Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Podwyższenie wytrzymałości złączy FSW wysokowytrzymałych stopów aluminium poprzez wykonywanie połączeń w środowisku wodnym

Kosturek Robert

Fastener : rynek elementów złącznych

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2025

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Nr 1

22--25

PL

Zastosowanie dodatkowego chłodzenia wodnego podczas procesu zgrzewania tarciowego z przemieszaniem pozytywnie przekłada się na parametry wytrzymałościowe badanych połączeń.

2

Otrzymywanie lekkich i wytrzymałych warstwowych kompozytów metalicznych i metaliczno-ceramicznych

Kowalski Wojciech

Fastener : rynek elementów złącznych

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2025

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Nr 1

32--36

PL

W jaki sposób można otrzymać kompozyty metaliczne i metaliczno-ceramiczne? Jakie metody należy zastosować, by połączyć różne metale?

3

Characterization of EN-AW-6061-O–graphite nanoflake composites for enhanced mechanical properties using multi-pass friction stir processing

Patil Namdev Ashok, Pedapati Srinivasa Rao, Kakkeri Shrishail, Pedapati Santoshi

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 3(85)

5--17

EN

In this study, graphite (Gr) nano flakes dispersion with increasing number of passes (1, 2, and 3) inside the resultant aluminium ENAW-6061-O-Gr composites using Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has been accomplished successfully. The objectives were to embed the Gr nanoflakes inside ENAW-6061-O-Gr composites, investigate the effect of number of FSP passes on the mechanical properties of aluminium 6061/graphite composites. The ENAW-6061-O-Gr composite samples were evaluated with tensile tests and elemental analysis through SEM with EDX and mapping. The dispersion and presence of graphite particles is confirmed. Multi-pass FSP improved the tensile strength of the ENAW-6061-O-Gr composites. The UTS of C3-Composite processed with three passes is 153.65 MPa, that is 24% of improvement compared to the unreinforced aluminium ENAW-6061-O base metal alloy.

4

Selected microstructural phenomena in FSW joints

Wciślik Wiktor

Structure and Environment

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2024

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Vol. 16, no. 2

97--110

EN

The article is a literature review on selected phenomena leading to microstructural changes in material welded using the friction stir welding (FSW) method. Particular attention was paid to the phenomena of grains recrystallization, as well as dissolution and reprecipitation of second phase particles, resulting from temperature changes during FSW. Temperature transformations in different zones of the FSW joints were characterized. The role of base material phase transformation in the formation of new particles is discussed. In the tested aluminum alloys and stainless steels, this process was particularly intensified in the heat affected zone (HAZ). In areas subjected to high temperature and significant plastic deformation (nugget zone and thermomechanically affected zone), this phenomenon did not occur or was characterized by small intensity. It was indicated that the phenomenon of particle formation clearly affects the strength parameters of the joint.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przegląd literatury dotyczący wybranych zjawisk prowadzących do zmian mikrostrukturalnych w metalach spawanych metodą zgrzewania tarciowego (FSW). Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zjawiska rekrystalizacji ziaren oraz rozpuszczania i ponownego wytrącania cząstek drugiej fazy, zachodzące jako efekt zmian temperatury podczas FSW. Scharakteryzowano zmiany temperatury w różnych strefach złączy FSW. Omówiono rolę przemian fazowych materiału podstawowego w powstawaniu nowych cząstek. W badanych stopach aluminium i stalach nierdzewnych proces ten był szczególnie nasilony w strefie wpływu ciepła (SWC). W obszarach narażonych na działanie wysokiej temperatury i znacznych odkształceń plastycznych (jądro zgrzeiny i strefa uplastycznienia termomechanicznego) zjawisko to nie występowało lub charakteryzowało się niewielkim natężeniem. Wykazano, że zjawisko tworzenia cząstek wyraźnie wpływa na parametry wytrzymałościowe złącza.

