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1

Estimating the Effect of Torso Clothing Insulation on Body Skin and Clothing Temperatures in a Cold Environment Using Infrared Thermography

Angelova R. A., Georgieva E., Markov D., Bozhkov T., Simova I., Kehaiova N., Stankov P.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2018

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Vol. 26, no. 4 (130)

122--129

EN

The study presents experiments, conducted with human subjects in an artificial cold chamber, assessing the influence of a cold environment on the temperature of the human body. Infrared thermography was applied as a non-invasive, contactless method for direct measurement of the temperature distribution of both clothed and uncovered parts of the body. Two subzero temperatures were applied and clothing ensembles with two different clothing insulation values were used to assess the effect of the clothing insulation of the torso on the temperature of clothed and uncovered parts of the body of the participants. The average temperature of the chest, back, upper arms, face and middle finger is presented and discussed in relation to the cold exposure duration and clothing insulation used. The results obtained showed the strong influence of the clothing insulation over the torso on skin and clothing temperatures of the body and overall cooling of the body in subzero temperatures.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentów przeprowadzanych z ludźmi w sztucznej komorze chłodniczej. Oceniono wpływ zimnego otoczenia na temperaturę ciała człowieka. Termografia w podczerwieni została zastosowana jako nieinwazyjna, bezdotykowa metoda bezpośredniego pomiaru rozkładu temperatury zarówno zabezpieczonych odzieżą, jak i niezabezpieczonych części ciała człowieka. Zastosowano dwie temperatury ujemne i zestawy odzieżowe o dwóch różnych wartościach izolacji w celu oceny wpływu izolacji odzieży na temperaturę ubranych i niezabezpieczonych części ciała uczestników. Przedstawiono i omówiono średnią temperaturę klatki piersiowej, pleców, ramion, twarzy i środkowego palca w odniesieniu do czasu trwania ekspozycji na zimno i izolacji zastosowanej odzieży.

2

Future Trends in the Development of Thermal Manikins Applied for the Design of Clothing Thermal Insulation

Bogdan A., Zwolińska M.

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2012

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Vol. 20, no. 4 (93)

89--95

EN

Thermal manikins were created with the intention to design and model protective clothing insulation for specific conditions, e.g. military clothing and clothing for divers. At present thermal manikins have a broader use, i.e. to assess the effect of clothing on a human body, to assess its influence on thermal comfort during work in a given clothing ensemble and to test innovative solutions bringing about a reduction in the thermal heat load. When using thermal manikins it should be borne in mind that heat exchange through clothing is, to a large extent, determined by the temperature distribution on human skin. The aim of the study was to find out to what extent thermal manikins can be used to represent the correct distribution of temperature on human skin. To this end, comparative measurements of the temperature distribution on the surface of a standard thermal manikin with a structure generally used and on the surface of the skin of volunteers were performed. The tests conducted showed that for the further development of thermal manikins computer software should be developed which would help to predict the temperature distribution on the manikin surface corresponding to the skin temperature of volunteers. Such software should allow for the simulation of thermal regulatory mechanisms in a human, i.e. an increase in skin temperature caused by vasoconstriction and shivering, as well as a decrease in skin temperature due to vasodilatation and sweating. In a thermally neutral environment, the methods which are currently used to control the thermal manikin seem to be sufficient.

PL

Termiczne manekiny zostały opracowane w celu projektowania i modelowania izolacyjności cieplnej odzieży ochronnej. Obecnie manekiny termiczne mają szerokie zastosowanie badawcze. Stosując manekiny termiczne należy pamiętać, że wymiana ciepła przez odzież zależy w dużej mierze od rozkładu temperatury skóry człowieka. Celem badań przedstawionych w artykule było sprawdzenie, w jakim stopniu manekiny termiczne mogą być używane do prognozowania prawidłowego rozkładu temperatury skóry człowieka. W tym celu przeprowadzono badania porównawcze rozkładu temperatury na powierzchni standardowego manekina termicznego powszechnie stosowanego w wielu laboratoriach badawczych i na powierzchni skóry ochotników. Przeprowadzone testy wykazały, że rozwój manekinów termicznych powinien być ukierunkowany w celu opracowania odpowiedniego oprogramowania komputerowego, które byłyby pomocne do prognozowania rozkładu temperatury na powierzchni manekina odpowiadającego temperaturze skóry ochotników.

