Purpose: This publication seeks to present the potential benefits of fifth generation (5G) wireless technology in smart healthcare systems, especially in enhancing patient-centric care. Design/methodology/approach: Analysis of international and local literature. Findings: The healthcare sector is transforming and changing from a dispersed disease-centric to a more personalized patient-centric model. This has been accelerated by the integration of wireless communication technologies used in administrative functions and smart healthcare applications. 5G technology is a game-changer in smart healthcare systems and promotes patient-centered service delivery. The growing use of wearable technology has had a massive impact on personalized and round-the-clock health monitoring, especially in remote settings and this requires a stable and reliable network. The high-speed wireless technology has advanced emergency response, making it quicker and more effective, allowing healthcare providers to make timely life-saving decisions. Its high performance and reliability have led to an increase in patient experience and performance, physically and virtually. This has led to better healthcare service delivery that is more personalized and efficient as medical professionals use personalized approaches that suit the specific health needs and preferences of patients. Originality/value: Originality/value: This article offers an analysis of the role 5G plays in supporting a patient-centered care in smart healthcare systems. The value of this research is based on outlining the interdisciplinary nature of 5G and how it can promote care services and technological advancements in healthcare.
Purpose: The acceleration of the digitization of the healthcare sector, forced by the pandemic, and the extensive use of e-services prevented is collapsed. But it was also created a space for innovative medical and medical-related solutions, development of staff competences, greater focus on the patient and his environment. The aim of the article is to determine the state and directions of sustainable development of Polish health care in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development makes it possible to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The 2030 Agenda aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote prosperity for all people of all ages”. The coronavirus pandemic has challenged global healthcare systems to cope with an unprecedented crisis while pursuing sustainable development as defined above. Findings: The pandemic has led healthcare leaders to act with agility, build resilience and adopt smarter ways of working to help future-proof care. It has also pushed them to rethink how care is delivered. Originality/value: An identification the main directions of sustainable development of Polish healthcare in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.
This article describes the development of a cost-effective, efficient, and accessible solution for diagnosing hand movement disorders using smartphone-based computer vision technologies. It highlights the idea of using ToF camera data combined with RG data and machine learning algorithms to accurately recognize limbs and movements, which overcomes the limitations of traditional motion recognition methods, improving rehabilitation and reducing the high cost of professional medical equipment. Using the ubiquity of smartphones and advanced computational methods, the study offers a new approach to improving the quality and accessibility of diagnosis of movement disorders, offering a promising direction for future research and application in clinical practice.
PL
W niniejszym artykule opisano opracowanie opłacalnego, wydajnego i dostępnego rozwiązania do diagnozowania zaburzeń ruchu ręki przy użyciu technologii wizyjnych opartych na smartfonach. Podkreślono w nim ideę wykorzystania danych z kamery ToF w połączeniu z danymi RG i algorytmami uczenia maszynowego do dokładnego rozpoznawania kończyn i ruchów, co przezwycięża ograniczenia tradycyjnych metod rozpoznawania ruchu, poprawiając rehabilitację i zmniejszając wysokie koszty profesjonalnego sprzętu medycznego. Wykorzystując wszechobecność smartfonów i zaawansowane metody obliczeniowe, badanie oferuje nowe podejście do poprawy jakości i dostępności diagnostyki zaburzeń ruchu, oferując obiecujący kierunek przyszłych badań i zastosowań w praktyce klinicznej.
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are based on connected and dedicated sensor nodes for patient monitoring in the healthcare sector. The sensor nodes are implanted inside or outside the patient’s body for sensing the vital signs and transmitting the sensed data to the end devices for decision-making. These sensor nodes use advanced communication technologies for data communication. However, they have limited capabilities in terms of computation power, battery life, storage, and memory, and these constraints make networks more vulnerable to security breaches and routing challenges. Important and sensitive information is exchanged over an unsecured channel in the network. Several devices are involved in handling the data in WBANs, including sink nodes, coordinator, or gateway nodes. Many cryptographic schemes have been introduced to ensure security in WBANs by using traditional confidentiality and key-sharing strategies. However, these techniques are not suitable for limited resource-based sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a Lightweight Hybrid Cryptography Algorithm (LWHCA) that uses cryptographicbased techniques for WBAN networks to improve network security, minimize network overhead and delay issues, and improve the healthcare monitoring processes. The proposed solution is evaluated in a simulation scenario and compared with state-of-the-art schemes in terms of energy consumption, and ciphertext size.
