Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

An assessment of coagulation process efficiency as a pre-treatment for reusing filtration backwash in water treatment plants

Wolska Małgorzata, Urbanska-Kozłowska Halina, Solipiwko-Pieścik Anna

Archives of Civil Engineering

|

2025

|

Vol. 71, nr 1

225--240

EN

The growing water deficit around the world contributes to the need to reduce water losses and implement a circular economy. This is the main reason for searching for additional water sources or limiting water losses. In the case of water supply companies, apart from water losses in the distribution system, the greatest amounts of water are used for filter backwashing.The returning of backwash to the drinking water system can be suitable method for recycling of 3-10% of water treated in water treatment plants (WTPs), but high levels of backwash pollution make pretreatment necessary prior to recirculation. Backwash from surface and infiltration water treatment plants is characterized by different level of pollution and types of contaminants, except for microorganisms, which are present in both backwash types. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulation as a method of pre-treating backwash before recirculation to the main water treatment system. Prehydrolized coagulant is characterized by a higher removal efficiency for all pollutants, which allows the use of smaller doses. Optimal doses were 5 mg/L and 7 mg/L for PAX XL3 and ALS coagulants respectively. Independent of doses and type of coagulants, coagulation and sedimentation processes did not provide enough efficiency of microorganism removal. The results of this study have found that it is necessary to include other processes, especially disinfection, for pre-treating backwash prior to recirculating it to the treatment system. On the other hand, the cost of backwash recirculation is higher than the cost of intake water.

PL

Rosnący deficyt wody na całym świecie przyczynia się do konieczności ograniczania jej strat i wdrażania gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Jest to główny powód poszukiwania dodatkowych źródeł wody lub ograniczania jej strat. W przypadku przedsiębiorstw wodociągowych, oprócz strat wody w systemie dystrybucji, największe ilości wody wykorzystywane są do płukania filtrów. Zawracanie popłuczyn do systemu oczyszczania wody do picia może być odpowiednią metodą odzysku 3-10% wody uzdatnionej w zakładach oczyszczania wody (ZOW), ale wysoki poziom zanieczyszczenia popłuczyn sprawia, że przed recyrkulacją konieczne jest ich wstępne podczyszczenie. Popłuczyny z zakładów oczyszczania wód powierzchniowych i infiltracyjnych charakteryzują się różnym poziomem zanieczyszczenia i rodzajami zanieczyszczeń, z wyjątkiem mikroorganizmów, które są obecne w obu typach popłuczyn. Celem tych badań była ocena skuteczności koagulacji jako metody wstępnego oczyszczania popłuczyn przed recyrkulacją ich do głównego systemu uzdatniania wody. Badania wykazały, że wstępnie zhydrolizowany koagulant charakteryzuje się wyższą skutecznością usuwania wszystkich zanieczyszczeń, co pozwala na stosowanie mniejszych dawek niż hydrolizującego siarczanu glinu. Optymalne dawki wynosiły odpowiednio 5 mg/l i 7 mg/l dla koagulantów PAX XL3 i ALS. Niezależnie od dawek i rodzaju stosowanych koagulantów, procesy koagulacji i sedymentacji nie zapewniały wystarczającej skuteczności usuwania mikroorganizmów. Wyniki badań wykazały, że konieczne jest włączenie innych procesów, zwłaszcza dezynfekcji, do wstępnego podczyszczania popłuczyn przed ponownym wprowadzeniem ich do systemu oczyszczania. Z drugiej strony, koszt recyrkulacji popłuczyn jest wyższy niż koszt ujęcia wody i odprowadzenia popłuczyn do środowiska jako ścieków.

2

Efficient Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Diverse Microbial Strains

Bendaoud Ahmed, Belkhiri Abdelkhalek, Hmamou Anouar, Tlemcani Sara, Eloutassi Noureddine, Lahkimi Amal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 10

