation properties of window frames are investigated in the most complete setting, taking into account the effect on heat transfer through the profile of the window frame of the adjacent walls of the building facade on one side and the double-glazed unit on the other. Finding out the thermal insulation parameters of the window frame will help to make appropriate changes in its design.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę statystyczną wieloletnich danych (wartości godzinowe zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną) z KSE oraz analizę możliwości zastosowania sztucznej sieci neuronowej samoorganizującej się (Self Organizing Map) do podziału dobowych profili zapotrzebowania na energię elektryczną w KSE. Artykuł kończy podsumowanie oraz wnioski z wykonanych analiz statystycznych oraz badań związanych z zastosowaniem SOM do grupowania profili zapotrzebowania na energię.
EN
The article presents a statistical analysis of long-term data (hourly values of electricity demand) from the NPS and an analysis of the possibility of using a self-organizing artificial neural network (Self Organizing Map) to divide daily profiles of electricity demand in the NPS. The article concludes with a summary and conclusions from the conducted statistical analyses and studies related to the application of SOM for clustering electricity demand profiles.
EN
Land degradation, including pasture lands is one of the global problems. Currently, one of the most urgent problems of the West Kazakhstan region is the preservation and restoration of the vegetation cover of pasture lands. To date, large areas of the region have been occupied by agricultural land. Several main reasons negatively affect agriculture, one of which is land degradation associated with anthropogenic impact in terms of the irrationality of land use. Thus, to preserve the biodiversity of the pastures of the West Kazakhstan region, it is necessary to fully study the projective cover of the vegetation, determine the dominant plant species, and also monitor the condition of pastures to prevent land degradation on time by conducting land and forest improvement activities. The study aimed to carry out a phyto-ecological assessment of degraded pastures of the Karatobinsky district of the West Kazakhstan region using geoinformation technologies and field study results. The paper presents the results of desktop decoding of high-resolution satellite images and ecological profiling of the studied territories. Decoding features of landscape types allowed making a preliminary map of landscape contours. The use of this technique makes it possible to monitor the condition of degraded pasture lands in a short time and justify the organization of pastures with a regulated grazing system in the study area.
EN
The west coast of Camau (Southeast Vietnam) connects two semi-enclosed East Sea and Thailand Bays, allowing water exchange between them. Despite its importance to the oceanographic evolution of the region, it has still been poorly studied. Therefore, Subbottom profilers are used across shallow sea waters with some applications, such as sea-level studies, sedimentation process and geomorphology. In the whole survey area, 6 high-resolution shallow seismic measurements have been performed with a total length of 60.6 km, and all have recorded good reflected signals in the range 20–70 ms. In this section, physical characteristics and nature of petrology in the survey environment are quite uniformly shown. The topography of the seabed in the survey area tends to be gradually shallower from west to east, and is relatively flat. Particularly, on the cross section of the T1 line, it is visible that the first section of the line has a rather steep and deep terrain, which may be the slope of the continental shelf in the survey area. Wedge-shaped, oblique, corrugated and transverse structures all appear on the cross-sections. In the survey area, the shallow geological structure in the Holocene sediments is divided into 4 layers, and the structural boundary between the Holocene and Pleistocene sediments at the depth of 25–35 m is observed. In addition, geological faults are also detected on geological sections from seismic sections. For instance, at the section of T6 line, two faults were detected at the beginning of the line. The displacement amplitude of these faults ranges between 1.5–4 m. This new dataset will contribute to future comprehension of the geologic and oceanographic evolution.