5

The effect of vibration frequency on shear punch strength and wear resistance of AZ70 magnesium matrix composite manufactured by FSVP

Liu Shoufa, Li Chunfeng, Huang Pengfei, Paidar Moslem, Qiao Xun, Zhou Yanan, Wang Jinpeng, Zhao Song

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 2

art. no. e58, 2024

EN

A friction stir vibration processing (FSVP) with different vibration frequencies (20 Hz, 40 Hz, and 80 Hz) was employed for the fabrication of AZ70/ZrO2–CeO2 surface composite with the aim of improving mechanical and wear performance. Thus, the influence of vibration frequency as a vital parameter on the microstructure and reinforcement distribution, shear punch strength (SPT), and wear behavior of the composites was investigated. The results indicated that the material flow, agglomeration of particles, and dislocation density were influenced by the increasing vibration frequency that can be contributed to the successive mechanical stirring-assisted plastic deformation/strain and further grain refinement. It was also demonstrated that when vibration frequency was increased, the shear punch strength (by about 34%) and wear resistance (by about 44%) of the developed composites improved.

6

Improving microstructural and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir welded AZ61/AZ40 joint

Wang Liang, Wang Jixiang, Cui Chengwu, Zhou Peishan, Wang Bin, Zheng Hualin

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 2

art. no. e66, 2024

EN

This study focuses on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of dissimilar magnesium alloy friction stir welded AZ61/AZ40 joints achieved at different traverse speeds (50-130 mm/min) and a constant rotation speed (1200 rpm). The surfaces of the welds are relatively smooth without any obvious surface defects except for the FSW joint at a traverse speed of 50 mm/min. The nugget zone (NZ) is bowl-shaped due to the tapered probe. The Mg-based alloys were sufficiently mixed with each other in the NZ, and the interface was irregular. In addition, the NZ exhibits fine equiaxed grains due to dynamic recrystallization (DRX), and the grain size decreases with increasing traverse speed. The welded joints show a relatively discontinuous microhardness, and the lowest microhardness occurs in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) on the advancing side (AS). The strength increases as the traverse speed increases from 50 to 70 mm/min and then decreases as the traverse speed increases continually. An exceptionally high tensile strength of 235 MPa was achieved at a traverse speed of 70 mm/min. The combined effects of high-density dislocations and fine second phases (η-Al8Mn5 and β-Mg17Al12 phase) promote mechanical properties.

7

Friction welding of UFG copper using the W2Mi prototype machine

Morawiński Łukasz, Jasiński Cezary, Goliński Jacek, Chmielewski Tomasz M.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 3

art. no. e139, 2024

EN

When welding ultra-fine-grained metals using conventional methods, the microstructure in the joint area is degraded (mainly due to recrystallization) in the heat-affected zone and a significant deterioration of mechanical properties, including joint strength. The aim of the research presented in this article was to identify the possibility of obtaining joints with strength close to initial material using friction welding of metal materials with ultra-fine grain. For this purpose, UFG (ultra-fine-grained) material was produced from technically pure M1Ez4 copper using a hybrid SPD (severe plastic deformation) process. The welding process was carried out on a machine with a prototype design that allows minimizing the welding time, while generating high force. The process parameters used on the prototype machine resulted in an increase in the hardness of the material by 4% in the joint area. The strength of the joint compared to the base material decreased slightly by 2%. The tests carried out proved that, using appropriate process parameters, it is possible to obtain a UFG metal joint without a decrease in its mechanical strength.

8

Microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of friction stir processed AA2014 alloy

Satyanarayana M. V. N. V., Kumar Adepu, Jain Vikram Kumar S., Kumar Rahul, Mishra Sushil