353--362

EN

Forestry residues (FR) and medicinal-aromatic plant waste (MAPW) are considered potential resources for energy recovery. In this context, we explore the bioethanol production potential of three microbial strains Aspergillus niger, Zymomonas mobilis, and Trichoderma longibrachiatum using this lignocellulosic hydrolysate as a substrate. The blend of FR and MAPW was pretreated by different methods like acid sulfuric (AS), steam explosion (SE), and enzymatic (E). The ethanol yield was measured by gas chromatography (GC). Zymomonas mobilis demonstrated the highest ethanol yield of 5.95% on untreated substrate. Conversely, Aspergillus niger exhibited peak performance with an ethanol yield of 10.78% following AS, SE and E combined pretreatment. Trichoderma longibrachiatum, yielded ethanol ranging from 1.27% to 2.47%. Furthermore, the use of immobilized d’ Aspergillus niger strains revealed a small decrease in ethanol yield from 11.34% in the first cycle to only 5.02% in the sixth cycle. In conclusion, Aspergillus niger emerges as a promising candidate due to its dual functionality in pretreatment and ethanol fermentation, offering pathways for advancing sustainable biofuel technologies.

3

Wstępne uzdatnianie wody zasilającej instalacje membranowe w układach przygotowania wody zdemineralizowanej i wody do uzupełniania obiegów ciepłowniczych

Kłos Marcin, Sąkol-Sikora Dorota, Gumińska Jolanta

Instal

|

2024

|

nr 3

9--13

PL

Zastosowanie technik membranowych w przygotowaniu wód uzupełniających obiegi chłodnicze i wodno-parowe staje się już standardowym rozwiązaniem. Jest to spowodowane przede wszystkim rosnącymi wymogami w zakresie ograniczenia zasolenia odprowadzanych ścieków, co w wielu przypadkach eliminuje możliwość zastosowania tradycyjnego procesu wymiany jonowej. Efektywność technologiczna i ekonomiczna działania układów membranowych w głównej mierze uzależniona jest od jakości wody zasilającej membrany. Dlatego też systemy wstępnego uzdatniania wody zasilającej instalacje membranowe powinny być projektowane i eksploatowane w taki sposób, aby uzyskać jak najlepsze parametry jakościowe mające bezpośredni wpływ na skuteczność działania i żywotność membran. W praktyce sprowadza się to do usuwania z wody surowej substancji powodujących tzw. fouling membran do odwróconej osmozy. Do najpowszechniej spotykanych tego typu substancji należą związki organiczne wchodzące w skład tzw. Naturalnej Materii Organicznej (NMO) oraz mikrozawiesiny i związki koloidalne. Najbardziej efektywną metodą ich usuwania jest koagulacja. Jednak sposób realizacji koagulacji zależy od formy związków organicznych oraz ich podatności na sorpcję i strącanie. W artykule przedstawiono efekty implementacji procesu koagulacji zmiatającej w układzie wstępnego uzdatniania wody zasilającej instalacje membranowe w układach przygotowania wody zdemineralizowanej i wody do uzupełniania obiegów ciepłowniczych w zrealizowanym obiekcie.

EN

The use of membrane techniques in the preparation of water supplementing cooling and water-steam cycles is becoming a standard solution. This is primarily due to the increasing requirements to reduce the salinity of discharged sewage, which in many cases eliminates the possibility of using the traditional ion exchange process. The technological and economic efficiency of membrane systems operation mainly depends on the quality of water feeding the membranes. Therefore, pre-treatment systems for water supplying membrane installations should be designed and operated in such a way as to obtain the best possible quality parameters that have a direct impact on the effectiveness and service life of the membranes. In practice, this involves removing substances from raw water that cause the so-called fouling of osmotic membranes. The most common substances of this type include organic compounds included in the so-called Natural Organic Matter (NMO) and microsuspensions and colloidal compounds. The most effective method of removing them is coagulation. However, the method of coagulation depends on the form of organic compounds and their susceptibility to sorption and precipitation. The article presents the effects of implementing the sweep coagulation process in the pre-treatment system for water supplying membrane installations in systems for preparing demineralized water and water for supplementing heating circuits in the completed facility.