The Internet of Things is a network of connected devices that can communicate and share data over the Internet. These devices often have sensors that collect data for various purposes, such as usage statistics, data processing, or performing specific actions based on the collected data. Also, medical Internet of Things devices are crucial in monitoring critical functions, measuring blood glucose levels, indicating when patients require medicine, and ensuring timely medication delivery. Communication in the Internet of Things is demanding, requiring diverse protocols that address communication security concerns. These protocols must be robust and secure, considering technical factors such as the network objective, energy requirements, and the nature of the communication because they can be exploited. This paper proposes an innovative system with a security protocol that supports and improves communication security in modern Internet of Things networks. The protocol aims to enhance communication safety between interconnected devices for information exchange in medicine or healthcare, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of sent data and devices. The proposed protocol, tested through formal and automated verification, meets all security goals, including identity verification, anonymity protection, and access revokement. It also protects against man-in-the-middle, modification, replay, and impersonation attacks.
The leading cause of cancer-related mortality is breast cancer. Breast cancer detection at an early stage is crucial. Data on breast cancer can be diagnosed using a number of different Machine learning approaches. Automated breast cancer diagnosis using a Machine Learning model is introduced in this research. Features were selected using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) as a classifier model, and noise was removed using Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). On top of that, the research compares five algorithms: Random Forest, SVM, KNN, Naïve Bayes classifier, and Logistic Regression. An extensive dataset of 3002 combined images was used to test the system. The dataset included information from 1400 individuals who underwent digital mammography between 2007 and 2015. Accuracy and precision are the metrics by which the system's performance is evaluated. Due to its low computing power requirements and excellent accuracy, our suggested model is shown to be quite efficient in the simulation results.
Purpose: Managing a pandemic in individual countries is a concern not only of governments but also of WHO and the entire international community. The pandemic knows no bounds. In this context, India is a special country - with a huge population and a very large diversity of cultural, geographic, economic, poverty levels, and pandemic management methods. In this work, we try to assess the sum of the impact of these factors on the state of the epidemic by creating a ranking of Indian states from the least to the most endangered. Design/methodology/approach: As a method of creating such a ranking, we take into account two very, in our opinion, objective variables - the number of deaths and the number of vaccinations per million inhabitants of the region. In order not to make the usually controversial ascribing of weights to these factors, we relate them to the selected reference region - here to the capital city - Delhi. We apply a logical principle - the more vaccinations, the better and the more deaths - the worse. Findings: The results are rather surprising. Many small regions are safe regions, such as Andaman, Tripura or Sikkim, many large or wealthy states are at the end of this ranking, such as Delhi, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu. What was found in the course of the work? This will refer to analysis, discussion, or results. Originality/value: The method enables an indirect assessment of the quality of pandemic management in a given region of the country. It can be used for any country or even a group of countries or a continent. According to this criterion, the best state/region is intuitively the safest for residents. A small number of deaths and a large number of vaccinations may positively indicate the state of public health and good management of the fight against the pandemic by local and/or central authorities.