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 1

art. no. e43, 2023

EN

In the present study, a large-area stir zone (SZ) was fabricated in AA2014 alloy using multi-pass friction stir processing (FSP) with pin overlapping. The microstructure evolution, crystallographic texture, precipitation phenomenon, and tensile behavior were studied and reported. The microstructure of the large-area SZ consists of equiaxed fine grains with a high density of high angle boundaries caused by dynamic recovery (DRV) and continuous-dynamic recrystallization (C-DRX), and the grain refining has been uniform in each overlapping pass (the grain size within 4-7 μm range). The material flow around the pin caused by the stirring action of the tool contributed to the creation of a strong Brass-{110}<112>and A-{110}<111>components in the first pass of SZ. Unlike first pass SZ, the second to fifth-pass SZ presents Copper-{112}<111>and Cube- {001}<100>components due to an increase of heat input by the shoulder to participate multiple times on each overlapping SZ. The hardness and strength of the FSP sample were found to be lowered relative to a base metal. Simultaneously, the SZ ductility increased after FSP by 155% due to the material softening and dissolution of Al2Cu precipitates in the SZ. Kocks-Mecking plots of the BM and FSP samples witnessed the Stage-III of work-hardening behavior. The fine-grain structure and precipitation phenomenon in the FSP sample resulted in better corrosion resistance than the base metal.

9

Advances in friction stir welding of Ti6Al4V alloy complex geometries: T-butt joint with complete penetration

Ambrosio Danilo, Wagner Vincent, Vivas Javier, Dessein Gilles, Aldanondo Egoitz, Cahuc Olivier

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e182, 2023

EN

In this work, the friction stir weldability of Ti6Al4V T-joints has been investigated. Its aims are: (i) to study the influence of tool and welding parameters on weld quality, (ii) to assess the joints’ mechanical strength to foresee future applications, and (iii) to characterize Co-based FSW tools’ wear by following the wear during the tests. Welds’ defectivity is studied by cross-section macrographies analysis. Independently from welding parameters and tools, internal voids are avoided, and a suitable weldability window is identified. Microstructure observations have corroborated temperatures below the -transus point even in the nugget zone, guaranteeing joints’ maximum mechanical strengths at 96% and 87% of the base material for UTS and Y, respectively. Contrarily, elongation at break is very low, without reaching 20% of the base material. The failure is linked to section thinning and kissing bond defects at the joints’ corners. Additionally, tool wear proved to be a critical issue while friction stir welding Ti6Al4V. The inner part of the shoulder is the most sensitive to wear. The consequent high wear rate might be a problem for mass production. The work established the pertinence of assembling complex geometries of Ti6Al4V using friction stir welding, considering weld quality and the mechanical strength achieved. However, critical factors such as section thinning, kissing bond, and tool wear must be carefully addressed to avoid joints’ low elongation at break and to guarantee their mechanical strength.

10

Zjawiska cieplne związane z odkształceniem plastycznym w czasie rozciągania i ich interpretacja na poziomie mikroskopowym

Ostromęcka Małgorzata, Siwiec Jakub

Problemy Kolejnictwa

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2022

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Z. 195

49--56

PL

Zjawiska cieplne dotyczące odkształceń plastycznych mogą być powszechnie obserwowane. Wystarczy dotknąć zerwanej, czy zgiętej próbki, aby przekonać się, że w miejscu odkształcenia wzrosła temperatura. Obserwacje takie mogą być prowadzone w celu oceny jakościowej lub ilościowej. Niniejszy artykuł służy do jakościowego powiązania zmian zachodzących w strukturze odkształcanego materiału ze wzrostem temperatury zaobserwowanym przy użyciu kamery na podczerwień.

11

Zgrzewanie tarciowe z przemieszaniem blach cienkościennych z zastosowaniem podgrzewania

Ochałek Krzysztof

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2022

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Vol. 89, nr 1

10--13

PL

W pracy przedstawiono podstawowe informacje na temat zgrzewania tarciowego z przemieszaniem. Skupiono się na problemie, jakim są występujące podczas zgrzewania odkształcenia cienkościennych blach ze stopu 2024 T351. W celu zniwelowania deformacji zaprojektowano i wykonano uchwyt z płytą podgrzewającą elementy zgrzewane. Zabieg podgrzewania zgrzewanych blach ma na celu obniżenie naprężeń chwilowych, a co za tym idzie zmniejszenie ich a wykonywano przy tych samych parametrach.