4

The influence of inoculum source and pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in the dark fermentation process

Domińska Marlena, Paździor Katarzyna, Ślęzak Radosław, Ledakowicz Stanisław

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

|

2024

|

Vol. 45, nr 2

art. no. e63

EN

The production of biohydrogen from food waste (FW) by dark fermentation (DF) is a promising technology for commercialisation, as it is both a clean fuel and a suitable means of sustainable waste management. The described experiments compared the biohydrogen production yields obtained after the use of inoculum from two different sources: digested sludge from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Lodz and sludge from the anaerobic treatment of dairy industry wastewater (DIW) (unconcentrated and double-concentrated). In addition, the effect of different temperatures (70, 90 and 121°C) of inoculum pretreatment on the biohydrogen production in DF was tested. The process was carried out batchwise at 37°C. The highest yield of hydrogen production was obtained after the inoculum pretreatment at 70°C. In addition, a higher amount of hydrogen could be obtained by using sludge from the WWTP as the inoculum (96 cm3 H2/gTVSFW) than unthickened sludge from the DIW (85 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). However, after thickening the sludge from the dairy industry, and at the same time balancing the dry matter of both sludges, the hydrogen production potential was comparable for bothsludges (for the WWTP sludge – 96 and for the DIW sludge – 93 cm 3 H 2/g TVSFW). The kinetics of hydrogen production was described by modified Gompertz equation, which showed a good fit (determination coefficient R2 between 0.909 and 0.999) to the experimental data.

5

Investigation of the effect of cyanidation after microwave roasting treatment on refractory gold/silver ores by characterization studies

Yoğurtcuoğlu Emine

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2023

|

Vol. 59, iss. 1

art. no. 157487

EN

In this article, the efficiency of microwave pretreatment, which is an environmentally friendly, low-energy consuming method for recovery from refractory gold-silver ores, was investigated. The ore sample belonged to the oxidized Bolkardağ deposit, which contains carbonate (calcite, dolomite, smithsonite, hydrozincite), silicate (quartz, hemimorphite), sulfate (beudantite, plumbo-jarosite), and iron oxy/oxyhydroxide (hematite, limonite) minerals. Sulfur/sulfate-bearing silver and gold minerals are found either together with gangue minerals or in inclusions. Approximately 90% gold and 48% silver recovery efficiencies were achieved with the cyanide process after microwave preroasting from the ore. Additionally, the ore, heat treatment product, and waste samples were investigated by characterization studies. In these studies, bond structures, mineral content, sample mass losses, element percentage content differences, and mineral percentage content differences in the samples were determined. As a result, the microwave pretreatment application in cyanidation was presented as a new research topic in terms of its application in the valuable refractory content of this type of oxide.

6

The Influence of Pretreatment and Post Treatment with Alkaline Activators on the Adsorption Ability of Biochar from Palm Oil Empty Fruit

Windiastuti Elsa, Indrasti Nastiti Siswi, Hasanudin Udin, Bindar Yazid, Suprihatin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 10

242--251

EN

Empty oil palm bunches (EFB) can be converted by hydrothermal carbonation process into biochar that can be used as low-cost adsorbent. This study aims to identify the effects of pretreatment and post-treatment using alkaline activators on the biochar characteristics produced from EFB. The activation process was carried out before and after pyrolysis by heating it using an autoclave at 121 °C for 90 minutes. Biochar was then soaked using NaOH or KOH with a concentration of 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% for 3h. The ability of biochar as an adsorbent was analyzed for its ability to absorb iodine and methylene blue. Iodine absorption analysis was carried out using the Titrimetric method, while the methylene blue absorption test was carried out using the Spectrophotometric method. Results of the analysis showed that the absorption capacity of the resulting biochar for iodine ranged from 208.86–616.32 mg/g, and the absorption capacity of biochar for methylene blue ranged from 62.53–81.11 mg/g.

7

Simple and Combined Pretreatment of a Mixture of Forestry and Aromatic-Medicinal Plant Waste by Chemical, Physical and Enzymatic Methods

Bendaoud Ahmed, Belkhiri Abdelkhalek, Maai Mohamed, Moubchir Tarik, Hmamou Anouar, Tlemcani Sara, Eloutassi Noureddine, Lahkimi Amal

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 4

376--383

EN

Forestry waste (FW) extracted parts ofmedicinal-aromatic plant waste (EPW) and unused parts (UPW) are considered potential resources for energy recovery (their heating value of approximately 19 MJ/kg).In order to valorize lignocellulosic biomass, a pretreatment process is required to hydrolyze the recalcitrant lignocellulosic complex into fermentable simple sugars. The aim of this study is to determine the best method of pretreatment that takes into account treatment time, efficiency, and environmental friendliness. The mixture of FW, EPW, and UPW was treated by simple and combined treatment using different methods like acid sulfuric (Ac), steam explosion (SE), and enzymatic (E) (cellulase and hemicellulase).The results showed that the combined and simple Ac treatments are the mostefficient compared with SE and E treatments in the hydrolysis of polysaccharide of cellulose with a rate respectively of 90.5% and 77.6% and hemicellulose with a rate respectively of 80.63% and 87.14%. In addition, both of the preceding methods release an important rate of total phenolic compounds. Combined treatment demands high time but is friendly (approximately 1 day), and Ac treatment is less time-consuming (about 25 min) but harmful to the environment and causes the corrosion of equipment.In conclusion, combined treatment can be the best method and the high time required can be reduced with the progress of the research.