The aim of the article is to determine the direction in which changes should be introduced in the management of healthcare units to increase patient satisfaction with the organization of services in the examined unit. It is emphasized that hospital management is a comprehensive process that includes planning, organization, coordination, and control of activities. These subprocesses are aimed at the efficient provision of medical services and the management of material and human resources. Based on the literature, the authors have identified factors influencing effective hospital management. Special attention is paid to the quality of medical care and accreditation as tools for raising quality standards. In the empirical part, the results of research conducted in a group of hospitals are presented, in which respondents assessed the level of satisfaction in selected areas. The Kano methodology was then used to understand patient expectations and classify attributes of hospital services. The results of the analysis indicated that some attributes have a neutral classification, while others are attractive to patients and generate a high level of satisfaction. The final part of the study includes recommendations for directions of changes in the management of healthcare units identified based on the conducted research.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie w jakim kierunku powinny być wprowadzane zmiany w zarządzaniu jednostkami opieki zdrowotnej, aby podnieść satysfakcję pacjentów z organizacji usług w badanej jednostki. Podkreśla się, iż zarządzanie szpitalami jest kompleksowym procesem, obejmującym: planowanie, organizację, koordynację i kontrolę działań, niniejsze subprocesy mają na celu efektywne świadczenie usług medycznych, zarządzanie zasobami materialnymi oraz zasobami ludzkimi. W oparciu o literaturę przedmiotu autorki zidentyfikowały czynniki wpływające na efektywne zarządzanie szpitalami. W sposób szczególny odniesiono się do jakości w opiece medycznej oraz akredytacji jako narzędzia podnoszenia standardów jakości. W części empirycznej zawarto wyniki badań zrealizowanych w zespole szpitali, w których respondenci określili poziom satysfakcji w wybranych obszarach następnie wykorzystano metodologię Kano do zrozumienia oczekiwań pacjentów i klasyfikacji atrybutów usług szpitalnych. Wyniki analizy wskazały, iż niektóre atrybuty mają klasyfikację obojętną, podczas gdy inne są atrakcyjne dla pacjentów i generują wysoki stopień zadowolenia. Końcowym elementem opracowania są rekomendacje kierunków zmian w zarządzaniu jednostkami opieki zdrowotnej zidentyfikowane w oparciu o przeprowadzone badania.
Cancer is a deadly disease that has gained a reputation as a global health concern. Further, lung cancer has been widely reported as the most deadly cancer type globally, while colon cancer comes second. Meanwhile, early detection is one of the primary ways to prevent lung and colon cancer fatalities. To aid the early detection of lung and colon cancer, we propose a computer-aided diagnostic approach that employs a Deep Learning (DL) architecture to enhance the detection of these cancer types from Computed Tomography (CT) images of suspected body parts. Our experimental dataset (LC25000) contains 25 000 CT images of benign and malignant lung and colon cancer tissues. We used weights from a pre-trained DL architecture for computer vision, EfficientNet, to build and train a lung and colon cancer detection model. EfficientNet is a Convolutional Neural Network architecture that scales all input dimensions such as depth, width, and resolution at the same time. Our research findings showed detection accuracies of 99.63%, 99.50%, and 99.72% for training, validation, and test sets, respectively.
Waste management is a crucial issue in the contemporary world, playing a significant role in the fight against environmental problems. Inadequate waste management leads to the pollution of air, water, and soil with toxic and harmful substances and to the emission of greenhouse gases, thereby contributing to climate change, the reduction of biodiversity, and the destruction of ecosystems, as well as to the emergence of diseases and allergies in animals. The management of waste is primarily determined by its type and source, with recycling, incineration, and landfilling being the most common methods. The healthcare sector, with limited opportunities for waste reduction, has its own unique approach to waste management. In particular, dental waste presents a considerable environmental risk due to the hazardous and toxic substances it contains. A prime example of such substances is mercury (Hg), a toxic and bioaccumulative metal that was commonly used in dental amalgam for over a century. With the available statistical data, it is possible to recognize that dentistry can pose a serious threat to the environment, and steps can be taken to control and reduce the production of toxic waste and its potential impact on the environment.
Artykuł powstał w oparciu o monografię naukową Mieszkanie dla zdrowia. Projektowanie dla przyszłych seniorów, która ukazała się w 2022 r. nakładem Wydawnictwa Politechniki Poznańskiej. Omówiono w nim perspektywę zmian w podejściu do projektowania dla seniorów, biorąc pod uwagę rozwój technologii, nowe cechy i umiejętności przyszłych seniorów, ich nowe potrzeby przestrzenne. Powyższe podejście przedstawiono z uwzględnieniem metod futurystycznych i spekulatywnych. W artykule wykorzystano fragmenty monografii.
EN
The article is based on the scientific monograph 'Housing for Health. Designing for future seniors', which was published by the Poznan University of Technology Publishing House in 2022. It discusses the prospect of changes in the approach to design for seniors, taking into account developments in technology, new characteristics and skills of future seniors, their new spatial needs, based on futuristic and speculative methods. Article contains selected parts of the monograph.