6
Content available remote Elementy uzupełniające do systemów ociepleń ETICS
EN
The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence of the Asu River Group in Ameri, southeastern Nigeria play host to lead-zinc ore deposits in irregular mineralized veins of non-uniform geometry. Two deposits (designated DEPOSIT A and DEPOSIT B) were economically assessed using an integrated approach. This was performed by employing a geometry-based classical scheme involving the mathematical relationship between the three cardinal variables of ore reserve estimation namely: surface area, thickness and density. Firstly, detailed and extensive geological mapping was carried out to establish the geological attribute of the mineral deposits. Since reserve estimation extends beyond exposed faces, spontaneous potential traverse, vertical electrical sounding and horizontal profiling, being orthogonal to the trend of the enclosing veins were used to characterize the existing sub-surface stratification and create forward models that revealed the concealed ore geometry (limiting depth, lateral extents and thickness variations). Subsequent to delineation, the depth to the top of the target ore lodes was obtained by implementing the Peter's half slope technique on self-potential curves. Thickness values of the ore bodies of interest were applied in three numerical classical integration techniques, i.e. Trapezoidal, Simpson's and Simpson's third-eight rule, for volume estimation. To overcome the non-uniqueness problem of DC resistivity data interpretation, the available drilling data was applied. Samples retrieved from each lode were subjected to mass and volume analysis using the CS200 electronic balance and water displacement technique, to determine the average density of each lode. Results from 2D subsurface resistivity sections showed the lead-zinc deposits as zones of low resistivity in a background of high resistivity. The 1D stratigraphic models reveal a mean thickness estimate of 11.85 m and 10.50 m for DEPOSITs' A and B, respectively. Sample densities correlate well with the average density of pure galena. Applying the scalar-geometric rule, a combined estimate of 10,778.95tonnes was obtained, representing a relatively economically viable quantity worthy of medium scale extraction.
8
Content available Bubble loading profiles in a flotation column
EN
Bubble loading is the mass of hydrophobic particles attached per unit surface area of air. This measure can be used in the design and analysis of flotation columns as a sign of true flotation. To date, however, this measurement has been limited to the pulp-froth interface, which only indicates the maximum bubble loading and does not reflect the progress of the loading process. This paper introduces the concept of bubble loading profile that summarizes measures of bubble loading at different heights of the collection zone in a flotation column. The effects of bubble size, particle size and collector dosage on the introduced profiles are also investigated. These operational variables changed the bubble loading profile from a linear to a curved trend. The curvatures in the profiles were near the place of the feeding port and therefore the collection zone was divided into two separate zones in terms of bubble loading characteristics. The zone below the feeding port often did not contribute much to the loading of particles on the bubbles and the loading phenomenon mostly took place above the feeding port. Behaviors of the profiles in these two zones were analyzed to reveal that a change in the feeding port placement or column height can, under some conditions, increase the overall bubble loading and thus, ultimately, the true flotation.
PL
System rowkowy, w skład którego wchodzą rowkowane łączniki, kształtki oraz cała armatura, zapewnia rozwiązania stawiające czoła najsurowszym warunkom spotykanym w branży górniczej. W instalacjach produktami Victaulc stosujemy typowe rury stalowe, ocynkowane lub ze stali nierdzewnej. Wszystkie nasze produkty przeznaczone do branży górniczej posiadają dopuszczenia odpowiedzialnych za to jednostek certyfikujących w Polsce, takich jak GIG czy KOMAG. Mechaniczny system łączenia rur Victaulic przeznaczony jest do instalacji rurowych eksploatowanych w najtrudniejszych warunkach, takich jak: wysokie ciśnienie, ekstremalne temperatury czy agresywne media.
EN
The grooved system, which includes grooved connectors, shaped elements and all fittings, provides solutions meeting the toughest conditions encountered in the mining industry. In installations with Victaulic products typical steel, galvanized or stainless steel pipe are used. All our products meant for the mining industry are licensed by respective certifying bodies in Poland such as CMI or KOMAG. The Victaulic mechanical pipe connection system is designed for piping systems operating under the most difficult conditions such as high pressure, extreme temperatures or aggressive media.