8

Effect of Biological Pretreatment on Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Digestion: Using Growth Media for Methanogenic Bacteria and Kinetic Studies for Biogas Yield

Lihi Khadija, Auajjar Nabila, Hamdi Inass, Echchayeb Kaouatar, Attarassi Benaissa

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 12

178--186

EN

The valorization of sewage sludge, a by-product of wastewater treatment by anaerobic digestion (AD), is getting more attention as a result of the advantages it provides for the environment and economy. The current investigation is an experiment performed in a lab setting using a batch-operated anaerobic digestion reactor with a mesophilic temperature of 35°C. This study examined the generation of experimental biogas and biodegradability .The effect of pretreatment by methanogenic bacteria growth medium on anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was studied on three different concentrations of growth media, a control, and a low, medium and high concentration of culture medium, with cumulative biogas production of 610N ml /gVS added, 750 N ml /gVS added, 900 N ml /gVS added, 10 N ml /gVS added, respectively, with biodegradability rate of 52.16%, 56.5%, 74.04%, 28.70% respectively. Biogas production was enhanced at a medium concentration of culture medium and inhibited at a high concentration during anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge. Additionally, a theoretical biogas estimate was evaluated using four kinetic models (Logistic function, Modified Gompertz, Transference function, and First order); which were utilized to match the experimental biogas generation process involving the anaerobic digestion of untreated and pretreated sewage sludge by various concentrations of growth media of methanogenic bacteria . The kinetic findings demonstrated that both models, Modified Gompertz and Logistic function, were useful for predicting biogas output and matched experimental biogas production.

9

Biomethanation Potential and Enhancement of Acacia Leaves Waste Via Pretreatment and Co-Digestion Strategy

Hirunsupachote Supachai, Kullavanijaya Pratin, Chavalparit Orathai

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 5

237--250

EN

Acacia leaves waste biomass (AcLW) is an attractive feedstock for biomethane production by its generation amounts practically. This study evaluated the methane productivity of AcLW and its enhancement via alkaline pretreatment and co-digestion strategy. The effect of pretreatment conditions and process configuration on methane yields were investigated. The results showed that raw AcLW digestion in the single-stage process generated about 41.32 m3-CH4/kg VSadded, which increased significantly by 1.94–2.51 times to be 80.05–103.85 m3-CH4/kg VSadded for alkaline and 93.31–182.26 m3-CH4/kg VSadded for alkali-thermal pre-treated samples. The increase of NaOH concentration, soaking time and thermal supplementation affected methane productivity directly, while codigestion with pulp bio-sludge at identical solid conditions promoted about 3.38 times or 162.7 m3-CH4/kg VSadded compared to raw AcLW digestion. A profitable operation of two separated stages combining leaching bed acidification and CSTR was also depicted with 152.1 m3-CH4/kg VSadded.The maximum gases productivity of AcLW digestion was promoted with alkaline-thermal pre-treated biomass for 3.60–4.41 times increase with 67.02–75.59% of total solids reduction. This finding demonstrated the biomethanation potential of AcLW and its enhancement after pretreatment and co-digestion significantly, which increased its possibility as a biogas feedstock.

10

Wstępna obróbka nasion rzepaku promieniowaniem podczerwonym w celu poprawy wydajności tłoczenia oleju i jego właściwości chemicznych