Purpose: The article deals with the subject of innovation in theoretical and practical terms. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of innovations co-financed from EU funds on the development of the health care sector in the Łódź region. Design/methodology/approach: The article is based on literature studies, the results of literary studies from empirical research and own research of the author. The aim was achieved by the use of CATI technique (CATI - Computer Assisted Telephone Interview). Findings: Innovations in health care institutions are a necessary condition for overcoming the challenges of the contemporary environment. They contribute to the improvement of the quality of provided services, expansion of the examined entities (in terms of medical equipment and infrastructure) and increasing the level of accessibility to medical services. Research limitations/implications: The primary limitation of the conducted research is the lack of possibility to generalize the results to the entire group of entities operating in Poland. The results may serve as an assessment of the current status regarding the functioning of health care institutions in the Łódź region. Practical implications: The health level of a society is closely related to the level of economic development. A healthy, capable and long-living society is able to produce more goods and services, which has a direct impact on development, while a high level of development creates the possibility of allocating more resources to the health sector. Originality/value: This article presents original empirical findings on the sources of funding, types and areas, and effects of innovation ventures in hospitals. The efforts to improve the understanding and implementation of innovation in hospitals are significantly hindered by the lack of solid scientific evidence. Therefore, a framework for further research has been created to confirm the urgent need for directions in the development of innovation in the health sector.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to study how the Sars-Cov-19 pandemic has affected the processes and performance management of medium-sized outpatient clinics in Poland. Given the novelty of the studied area and lack of relevant literature, the case study approach has been employed. Design/methodology/approach: The case study was performed at CortenMedic, a medium 17 sized outpatient clinic located in Poland. We analyzed materials obtained from CortenMedic and interviewed its management board. Following an in-depth restructuring of processes, performance management, and business processes management governance, the CortenMedic adjusted to an environment and has taken advantage of opportunities. Findings: As a result, the CortenMedic recognized outstanding results superior to those before the Sars-Cov-19 period. This study shows that the business processes management and performance management should be dynamic and follow the changes identified inside and outside the companies. The changes through Sars-Cov-19 appear very quickly and are of temporary nature. We postulate the threat of the Sars-Cov-19 pandemic can be converted by the healthcare organizations into an opportunity. Research limitations/implications: Several limitations of our research must be acknowledged. Firstly, we shall note we based our study on only one organization located in Poland. Since we do not compare our results with other Polish and European clinics, obtained in this study results might not be generalizable. Practical implications: The increased role of BPM governance in the pandemic period, as compliance with processes, especially with work safety standards, become of utmost importance, posing a thrill of infection otherwise. In this sense, the postulates of this study might be applicable to other healthcare services providers. Additionally, the results of the paper can provide guidance to a decision-maker or management staff through improving the structure of primary and secondary processes depending on the needs and expectations of a dynamic environment. Social implications: The article’s findings may still offer astute insights to researchers and practitioners who wish to consider more information regarding the importance of the BPM and PM in the healthcare sector through the business process restructuring. Originality/value: The added value of the article is the answer to the question study how the Sars-Cov-19 pandemic has affected the BPM and performance management (PM) of medium 6 sized outpatient clinics in Poland.
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According to studies, up to 99 percent of alarms triggered in hospital units are false or clinically insignificant while indicating no genuine harm to patients. However, false alarms can lead to alert overload, causing healthcare workers to miss critical occurrences that could be harmful or even fatal. The purpose of this work is to tackle the problem by developing an integrated system that can continually track the patient's health condition utilising a cloud computing platform, allowing alerts to be targeted to the appropriate medical facility personnel in a timely and orderly manner. Arduino microcontrollers are used to collect health parameters such as temperature and pulse rate and provide a real-time monitoring system for medical practitioners. Multiple sensors and an RF transceiver are attached to a small microcontroller, forming a wearable module that the patient will wear. This wearable component is wirelessly connected to the main module consisting of a larger microcontroller, where the data is then uploaded to the database in the cloud through the internet. The data can then be accessed through a web-based terminal, providing medical practitioners access through the web page. If the system detects any abrupt changes to the patient's temperature or pulse rate, a push notification will be sent to the medical practitioner's Android smartphone so that immediate action can be taken. The system is scalable as multiple wearable modules can be connected to the main module, allowing monitoring of multiple patients simultaneously. More sensors can also easily be added to the wearable module to monitor other vital health parameters such as oxygen saturation and blood pressure. The testing has indicated that the system can achieve 99.4% accuracy in temperature monitoring and 86% accuracy for pulse monitoring.