PL
W niniejszym artykule poruszono tematykę dotyczącą zastosowania inżynierii rekonstrukcyjnej w badaniach różnych typów obiektów od technicznych po artystyczne. Badania z przytoczonego zakresu różnią się od siebie przede wszystkim głównym celem ich prowadzenia. Rozważania poparto wynikami przeprowadzonych przez autora prac, których celem było odtworzenia postaci geometrycznej najstarszych w Polsce (1314 i 1389 r.) średniowiecznych dzwonów kościelnych, znajdujących się w Sandomierskim kościele oo. Dominikanów. Etap digitalizacji w rozpatrywanym przypadku przeprowadzono przy użyciu ramienia pomiarowego MCAx20 z laserową głowicę skanującą MMDx100 firmy Nikon Metrology, wyposażonego w oprogramowanie Focus umożliwiające rejestrację i obróbkę uzyskanych chmur punktów oraz tworzenie modelu 3D w postaci siatki trójkątów.
EN
The present article deals with the application of reconstructive engineering in investigating diverse objects ranging from technical to artistic ones. Investigation techniques differ mainly because of the nature of the detail being studied. Author’s ideas are backed up with the results of his work aimed at reconstructing geometric form of the oldest (dated 1314 and 1389), medieval, church bells in Poland, located in a church in Sandomierz run by the Dominican Order. The digitization stage of the work was conducted by the use of measuring arm MCAx20 equipped with laser scanning head MMDx100 made by Nikon Metrology, working with Focus software, which enabled recording and processing of the obtained point clouds and completing a 3D model in the form of a triangle net.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań na profilach, które wytworzono metodą wyciskania bocznego wspomaganego tarciem obrotowej tarczy. Badania przeprowadzono przy trzech prędkościach obrotowych tarczy: 8, 18, 28 obr./min oraz przy trzech wartościach siły wciskającej w obrotową tarczę 30, 55, 80 kN. Wsad wyciskany ze stali gat.15 grzano do temperatury 600°C i poddano stopniowi przerobu λ = 8. Strukturę uzyskanych profili poddano obserwacjom na mikroskopie świetlnym. Profile o najlepszym stanie powierzchni oraz charakteryzujące się największym rozdrobnieniem struktury (8 obr./min, 80 kN) poddano badaniom EBSD, które pozwoliły określić średnią wielkość ziarna na poziomie 0,53 μm. Na przekroju poprzecznym tych profili wykazano największy rozkład mikrotwardości HV0,3; a także największą wytrzymałość na rozciąganie.
EN
The article presents the results of researches on profiles that were produced with extrusion assisted friction rotating disc. Researches were conducted at three disc speeds: 8, 18, 28 per/min and at three values of force with a rotatable disc: 30,55,80 kN. As sample we used was extruded steel 15 that was heated to 600°C and was deformed to processing degree λ = 8. The structure of the obtained profiles was observed under light microscopy. Profiles of the best state of the surface and characterized by the most fragmented structure (8 per/min, 80 kN) were researched with a EBSD method, that gave an average grain size of 0,53 μm. The cross-section of the profile shoved the greatest microhardness HV0,3; and the maximum tensile strength.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję urządzenia przeznaczonego do profilowania ściernicy za pomocą obciągaczy diamentowych. Omówiono jego budowę oraz sposób funkcjonowania i sterowania. Zaprezentowano także metodę bazowania elementu obrabianego, uwzględniając przy tym możliwość współpracy z innym przyrządem.
EN
The article presents the device concept for profiling grinding wheel using a diamond dressing tools. Its built, way of function and control were discussed. Method of gauge, taking into account the possibility of cooperation with another device was also presented.
13
Content available Modelling the meshing of cycloidal gears
EN
Cycloidal drives belong to the group of planetary gear drives. The article presents the process of modelling a cycloidal gear. The full profile of the planetary gear is determined from the following parameters: ratio of the drive, eccentricity value, the equidistant (ring gear roller radius), epicycloid reduction ratio, roller placement diameter in the ring gear. Joong-Ho Shin’s and Soon-Man Kwon’s article (Shin and Know, 2006) was used to determine the profile outline of the cycloidal planetary gear lobes. The result was a scatter chart with smooth lines and markers, presenting the full outline of the cycloidal gear.