Krajewska Marta, Osmólska Emilia

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2021

|

T. 100, nr 7

689--693

PL

Przeprowadzono badania nad możliwością zwiększenia uzysku oleju poprzez zastosowanie dodatkowej obróbki nasion rzepaku (Brassica napus L.) promieniowaniem podczerwonym (IR). Proces prowadzono przez 30, 60, 90, 120 oraz 150 s, w temp. 180°C. Średnia zawartość wody i tłuszczu w nasionach wynosiła odpowiednio 6,04 i 41,62%. Otrzymany olej oceniano pod względem zaawansowania zmian hydrolitycznych (liczba kwasowa), zawartości pierwotnych produktów utlenienia (liczba nadtlenkowa), stabilności oksydacyjnej w teście Rancimat oraz zawartości barwników karotenoidowych i chlorofilowych. Wykazano, że ogrzewanie za pomocą IR przez 150 s nasion rzepaku wpłynęło na zwiększenie wydajności tłoczenia oleju w stosunku do próby kontrolnej o ok. 14%. Równocześnie zaobserwowano zwiększenie stabilności oksydacyjnej olejów z nasion poddanych obróbce IR. Czas indukcji wzrastał stopniowo wraz z wydłużaniem czasu ogrzewania. Najlepszą stabilnością oksydacyjną (5,73 h) charakteryzował się olej rzepakowy otrzymany z nasion ogrzewanych przez 150 s.

EN

The pre-treatment of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was carried out at temp. of 180°C for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 s. The oil was assessed in terms of the degree of hydrolytic changes (AV, acid value), content of primary oxidn. products (PV, peroxide value), oxidative stability in the Rancimat test, and the content of carotenoid and chlorophyll pigments. The ir irradiation (for 150 s) of the rapeseed increased the oil pressing capacity by approx. 14% in comparison with the control sample. An increase in the oxidative stability of oils pressed from the ir-treated seeds was obsd. The best oxidative stability (5,73 h) was detd. in rapeseed oil obtained from seeds heated for 150 s.

11

Reducing Steaming Times in the Printing of Nylon/Elastane Blend Fabrics via Chemical Modification

Atav Riza, Yüksel Muhammed Fatih, Yakin İsmail

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

|

2021

|

Vol. 29, no. 1 (145)

81--85

EN

Nylon fibres are commonly used in blends with elastane. One of the problems encountered in the printing of nylon/elastane blend fabrics is the necessity of long steaming times for fixation, which causes an increase in energy consumption. In this study, the possibility of printing polyamide fabrics with 1:2 metal complex dyes for short steaming times was investigated. For this aim, laboratory and sample scale trials were performed to develop a method of chemically modifying fibres so that polyamide fabrics can be printed in short steaming times. Based on the results obtained in both trials, it was noticed that the steaming time for fixation could be reduced from 30 minutes to 15 minutes by printing with 1:2 metal complex dyes without causing a loss of printing yield and without affecting the fastness adversly in case of applying cationisation pretreatment with a modified quaternary polyalkylamine compound based product.

PL

Włókna nylonowe są powszechnie stosowane w mieszankach z elastanem. Jednym z problemów napotykanych przy drukowaniu tkanin z mieszanki nylon/elastan są długie czasy parowania podczas drukowania, które powodują wzrost zużycia energii. W pracy zbadano możliwość drukowania na tkaninach poliamidowych barwnikami metalokompleksowymi 1:2 dla krótkich czasów parowania. W tym celu przeprowadzono próby laboratoryjne i produkcyjne. Opracowano metodę modyfikacji chemicznej włókien, tak aby tkaniny poliamidowe mogły być drukowane w krótkim czasie parowania. Na podstawie wyników uzyskanych w obu próbach zauważono, że czas naparowywania, utrwalania można skrócić z 30 do 15 minut. Pożądany efekt uzyskano drukując z użyciem barwników metalokompleksowych 1:2 z zastosowaniem obróbki wstępnej kationizacyjnej produktem na bazie modyfikowanego czwartorzędowego związku polialkiloaminy. Skrócenie czasu parowania nie powoduje utraty wydajności drukowania i nie ma negatywnego wpływu na trwałość druku.

12

Ionic liquids in the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

Rodríguez Héctor

Acta Innovations

|

2021

|

no. 38

23--36

EN

The pretreatment is a key step in the processing of lignocellulosic biomass for its transformation into chemicals and materials of biorenewable origin. Ionic liquids, with their characteristic set of unique properties, have the potential to be the basis of novel pretreatment processes with higher effectiveness and improved sustainability as compared to the current state-of-the-art processes. In this opinion paper, the author provides a perspective on possible processing strategies for this pretreatment with ionic liquids, identifying different advantages as well as challenges to be overcome.