PL
Według badań, do 99 procent alarmów wyzwalanych na oddziałach szpitalnych jest fałszywych lub nieistotnych klinicznie, jednocześnie wskazując na brak rzeczywistej szkody dla pacjentów. Jednak fałszywe alarmy mogą prowadzić do przeciążenia alertów, powodując, że pracownicy służby zdrowia przeoczą krytyczne zdarzenia, które mogą być szkodliwe lub nawet śmiertelne. Celem tej pracy jest rozwiązanie problemu poprzez opracowanie zintegrowanego systemu, który może w sposób ciągły śledzić stan zdrowia pacjenta z wykorzystaniem platformy przetwarzania w chmurze, umożliwiając kierowanie alertów do odpowiedniego personelu placówki medycznej w sposób terminowy i uporządkowany. Mikrokontrolery Arduino służą do zbierania parametrów zdrowotnych, takich jak temperatura i częstość tętna, oraz zapewniają lekarzom system monitorowania w czasie rzeczywistym. Wiele czujników i nadajnik-odbiornik RF są przymocowane do małego mikrokontrolera, tworząc moduł do noszenia, który będzie nosić pacjent. Ten element do noszenia jest bezprzewodowo połączony z głównym modułem składającym się z większego mikrokontrolera, gdzie dane są następnie przesyłane do bazy danych w chmurze za pośrednictwem Internetu. Dostęp do danych można następnie uzyskać za pośrednictwem terminala internetowego, zapewniającego lekarzom dostęp za pośrednictwem strony internetowej. Jeśli system wykryje jakiekolwiek nagłe zmiany temperatury lub tętna pacjenta, na smartfon z systemem Android lekarza zostanie wysłane powiadomienie, aby można było podjąć natychmiastowe działanie. System jest skalowalny, ponieważ do modułu głównego można podłączyć wiele modułów do noszenia, co umożliwia jednoczesne monitorowanie wielu pacjentów. Do modułu do noszenia można łatwo dodać więcej czujników, aby monitorować inne ważne parametry zdrowotne, takie jak saturacja tlenem i ciśnienie krwi. Testy wykazały, że system może osiągnąć 99,4% dokładności w monitorowaniu temperatury i 86% dokładności w monitorowaniu pulsu.
A thriving healthcare system perfectly reflects economic development and contentment amongst the people of any region. With increasing anxiety concering health and growing medical needs, hospitals worldwide face substantial challenge to provide patients with adequate medical facilities under one roof. With a fragile state of the health industry in a developing country like India, there is a need for the hospitals to opt for international standards and comply with other premier health centers of the country. This paper aims to select the hospitals based on incongruous and conflicting criteria involving group decision-making using the Intuitionistic Fuzzy (IF) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The criteria used are concomitant to an insured public health scheme named Ayushman Bharat-National Health Protection Scheme (AB-NHPS) of the Government of India. For each alternative Euclidean distance has been used to calculate the positive and negative separation measure from the ideal solution. The relative closeness to the ideal solution has been used to rank the hospitals. The result is a list of hospitals ranked from best to worst based on the laid criteria. It can aid governing bodies in decision-making under an uncertain environment with multiple complex criteria to analyze.
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In this paper, a SEIR model proposed in an article “Dynamic analysis of mathematical model with health care capacity for COVID-19 pandemic” by S. Çakan (2020) is analysed. The model describes COVID-19 pandemic spread affected by healthcare capacity and is expressed by a system of delay differential equations. To prove the local stability of stationary states, S. Çakan uses linearization technique, though she does this as if the equations did not depend on the delay. Additionally, it is shown that the crucial argument used by S. Çakan to prove boundedness of the solutions is not correct, which implies that the proofs of global stability in the original article are not correct either. In this paper, improved proofs of local and global stability of the stationary states are provided. For local stability of the stationary states a standard linearization technique is used. Global stability of the stationary states is proved based on Lyapunov’s functionals. Although the functionals are the same as those proposed by S. Çakan, additional properties of the solutions (in the case of disease–free stationary state) and the functional (in the case of the endemic stationary state) are proved.