Logistyka
|
2015
|
nr 2
1377--1381, CD2
PL
Cyfryzacja życia umożliwiła zbieranie ogromnych ilości danych o konsumentach. Dane te pozwalają na tworzenie profili konsumentów w rezultacie kategoryzowania konsumentów według określonych kryteriów lub/i wnioskowania o nieznanych cechach konsumenta na podstawie dostępnych danych. Tworzenie profili umożliwia indywidualizację działań marketingowych. Profilowanie ma obecnie największe zastosowanie w komunikacji marketingowej. Jest kwestią dyskusyjną czy można je traktować jako innowację marketingową. Profilowanie wydaje się być dowodem na to, że na współczesnym rynku dominują firmy, a nie konsumenci. Dlatego procesy profilowania wzbudzają kontrowersje i są coraz silniej kontestowane.
EN
Digitization of life leads to collecting vast amounts of data about consumers. These data allow to create profiles of consumers as a result of categorizing consumers according to specific criteria and/or deduction of unknown characteristics of consumers based on available data. Profiling enables the individualization of marketing activities. Profiling is currently the most used in marketing communications. It is questionable whether the profiling can be treated as a marketing innovation. Profiling seems to be the proof that in today's market these are the companies, and not the consumers, who dominate. Therefore, the profiling process is controversial and increasingly contested.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano informacje dotyczące sposobu doboru narzędzia pomiarowego ze względu na wymagania związane z dokładnością pomiaru. Pod uwagę brane były też właściwości metody pomiarowej, cechy mierzonego elementu, wymagania techniczne i inne. Podejście zaprezentowano na przykładzie wyznaczenia wymiaru promienia elementu mechanicznego.
EN
Tutorial of measuring instrument selection when the demanded measurement accuracy considered has been presented. Other factors taken into account were metrological properties of a measurement method, properties of a measured object, technical requirements, etc. The recommended approach has been shown with a use of a case study referring to mechanical part radius measurement.
EN
This paper extends knowledge about flow in an agitated batch with pitched blade multi-stage impellers. Effects of various geometrical parameters (blade number, distance between impellers) of pitched blade multi-stage impellers on pumping ability have been investigated. Axial velocity profiles were measured by LDA (Laser Doppler Anemometry). Axial pumping capacities were obtained by integration of measured axial velocity profiles in outflow from impellers. Main attention was focused on the effect of the distance between impellers in multi-stage configurations, on their pumping capacity and flow in the mixing bath in comparison with an independently operating pitched blade impeller with the same geometry. In case of a relatively close distance between Impellers H3/d= 0.5 - 0.75, the multi-stage impeller creates only one circulation loop and the impellers itself behave identically as pumps in series. However for relative higher distance of impellers than H3/d= 1.25, the multi-stage impeller creates two separated circulation loops.
17
Content available Kształtowanie profili wspomagane tarciem
PL
W inżynierii materiałowej silny nacisk kładzie się na otrzymywanie metali o bardzo drobnych ziarnach aż do wielkości nanometrycznych włącznie. Badania prowadzone są poprzez poszukiwanie odpowiednich metod wytworzenia metali o jednorodnej drobnej strukturze. W tym zakresie metody obróbki plastycznej, które w swojej istocie silnie oddziaływującą na strukturę, są potencjalnym, przyszłościowym kierunkiem wytwarzania metali o ultra drobnych ziarnach na skale przemysłową. W takim kierunku prowadzone są badania w Instytucie Obróbki Plastycznej w Poznaniu. W artykule przedstawiono nową koncepcję procesu kształtowania profili, w której tarcie jest elementem wspomagającym płynięcie metalu. Przedstawiono opracowane i uruchomione w INOP stanowisko badawcze procesu kształtowania według nowej koncepcji. Celem prowadzonych badań była weryfikacja możliwości technologicznych kształtowania metali według nowego sposobu oraz ocena wpływu głównych parametrów technologicznych na przebieg procesu kształtowania. Badaniom wstępnym poddano dwa materiały: stop aluminium gat. PA4 oraz stal gat. 15. Przedstawiono wyniki prób technologicznych i wskazano zakres parametrów, dla których uzyskano pozytywne wyniki kształtowania. Badania potwierdziły możliwości praktycznego kształtowania profili ze stali i stopu aluminium. Konieczna jest optymalizacja parametrów procesu wyciskania profili wg nowej koncepcji dla stabilnego przebiegu kształtowania. Zastosowany materiał do badań nie pozwolił na określenie stopnia rozdrobnienia ziarn. Należy jednak przypuszczać, iż jest ono znaczące, gdyż niemożliwe było wytrawienie ziarn na zgładach metalograficznych dla próbki ze stopu Al.