EN

The paper depicts basic information concerning Friction Stir Welding. The main focus revolves around a problem which is deformation of thin-walled plates made out of 2024 T351 alloy which occurs when the plates are welded. In order to reduce these deformations a mount with panel that heats up welded elements has been designed and produced. The procedure of heating up welded plates intends to reduce temporary tensions and as a consequence of that it also reduces the deformation of the plates. All tests of welding were conducted under the same parameters.

12

Investigation on the microstructural and mechanical behavior of the friction stir welded RZ5/8 wt% TiB2 magnesium matrix composites

Meher Arabinda, Mahapatra Manas Mohan

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 4

art. no. e178, 2022

EN

Understanding the microstructural and mechanical behavior of the friction stir welded magnesium matrix composites is necessary for different applications in automobile and aerospace components such as fuel tanks, steering wheels, chassis, seat frames, etc. In the present study, friction stir welding of magnesium RZ5/8 wt% TiB2 metal matrix composites is carried out at different joining conditions. FESEM micrograph showed the refined equiaxed grains in the nugget zone and elongated grains in the thermo-mechanically affected zone. Better grain refinement with uniform distribution is achieved at the tool rotational speed of 931 rpm and traverse speed of 20 mm/min. During the joining of RZ5/8 wt% TiB2 composites, the maximum temperature measured in the nugget zone is 511 °C at the rotational tool speed of 1216 rpm and traverse speed of 20 mm/min. Hardness is maximum at the nugget zone, which is 30% higher than the base material. The heat-affected zone showed the lowest hardness due to the annealing induced grain growth. Tensile strength is maximum during the joining of the RZ5/8 wt% TiB2 composites at a tool rotational speed of 931 rpm because of the better grain refinement with uniform reinforcement distribution in the weld zone. The tensile residual stress is observed to be a maximum of 71.41 MPa at a depth of 2.5 mm from the top surface and compressive residual stress of 60.98 MPa at the bottom surface of the nugget zone. The residual stress increased with an increase in tool rotational speed due to the increase in shrinkage of the materials at the higher temperature.

13

Improving the quality of the friction welding process of steel components

Pacana Andrzej, Czerwińska Karolina

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2021

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Vol. 3, nr 1

47--54

EN

The aim of the study was to implement an integrally configured method of quality control of frictional welding of piston forgings intended for Diesel Man trucks. The use of the method (consisting of the 5W2H method, the Ishikawa diagram and the ABCD - Suzuki method) would contribute to the detection of the causes of non-compliance and consequently to the elimination of non-compliant products. Steel pistons have become the subject of research due to significant problems with maintaining their expected level of quality after the introduced structural and technological changes. The proposed method has helped to identify the root cause of non-compliance. It was: incorrect design of the combustion chamber in terms of diameter and depth. The study shows that it is advisable to use an integrated approach to finding the causes of quality problems on the example of the friction welding process. This was a new solution for the company, as no in-depth analyses of quality problems using a sequence of quality management techniques have been carried out so far.

14

Inter-relationship between microstructure evolution and mechanical properties in inertia friction welded 8630 low-alloy steel

Banerjee Amborish, Ntovas Michail, Da Silva Laurie, Rahimi Salaheddin, Wynne Bradley