PL
W artykule rozważono model epidemiologiczny typu SEIR opisujący dynamikę rozprzestrzeniania się pandemii COVID-19 z uwzględnieniem wydolności służby zdrowia, zaproponowany przez S. Çakan w “Dynamic analysis of mathematical model with health care capacity for COVID-19 pandemic” (2020). Model jest opisany za pomocą układu równań różniczkowych z opóźnieniem. Nieznacznie zmodyfikowaliśmy układ zaproponowany przez S. Çakan i przeprowadziliśmy jego pogłębioną analizę. Dowody lokalnej stabilności przedstawione w oryginalnym artykule były oparte na linearyzacji, jednak pomijały zależność układu równań od opóźnienia. Dodatkowo wykazaliśmy, że kluczowy argument używany przez S. Çakan w dowodzie ograniczoności rozwiązań jest niepoprawny, co oznacza, że przedstawione przez nią powodu przedstawiamy tutaj poprawione dowody lokalnej i globalnej stabilności stanów stacjonarnych. W dowodzie lokalnej stabilności skorzystaliśmy z twierdzenia o linearyzacji dla układów równań różniczkowych z opóźnieniem, natomiast globalną stabilność wykazaliśmy korzystając z funkcjonałów Lapunowa. Przyjęliśmy funkcjonały Lapunowa zaproponowane przez S. Çakan, jednak po wcześniejszym udowodnieniu dodatkowych własności rozwiązań (dla stanu stacjonarnego wolnego od infekcji) oraz funkcjonału (w przypadku endemicznego stanu stacjonarnego). Dzięki temu uzyskaliśmy poprawne dowody globalnej i lokalnej stabilności stanów stacjonarnych.
Ethics issues are present in the daily life of every human being. This paper presents an overview of difficult, yet everyday ethics dilemmas, and general rules and tools helping in making ethical choices. These tools are: distinguishing facts from values, reasoning from principles, defining terms and clarifying concepts, comparing cases, thought experiments, logic, and recognizing and avoiding errors in reasoning. But ethical issues also appear on a bigger scale in every social group, including organizations. The paper contains a literature review and an analysis of it applied to the present day. The analysis includes topics of medical ethics, business ethics and ecoethics, and was conducted according to the basic tools used in ethical problem solving. There are also discussions about a key condition for performing ethical analysis, that is, the distinction between ethics and morality. An ethical solution is dictated by logical principles and based on facts, while respecting the tools of ethical reasoning. In contrast, accepted values are also taken into account when interpreting events morally.
Kanban jest systemem japońskim, który początkowo był wykorzystywany wyłącznie w produkcji. Wraz z jego upowszechnieniem zyskał na popularności i stał się koncepcją wdrażaną do innych dziedzin, znajdując zastosowanie w zakładach opieki zdrowotnej. Artykuł wskazuje możliwość użycia zasad Kanban w celu zwiększania efektywności zawodowej personelu medycznego.
EN
Kanban is a Japanese system that was initially used only in manufacturing. As it became more widespread, it gained popularity and became a concept that was implemented into other fields, finding application in healthcare facilities. The article shows the possibility of using Kanban principles to increase the professional efficiency of medical staff.
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This study provides empirical indicators on the presence of alarming mental stress levels among healthcare staffs as a result of the work environment. The study uses a comprehensive survey to identify work stressors and to addresses stress symptoms and coping behaviours among the healthcare givers in Jordan as a case study. The study aims to direct management’s attention to work conditions that largely contribute to increasing mental stresses among their healthcare staffs. Moreover, the study identifies out stress symptoms that employees, team leaders and managers should not ignore to help their fellow workers cope with their stresses through legitimate coping behaviours. A total of 300 responses from 176 nurses, 45 technicians and 79 physicians from three hospitals with high patient flows were included in the statistical analyses. Results demonstrate that stressors related to high job demands, especially long working hours, have the highest impact on the development of stress among surveyed caregivers. Job-demand stressors were the most significant predictor of the symptom recurrence level with a β = 0.334. Continual tiredness and frequent headaches were the most frequent stress symptoms. Taking unprescribed medications, smoking tobacco, and faking reasons to take time off were the most common behaviours to relieve stress. This study contributes to the literature theoretically and practically. From a theoretical perspective, the study provides a comprehensive survey that captures the symptoms, relieve behaviours and work-related causes of stress. From the practical perspective, the study helps care providers and healthcare managers address and resolve work stressors and help their staff adopt healthy behaviours to relieve their stresses.
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