13

Effect of Pretreatment on the Smoothness Behaviour of Cotton Fabric

Sisodia Nidhi, Parmar M. S., Jain Saurbh

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

|

2019

|

Vol. 27, no. 5 (137)

47--52

EN

Before dyeing, woven cotton fabrics have been passed through different pretreatments like desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerising to enhance quality. In every treatment cotton fabric is treated with different chemicals and mechanical processes. After these treatments, the feel of the fabric has been changed. The change in feel or in terms of the hand value of treated fabrics were analysed by determining the bending length, crease recovery angle, SEM, FTIR, surface roughness and smoothness properties. Other physical properties viz. the tear and tensile strength were also evaluated. Fabric surface roughness and smoothness were determined using the Kawabata Evaluation System (KES) and digital image processing method. Using MATLAB software, digital image processing techniques were used to evaluate the roughness index. The study revealed that the pretreatment process alters the fabric surface. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) was carried out using SPSS software in order to establish the relationship between the pretreatment process effect on the bending length, smoothness and crease recovery angle.

PL

W celu poprawy jakości tkaniny bawełniane przed barwieniem poddawane są obróbce wstępnej składającej się z następujących etapów: odklejanie, szorowanie, wybielanie i merceryzowanie. Podczas każdego etapu tkanina bawełniana jest poddawana różnym procesom chemicznym i mechanicznym. Przebadano tkaniny SEM, FTIR, określono chropowatości powierzchni i gładkość. Oceniono również wytrzymałość na rozdarcie i rozciąganie. Chropowatość i gładkość powierzchni tkaniny określono przy użyciu Kawabata Evaluation System (KES), metody cyfrowego przetwarzania obrazu i oprogramowania MATLAB. Badanie ujawniło, że proces obróbki wstępnej zmienia powierzchnię tkaniny. Wyniki badań poddano analizie statystycznej.

14

Monosubstrate fermentation of chicken manure after pretreatment using cold and hot water extraction

Konkol I., Sołowski G., Cenian A.

Eco-Energetics : technologies, environment, law and economy

|

2019

|

T. 2

79--84

EN

Simple pretreatmentof raw chicken manureby cold and hot water extractionincreased the crucial for fermentation C:N ratio 2 to 2.7-fold. The pretreated chicken manure thus became suitable for methane fermentation as monosubstrate, this is due to higher C:N ratio. Cumulative methane and biogas production after pretreatment increasedabout 18–40% and 16–45%, respectively.

15

Mechanical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Methane Fermentation in Innovative Reactor with Cage Mixing System

Rusanowska P., Zieliński M., Dudek M., Dębowski M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 5

219--224

EN

Disintegration of lignocellulosic biomass for energy purposes has been extensively studied. The study aimed to investigate the influence of crushed and uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass on the biogas production in an innovative reactor. The substrate fed to the reactor was Sida hermaphrodita silage mixed with cow manure. The bioreactor had an innovative design of the mixing cage system. The mixing system of the bioreactor consisted of two cylindrical stirrers in the form of a cage. The cages simultaneously rotate around the axis of the bioreactor at against their own axes. The bioreactor is currently presented under the Record Biomap program (Horizon 2020). The bioreactor was operated at organic compounds loading of 2 kg/(m3∙d) and 3 kg/(m3∙d) and hydraulic retention time was 50 d and 33 d, respectively. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading of 2 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 680 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 570 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The biogas production under the organic compounds loading 3 kg VS/(m3∙d) was 730 L/kg VS from crushed lignocellulosic biomass and 630 L/kg VS from uncrushed lignocellulosic biomass. The crushing of substrate did not influence the methane content in the biogas. In all experiments, the biogas comprised about 54% of methane. The net energy efficiency was calculated as well.

16

Wykorzystanie promieniowania mikrofalowego do wspomagania procesu fermentacji alkoholowej biomasy