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

244--262

EN

The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in AISI 8630 low-alloy steel subjected to inertia friction welding (IFW) have been investigated. The effects of three critical process parameters, viz. rotational speed, friction and forge forces, during welding of tubular specimens were explored. The mechanical properties of these weld joints, including tensile and Charpy V-notch impact were studied for determining the optimum welding parameters. The weld joints exhibited higher yield strength, lower hardening capacity and ultimate tensile strength compared to base metal (BM). The maximum strength and ductility combination was achieved for the welds produced under a nominal weld speed of ~ 2900–3100 rpm, the highest friction force of ~ 680–720 kN, and the lowest axial forging load of ~ 560–600 kN. The measured hardness distribution depicted higher values for the weld zone (WZ) compared to the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and BM, irrespective of the applied welding parameters. The substantial increase in the hardness of the WZ is due to the formation of microstructures that were dominated by martensite. The observed microstructural features, i.e. the fractions of martensite, bainite and ferrite, show that the temperature in the WZ and TMAZ was above Ac3, whereas that of the HAZ was below Ac1 during the IFW. The fracture surface of the tensile and impact-tested specimens exhibited the presence of dimples nucleating from the voids, thus indicating a ductile failure. EBSD maps of the WZ revealed the formation of subgrains inside the prior austenite grains, indicating the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallisation during the weld. Analysis of crystallographic texture indicated that the austenite microstructure (i.e. FCC) in both the WZ and TMAZ undergoes simple shear deformation during IFW.

15

Rotary friction welding of Al/Al2O3 Composites with Aluminium Alloys

Siedlec Robert, Strąk Cezary

Welding Technology Review

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2020

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R. 92, nr 6

23--34

EN

Friction welding is one of the most economical process of joining solid-state materials. This technique allows to weld similar and dissimilar materials in a very short time. Friction welding of metal with composites gives new possibilities of application, due to the fact that materials have different physical and mechanical properties. In the study, aluminum alloy 44200 was friction welded to Al/Al2O3 composite. In addition, the following inspections were performed: optical microscopy, microhardness measurements and also tensile strength for all joints produced by friction welding. All of the studies were performed to evaluate the quality of connection between the 44200 alloy and the composites on the aluminum alloy matrix reinforced with ceramic phase of Al/Al2O3.

PL

Zgrzewanie tarciowe to jedna z bardziej ekonomicznych metod trwałego łączenia materiałów w stanie stałym. Metoda ta umożliwia wykonywanie złączy zarówno jednoimiennych, jak i różnoimiennych w bardzo krótkim czasie. Zaletą zgrzewania tarciowego jest możliwość uzyskania złączy o wysokiej jakości. Zgrzewanie tarciowe kompozytów z metalami, stwarza nowe możliwości aplikacji, z uwagi na fakt, że oba materiały posiadają różne właściwości fizyczne oraz mechaniczne. W pracy przeprowadzono próby spajania stopu aluminium EN-AC-44200 z kompozytami Al/Al2O3. W opracowaniu przeprowadzono następujące badania złączy stop aluminium-kompozyt uzyskanych metodą zgrzewania tarciowego: mikroskopowe, twardości, mechaniczne (pomiar wytrzymałości na rozciąganie). Wykonane badania miały na celu ocenę jakości połączenia pomiędzy stopem 44200, a kompozytami na osnowie stopu aluminium wzmacnianymi fazą ceramiczną Al/Al2O3.

16

Innowacyjna technologia przygrzewania tarciowego kołków stalowych do blach lub płyt ze stali HSS i UHSS

Klimpel Andrzej

Fastener : rynek elementów złącznych

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2020

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nr 3-4

33--37

PL

W artykule opisano innowacyjną technologię zrobotyzowanego przygrzewania tarciowego kołków stalowych do powierzchni blach i płyt konstrukcji ze stali HSS i UHSS we wszystkich pozycjach zgrzewania.

17

Numerical simulation of plastic deformation in direct-drive friction welding of AISI 4140 and ASTM A106 steel tubes

Khosrowshahi J. Hashemi, Sadeghi M. H., Rasti A.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 4

268--280

EN

Direct-drive friction welding of ASTM A106 and AISI 4140 steel tubes has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. A remeshing technique was implemented to accurately simulate highly distorted flashes during the FE simulation. The results revealed that the circumferential thermal expansion led to a higher contact pressure at the inner diameter of the interface and consequently, inner flashes were formed up to 18% larger than the outer ones. The maximum temperature was also located at the outer diameter of the interface in the first moments of the process, then it moved towards the center of the section where there was a balance between the higher slipping rate at the outer section and greater pressure at the inner section of the joint. Validation tests showed the capability of the FE model in terms of temperature, flash cross-section, and axial shortening with the maximum difference of 18.6%.