3

Breathing training characterization by thermal imaging: a case study

Ludwig N., Gargano M., Formenti D., Bruno D., Ongaro L., Alberti G.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2012

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Vol. 14, no. 3

42-47

EN

Specific respiratory muscle training improves athletes' performance particularly at high intensities. This work aims to study the usability of infrared thermography to evaluate two types of breathing, thoracic and diaphragmatic, on the cartographies of the cutaneous temperature of the trunk. IR thermography is a non-invasive technique that visually represents the whole process during and after training. A well trained subject in both respirations performed the exercise with SpiroTiger for 5 minutes, followed by 5 minutes of recovery. Ten Regions of Interest on the subject skin were selected following anatomical and functional correspondence with the muscles involved in breathing. In order to check functional behaviour of respiratory muscles, we calculated the correlation among thermal data of all the ROI. Global temperature of body trunk showed a general decrease of few degrees during both kinds of the training but thermal imaging documented also thermal spots of increasing temperature in pectoral areas due to the superficial vasocirculation in thoracic breathing. The results indicate that thermal imaging can be used for quantitative evaluation of the cutaneous temperature in various trunk zones characterized by thoracic and diaphragmatic breathing. This work can be considered a preliminary study to the development of future statistical study.

4

Zmiany powierzchniowej temperatury ciała po krótkotrwałej aplikacji i usunięciu elastycznego plastra stosowanego w kinesiotapingu

Konieczny G., Soroko M., Ptak A., Kuciel N.

Acta Bio-Optica et Informatica Medica. Inżynieria Biomedyczna

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2012

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Vol. 18, nr 3

182--185

PL

Termografia jest metodą diagnostyczną stosowaną w bezinwazyjnej rejestracji i wizualizacji rozkładu temperatur na powierzchni ciała. Dzięki termografii możliwa jest m.in. ocena przeciążeń treningowych u sportowców oraz analiza termicznej reakcji tkanek miękkich na mechaniczne odkształcanie. Celem pracy była analiza zmian powierzchniowej temperatury ciała po krótkotrwałej aplikacji i usunięciu elastycznego plastra stosowanego w kinesiotapingu. Miało to posłużyć określeniu metody usuwania plastra, która najmniej wpływa na wzrost powierzchniowej temperatury ciała. W badaniu uczestniczyło 47 osób, których średnie BMI (Body Mass Index) wyniosło 20,85 kg/m2. Pomiary wykonywano pięciokrotnie: przed aplikacją plastrów (badanie 1), zaraz po odklejeniu plastra (badanie 2), 10 sekund (badanie 3), 30 sekund (badanie 4) i 60 sekund (badanie 5) po odklejeniu plastra. W badaniach wykorzystano elastyczny plaster Kinesio Tex oraz sztywny plaster marki Omnifix. Analiza zmian rozkładu temperatury powierzchni ciała w zależności od metody usuwania plastra (metoda szybka i wolna) w większości przypadków nie wykazała istotnych statystycznie różnic. Zanotowano istotnie statystycznie niższą temperaturę badanej okolicy ciała po usunięciu plastra Kinesio Tex, w porównaniu z plastrem sztywnym.

EN

Thermography is a noninvasive diagnostic method applied in detection and visualization of superficial body temperature distribution. It is helpful in detection of sport overloads and the analysis of thermal reaction of soft tissues on mechanical deformation. The objective of this study was to analyze the changes of superficial body temperature after short-term application and removal of elastic tape used in kinesiotaping. The analysis was performed to define a method of such tape removal which would cause the minimal increase of superficial body temperature. The study included 47 students, with mean BMI (Body Mass Index): 20,85 kg/m2. The measurements were taken 5 times: before plaster application (1st measurement), after plaster removal (2nd measurement), after: 10 seconds (3rd measurement); 30 seconds (4th measurement) and 60 seconds (5th measurement) of plaster removal. The elastic plaster Kinesio Tex and stiff Omnifix plaster, were applied. The analysis of superficial body temperatures changes, depending on applied method of plaster removal (slowly and quickly), in most cases did not reveal statistically significant differences. The examination of body surface temperature distribution revealed the statistically significant lower temperature of measured area after removal of Kinesio Tex plaster, comparing to stiff plaster.

5

Termowizyjna analiza zmian temperatury powierzchni skóry po zabiegu sauny suchej u osób zdrowych

Zalewski P., Pawlak J., Klawe J., Tafil-Klawe M., Lewandowski A., Panowicz I.

Acta Bio-Optica et Informatica Medica. Inżynieria Biomedyczna

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2011

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Vol. 17, nr 1

36-43

PL

Sauna sucha (fińska) jest zabiegiem ciepłoleczniczym, stosowanym powszechnie od wielu lat na całym świecie. Celem pracy było przedstawienie wstępnych wyników badań w zakresie termowizyjnej analizy wpływu zabiegu sauny suchej na dynamikę zmian temperatury w obrębie wybranych obszarów powierzchni ciała. Powierzchniowy efekt ogrzania organizmu na skutek zabiegu w suchej saunie (fińskiej) jest różny w różnych miejscach na ciele pacjenta. W pracy wykazano, że w badanych obszarach ciała już po 40 minutach od zabiegu w saunie obserwowano powrót do zakresu temperatur zarejestrowanych przed zabiegiem.

EN

Finnish sauna offers a thermotherapy treatment, well known worldwide. The aim of the study was to present the preliminary report concerning the influence of Finnish sauna on skin body temperature changes. The thermovision analysis revealed the statistically significant differences between mean temperatures after application of sauna. Thermovision examination confirmed that 40 minutes after sauna, the body temperature, returned to the initial value.