EN
In material engineering, sarong emphasis is laid on obtaining metals with very small grains, down to nanometric sizes. Investigation is effected by seeking methods of manufacturing metals with homogenous fine structure. In this aspect, the methods of metal forming which strongly influence structure are the potential future direction of industrial scale manufacturing of metals with ultra fine grains. This is the direction of investigations performed by the Metal Forming in Poznań. The article presents a new concept of the process of forming profiles in which concept friction is an element boosting the metal flow. A stand for testing the process of forming according to the new concept elaborated and executed by INOP has been described. The objective of the investigation was to verify the technological possibility of forming metals by the new method and to find the influence of the main technological parameters on the forming process. Two materials have been subjected to initial testing: aluminium alloy grade PA4 and steel grade 15. Technological test results have been presented as well as the range of parameters for which positive results have been obtained. The investigation has proved the possibility of actual forming of profiles made of steel and aluminium alloy. Optimization of the new concept profile extrusion process parameters is necessary for stable progress of forming. The material used in the tests has not allowed for the determination of the degree of grain comminution. It should be supposed, however, that it was significant because etching of the grains in metallographic microsections of an aluminium alloy sample was impossible.
PL
W Instytucie Obróbki Plastycznej podjęto badania nad nową koncepcją plastycznego formowania metali. Koncepcja ta opiera się na intensywnym odkształceniu plastycznym, które wspomagane jest zjawiskiem tarcia. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wstępnych badań na laboratoryjnym stanowisku badawczym przy wyciskaniu profili.
EN
There were started studies on the new concept of plastic metal forming at the Institute of Metal Forming. This concept is based on an intense plastic deformation, which is supported by the phenomenon of friction. This article presents preliminary results on a laboratory bench with bench press profiles.
19
Content available Grinding of shaped tools on CNC tool grinder
EN
Worm gears are special gears consisting of a worm wheel and a worm. Worm gears can be produced in different ways, depending on the size of the transmission, the number of courses, the pitch angle of worm profile, the number of units produced, the purpose of application, etc. As cylindrical worm gears we consider the cylindrical worms with globoid gears, globoid worm with globoid worm gear and globoid worm with cylindrical worm gearing. This paper deals with the evolvent worm whose curve of the tooth side in the front plane is evolvent. The production of worm with an optimal profile for optimal meshing conditions is an increasingly frequent focus of worm gear manufacturers. The problem of designing the tool cutting edge can be divided into several steps. This article deals with the problems of optimum design of a tool shape for the production of worms; and the problems of calculating the coordinates of the transition cutting edge shape, and thus the path of grinding wheel for sharpening the tool cutting edge shape are solved. By grinding tool of grinding machine we can complete the worm shape and also sharpen the cutting edges of tools for production of worm surface. The problems of calculation of the coordinates are solved with regard to the functioning of the KON 250 CNC grinding machine logic.
20
Content available remote Key Technologies of Information Exchange in Electric Utility Based on IEC 61968
EN
The research on interoperability testing and implementation methodology of IEC 61968 has been carried out for many years. But there are still many problems to be solved. This paper proposes a practical architecture for information exchange based on IEC 61968 to bridge the gaps between theory and practice. Some novel and original implementation technologies are elaborated covering model, profile, metadata and verification aspects. Finally the feeder data integration case for local utility business demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed architecture.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono praktyczną budowę struktury wymiany informacji opartą na standardzie IEC 61968. Opisano nowatorskie sposoby implementacji modelu, profilu, meta danych oraz przykład wykorzystania, weryfikujący wykonalność i efektywność proponowanej struktury.
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