18

Application of a device for the production of electrovalves by High Speed Friction Welding HSFW and FSW welding

Miara Damian, Matusiak Jolanta, Pietras Adam, Świetlik Mateusz, Zitti Saverio

Welding Technology Review

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2019

|

R. 91, nr 11

33--40

EN

In order to meet the current requirements of the automotive industry, associated with the creation of a machining center for the production of cylindrical welded and turned components for the construction of solenoid valves, innovative technologies are needed for joining different materials of construction. The article presents the results of the research on the applicability, production of steel electrovalves elements in the AISI303 and 11SMnPb30 grades, an innovative solution consisting in the combination of HSFW high speed friction welding and friction welding using the FSW method. As part of the research, inter alia, a welding station, selection of the shape and dimensions of tools, selection of welding parameters for the HSFW / FSW method, and tests of mechanical properties of the resulting joints were carried out. The obtained results indicate that the obtained connections are characterized by high and reproducible quality.

PL

W celu spełnienia obecnych wymagań branży motoryzacyjnej, związanych ze zbudowaniem centrum obróbczego do wytwarzania cylindrycznych komponentów zgrzewanych i toczonych do budowy elektrozaworów, potrzebne są innowacyjne technologie łączenia różnoimiennych materiałów konstrukcyjnych. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące możliwości zastosowania, do produkcji elementów elektrozaworów ze stali w gat. AISI303 oraz 11SMnPb30, innowacyjnego rozwiązania polegającego na połączeniu technologii zgrzewania tarciowego wysokoobrotowego HSFW oraz zgrzewania tarciowego metodą FSW. W ramach badań opracowano m.in. stanowisko do zgrzewania, dokonano doboru kształtu i wymiarów narzędzi, doboru parametrów zgrzewania dla metody HSFW/FSW oraz przeprowadzono badania własności mechanicznych powstałych złączy. Uzyskane rezultaty wskazują, że otrzymane połączenia cechują się wysoką i powtarzalną jakością.

19

Innowacyjna technologia przygrzewania tarciowego kołków stalowych do blach lub płyt ze stali HSS i UHSS

Klimpel Andrzej

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2019

|

nr 1-2

119--121

PL

W artykule opisano innowacyjną technologię zrobotyzowanego przygrzewania tarciowego kołków stalowych do powierzchni blach i płyt konstrukcji ze stali HSS i UHSS we wszystkich pozycjach zgrzewania. Podano podstawowe parametry procesu przygrzewania tarciowego kołków stalowych do blach i płyt ze stali HSS i UHSS. Proces ten zapewnia znaczne zwiększenie jakości i własności mechanicznych złączy kołek + blacha lub płyta, dużą łatwość sterowania parametrów zgrzewania i monitorowania jakości procesu zgrzewania, jak i wysoką ekonomiczność oraz bezpieczeństwo pracy. Opisano stanowisko do zrobotyzowanego przygrzewania tarciowego kołków wyposażone w system monitorowania i sterowania jakością złączy zgrzewanych w czasie rzeczywistym.

20

Regression modeling and neural computing for predicting the ultimate tensile strength of friction stir welded aerospace aluminium alloy

Mishra Akshansh, Vance Jonathan Ve

Journal of Mechanical and Energy Engineering

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2019

|

Vol. 3, No 3

221--226

EN

AA7075 is an aluminum alloy which is almost as strong as steel, yet it weighs just one third as much. Unfortunately its use has been limited, due to the fact that pieces of it could not be securely welded together by the traditional welding process. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) process overcomes the limitations of conventional welding process. In our present work we have used Artificial Neural Network which is Artificial Intelligence based technique used for prediction purpose. The main objective of our present work is to compare the predicted results of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) of Friction Stir welded similar joints through Regression modeling and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling. It was observed that the linear regression algorithm is able to make more accurate predictions compared to neural network algorithm for small dataset.