Nowicka A., Zieliński M., Dębowski M., Dudek M.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2017

|

Vol. 18, nr 2

109--116

PL

Przeprowadzenie obróbki wstępnej jest kluczowe szczególnie w przypadku wykorzystywania biomasy trudno-rozkładalnej, której podatność na biochemiczny rozkład na przykład w procesie fermentacji alkoholowej jest ograniczona. Procesy dezintegracji biomasy prowadzą do zniszczenia zwartych struktur i uwolnienia substancji organicznej do fazy rozpuszczonej w wyniku czego następuje wzrost stężenia rozpuszczonych, łatwo rozkładalnych substancji organicznych. Efektywna obróbka wstępna powinna spełniać kilka kryteriów, w tym zapewnić rozdział ligniny od celulozy, zwiększać udział celulozy amorficznej, zapewnić większą porowatość substratów, eliminować straty cukrów, ograniczać powstawanie inhibitorów, minimalizować koszty energii. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie możliwości wykorzystania elektromagnetycznego promieniowania mikrofalowego do wstępnego przygotowania biomasy roślinnej przed procesem fermentacji alkoholowej i porównanie efektywności opisywanej metody z innymi powszechnie wykorzystywanymi technikami obróbki wstępnej. Substrat poddany obróbce mikrofalowej wykazuje się szybkim tempem hydrolizy i wysoką zawartością glukozy w hydrolizacie, co powoduje zwiększenie wydajności procesu produkcji bioetanolu.

EN

Perform pretreatment is crucial particularly in the case of the use of hard-degradable biomass, the biochemical susceptibility to degradation, for example, alcoholic fermentation is limited. Biomass disintegration processes lead to the destruction of compact structures and release of the organic substance to the phase dissolved in a resultant increase in the concentration of dissolved easily degradable organic substances. Effective pretreatment should meet several criteria, including ensuring the separation of lignin from cellulose, to increase the share of amorphous cellulose, provide a higher porosity substrates, eliminate waste sugars limit formation of inhibitors, minimize energy costs. The aim of this paper is to show the possibilities of using electromagnetic microwave radiation for pre-treatment plant biomass before the fermentation process of alcohol and comparison of the effectiveness of the described method with other commonly used techniques of pre-treatment. The substrate subjected to microwave treatment has a fast rate of hydrolysis and a high content of glucose in the hydrolyzate, which increases the efficiency of the production of bioethanol.

17

The influence of a treatment process on the reaction to water of durable and water resistant wood/plastic composites

Hosseinihashemi S. K., Badritala A.

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

|

2017

|

vol. 60, nr 200

21--34

EN

In this study, the effect of the treatment process on the decay resistance and water absorption behaviour of wood flour/polypropylene composites was investigated. Composites based on ZB-pretreated, ZB-treated-during-manufacturing, and untreated wood flour, polypropylene were exposed to the decay by the white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for 14 weeks. The long-term water absorptions of samples were evaluated by immersing them in water at room temperature for several weeks, and water diffusion coefficients (WDC) were also calculated by evaluating the water absorption isotherms. The morphology of the composites was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the composite made with ZB-treated wood flour exhibited the same water absorption as the control composite; while the ZB-pretreated wood flour, produced the highest improvements in water absorption performance. The water absorption of WPCs increased after exposure to white- rot fungus, where the water absorption of the decayed UT-WPC, ZB-T-WPC, and ZB-PT-WPC specimens increased by 41.4%, 43.25%, and 36.7%, respectively compared to the undecayed UT-WPC, ZB-T-WPC, and ZB-PT-WPC specimens. The undecayed ZB- -treated sample and decayed ZB-pretreated composite exhibited the lowest and highest WDCs, respectively. The SEM micrographs revealed that the outer surface of the wood fibers were coated by some crystalline deposits of zinc borate. Much larger WDC values are observed from the ZB-pretreated and decayed composites when compared to the ZB-treated, control, and undecayed composites. The results of this study help to clarify the effect of T. versicolor on the dynamic moisture absorption process of WPCs impregnated with ZB.

18

Flotation of long flame coal pretreated by polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate

Ni C., Xie G., Li Z., Bu X., Peng Y., Sha J.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2016

|

Vol. 52, iss. 1

317--327

EN

In this investigation, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) was used to improve flotation of fine long flame coal. The flotation recovery of long flame coal could be increased when long flame coal was either pretreated or conditioned with Tween 60 in a flotation cell for a period before the addition of collector. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) technique was used to indicate surface properties of long flame coal. The results of FTIR show that there are many oxygen functional groups on the sur-face. Contact angle measurements were used to indicate changes in hydrophobicity of coal surface before and after Tween 60 and/or diesel pretreatments. The results of contact angle measurements show that hydrophobicity of coal can be increased by Tween 60. Tween 60 can also enhance adsorption of diesel on the coal surface, and hence floatability of long flame coal can be further improved. Tween 60 primarily enhances the flotation recovery of low density coal fractions (<1.5 and 1.5-1.8 kg/dm3). However, the increase in flotatation recovery is less significant with an excessive addition of Tween 60.