6

Wpływ bodźca stresujacego na temperaturę skóry człowieka

Dziuban E.

Pomiary Automatyka Kontrola

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2007

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R. 53, nr 12

41-42

PL

Przedstawiono wstępne wyniki badań polegających na poszukiwaniu mierzalnych parametrów fizykalnych reakcji organizmu człowieka poddanego stresowi. Eksperyment polegał na pomiarze temperatury pirometrem radiacyjnym w punktach skóry odległych od miejsca przykładania wstrząsu elektrycznego. Stwierdzono, że pod wpływem stresu w mierzonych miejscach nastąpiło obniżenie wartości temperatury od 0,09°C do 0,5°C w stosunku do stanu przed stymulacją. Wyniki takich badań mogą znaleźć zastosowanie w diagnozowaniu i terapii medycznej oraz identyfikowaniu osób działających pod wpływem stresu.

EN

This investigation examined the influence of electrical stress on regional skin temperature. An IR pyrometer measured skin temperature on left palm, while right palm was electrical stimulated. In span of ca 3 min registration temperature before, during and after stimulation was acquired of 3 subjects. Preliminary results revealed temperature decrease of 0.09°C .... 0.5°C. This finding would be valuable in medical diagnosis and therapy as well as in biometrics identification persons under stress.

7

The influence of swimming type on the skin-temperature maps of a competitive swimmer from infrared thermography

Zaidi H., Taiar R., Fohanno S., Polidori G.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2007

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Vol. 9, nr 1

47-51

EN

This work aims to study the usability of infrared thermography in swimming for the purpose of quantifying the influence of the swimming style on the cartographies of cutaneous temperatures of a swimmer. Only one subject took part in the experimental protocol, who was to accomplish a 4 × 100 m 4 medley. Thermal acquisitions followed by one period of recovery with return to thermal balance were carried out between particular strokes. IR thermography made it possible to discuss the influence of the swimming style on the distributions of cutaneous temperatures in various body zones. This process seems to be completely adaptable to the development of future statistical studies.

8

Identification of epidermis thickness on the basis of skin surface temperature

Majchrzak E., Jasiński M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Katedry Mechaniki Stosowanej / Politechnika Śląska

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2006

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z. 26

219-224

EN

Heat transfer in the skin tissue treated as a multi - layer domain in which one can distinguish the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous region is described by the system of Pennes equations and adequate boundary, initial and geometrical conditions. Many of the parameters used in the mathematical model are difficult to measure, e.g. epidermis or dermis thickness. In the paper the numerical algorithm of epidermis thickness identification is presented in which the knowledge of skin surface temperature is assumed. The least squares criterion containing the differences between known and calculated temperatures is used and the gradient method of inverse problem solution is applied. The basic problem and additional one connected with the sensitivity function determination are solved using the boundary element method. In the final part of the paper the results of computations are shown.

9

Estimation of epidermis and dermis thicknesses on the basis of skin surface temperature

Majchrzak E., Jasiński M.

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Matematyki i Informatyki Politechniki Częstochowskiej

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2006

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Vol. 5, nr 1

124-133

EN

Heat transfer in the skin tissue is treated as a multi-layer domain in which one can distinguish the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous region is described by the system of Pennes equations and adequate boundary, initial and geometrical conditions. Many of the parameters used in the mathematical model are difficult to measure, e.g. epidermis or dermis thickness. In the paper the numerical algorithm of these geometrical parameters identification is presented in which the knowledge of skin surface temperature is assumed.

10

Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear

Kuklane K., Afanasieva R., Burmistrova O., Bessonova N., Holmer I.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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1999

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Vol. 5, No. 4

465--476

EN

This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of the thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.

11

The Effects of Local Cooling on Thermophysiological Response in Participants Wearing Dust-Free Garments

Kwon O. K., Kwon A. H., Kato M., Hayashi C., Tokura H.

International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics

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1998

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Vol. 4, No. 1

57--67

EN

This study was designed to find the effects of two kinds of dust-free garments with (A) and without (B) frozen gel strip (FGS), and half-naked clothing (brassiere and shorts; C) on thermophysiological parameters and on temperature and humidity within clothing. The heart rate, rectal, and skin temperatures as well as sweat rate and clothing microclimate were measured during 140 min in 9 healthy females. Inquiries were also made into the subjective rating of thermal, humidity, and comfort sensations. The main findings in our experiments are as follows: (a) Physiological parameters such as rectal and skin temperatures (chest and forehead), heart rate, and sweat rate were clearly lowest in garb C, intermediate in garb A, and highest in garb B throughout the experiment; (b) Temperature and humidity within clothing were lower in garb A than in garb B; (c) More than half of the 9 participants decreased thermal sensation by wearing garb A. These results suggest that the usage of FGS could improve the heat load in lightly working participants wearing dust-free garments.