19

Oczyszczanie ścieków ze stacji naprawy samochodów

Piecuch T., Andriyevska L., Dąbrowski J., Dąbrowski T., Juraszka B., Kowalczyk A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2015

|

Tom 17, cz. 1

814--832

EN

The paper presents exploratory examinations on possibility of pre-treatment of wastewater containing gasoline and diesel fuel, that is wastewater “produced” in each car service and repair workshop and in gas station. It is a vast number of service points, which, though daily produce small amounts of wastewater but in the scale of the whole country amount of wastewater is substantial. Such wastewater is usually piped off into the sewage system. Often oily wastewater does not meet requirements set by local companies which own the municipal sewage treatment plants. Therefore, authors made have undertaken considerations on the concept of use the flotation process for pre-treatment of wastewater containing oil and gasoline, as a small wastewater treatment plant that could be installed in a separate room of garage or gas station. Example diagram is shown in Figure 5. This paper presents preliminary testing of a pilot-distinctive nature. Laboratory tests of flotation process were carried out in two independent study groups, ie. one with use of model wastewater and second with the use of real wastewater. Conducted examinations and analysis of the results allow to draw certain conclusions: 1. Wastewater from car service stations, mechanical garages and also gas stations are contaminated with oil derived compound, and although individual garage produces small amounts of wastewater, the sum of all wastewater in the scale of the whole country each day is substantial. 2. Proposed small installation for pre-treatment of oily wastewater, when implemented In the car service station or gas station will improve quality of wastewater daily inputted to sewage system. 3. The flotation process which is the first node of proposed technological installation does not treat wastewater sufficiently, but noticeably, and thus it allows to extend the life of an important node of the installation, that is sorption process. 4. Research should be continued on a small experimental plant installed in the car or gas station.

20

Puffingi wieprzowe - dobór obróbki wstępnej surowca

Pawlak T., Ryniecki A., Piątek M., Krzywdzińska-Bartkowiak M.

Przemysł Spożywczy

|

2015

|

T. 69, nr 12

15--17

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wpływ wybranych metod obrobki wstępnej plasterkow z surowego mięsa wieprzowego (musculus psoas major) na ocenę sensoryczną wytwarzanych z tego mięsa puffingow z wykorzystaniem suszenia mikrofalowo-próżniowego. Surowiec poddawano następującym metodom obróbki wstępnej: zamrażaniu, podgrzewaniu mikrofalowemu, tenderyzacji z wykorzystaniem proteazy tiolowej, peklowaniu oraz nakładaniu powłok zawierających dodatki funkcjonalne wpływające na strukturę mięsa. Przeszkolony zespoł oceniający określał wartości wskaźnika jakości sensorycznej pięciopunktową metodą skalowania i brał pod uwagę następujące wyrożniki jakości sensorycznej: barwę, zapach, smak oraz kruchość. Przedstawione i opisane w artykule metody obróbki wstępnej plasterków z mięsa wieprzowego wraz z procesem suszenia mikrofalowo-próżniowego umożliwiają uzyskiwanie kruchych porowatych suszy mięsnych. Stwierdzono, że puffingi o najlepszej ocenie sensorycznej, zwłaszcza o najlepszej kruchości, wytworzono w procesie tenderyzacji plasterków z surowego mięsa wieprzowego z zastosowaniem proteazy tiolowej.

EN

The article presents the influence of the selected methods of pretreatment of raw pork slices (musculus psoas major) on the sensory evaluation of puffing obtained from this meat using microwave-vacuum drying. The raw material was subjected to selected pretreatment methods such as: freezing, microwave heating, tenderization with thiol protease, curing as well as coating with functional additives that affect the meat structure. The trained evaluation team determined the value of the sensory quality index using the five-point scale method and took into account the following sensory quality attributes: color, aroma, taste and crispness. The methods of pretreatment of pork slices presented and described in this article together with the microwave-vacuum drying enable obtaining crispy porous dried meat. It has been stated that the tenderization of raw pork slices using thiol protease enabled obtaining puffing with the highest value of the sensory quality index especially the crispness factor.