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1

Comparative Analysis of Single Pile with Embedded Beam Row and Volume Pile Modeling under Seismic Load

Putri Sumarsono Queen Arista Rosmania, Munawir As'ad, Harimurti

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2023

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Vol. 45, nr 1

28--40

EN

Indonesia is located between the Eurasian, Pacific, Philippines, and Indo-Australian plates. Various tectonic processes in the world and collisions between large plates and several small plates trigger many earthquakes in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the response of bored piles in the Auditorium Building of Brawijaya University toward seismic loads through analytical and numerical approaches based on finite elements with 2D (embedded beam row) and 3D (volume pile) modeling, where the analysis approach of pile deformation and lateral resistance with numerical methods will depend on idealization of the model used. In addition, the lateral resistance was compared based on combination lateral loads, pile stiffness, and soil stiffness when the values were different. The 2D finite element analysis reduces lateral resistance but overestimated the deflection on the pile surface. This is because in the 2D finite element modeling with an embedded beam row that the friction factor represented by the spring can reduces the stiffness and the pile–soil is tangent, so that there is no slipping against each other. In addition, the 3D finite element analysis with volume pile modeling increases soil stiffness at greater depths and the friction factor (interface) can improve the interaction between the soil and pile.

2

Ocena pracy żelbetowej konstrukcji podziemnego zbiornika na wodę

Drobiec Łukasz, Recha Faustyn

Przegląd Budowlany

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2023

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R. 94, nr 3-4

39--46

PL

W pracy opisano przebieg nieniszczących badań konstrukcji podziemnego zbiornika na wodę oraz przeprowadzoną analizę statyczno-wytrzymałościową. W zakres wykonanych prac wchodziła pełna inwentaryzacja obiektu, badania nieniszczące ścian i stropu zbiornika oraz analiza numeryczna pracy całego obiektu z wykorzystaniem programu opartego na MES. Określono możliwość dalszego użytkowania zbiornika.

EN

The paper describes the course of non-destructive testing of the structure of the underground water tank and the static and strength analysis performed. The scope of work included a full inventory of the facility, non-destructive testing of the walls and ceiling of the tank, and numerical analysis of the operation of the entire facility using a program based on MES. The possibility of further use of the tank was determined.

3

Discussion around IR material and structure issues to go toward high performance small pixel pitch IR HOT FPAs

Gravrand Olivier, Baier Nicolas, Ferron Alexandre, Rochette Florent, Lobre Clément, Bertoz Jocelyn, Rubaldo Laurent

Opto-Electronics Review

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2023

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Vol. 31, Special Issue

art. no. e144561

EN

In the last decade, infrared imaging detectors trend has gone for smaller pixels and larger formats. Most of the time, this scaling is carried out at a given total sensitive area for a single focal plane array. As an example, QVGA 30 μm pitch and VGA 15 μm pitch exhibit exactly the same sensitive area. SXGA 10 μm pitch tends to be very similar, as well. This increase in format is beneficial to image resolution. However, this scaling to even smaller pixels raises questions because the pixel size becomes similar to the IR wavelength, but also to the typical transport dimensions in the absorbing material. Hence, maintaining resolution for such small pixel pitches requires a good control of the modulation transfer function and quantum efficiency of the array, while reducing the pixel size. This might not be obtained just by scaling the pixel dimensions. As an example, bulk planar structures suffer from excessive lateral diffusion length inducing pixel-to-pixel cross talk and thus degrading the modulation transfer function. Transport anisotropy in some type II superlattice structures might also be an issue for the diffusion modulation transfer function. On the other side, mesa structures might minimize cross talk by physically separating pixels, but also tend to degrade the quantum efficiency due to a non-negligible pixel fill factor shrinking down the pixel size. This paper discusses those issues, taking into account different material systems and structures, in the perspective of the expected future pixel pitch infrared focal plane arrays.

4

Study on the stress intensity factor of a compact specimen under the pre-compressed load condition

Wu Dongquan, Liu Zixiang, Li Dinghe, Zhang Zhiqiang, Chen Jianguo

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2023

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Vol. 61 nr 1

37--47

EN

Structural components are often operated under combined stress conditions (primary and secondary stresses), but the stress levels generated by residual stress (or secondary stress) is hardly ever evaluated. Hence, stress intensity factors at the crack tips of a compact tension (CT) specimen under a pre-compressed load condition are analyzed using the finite element method. Then, the average residual stress intensity factor is calculated and analyzed. As the crack length α0/W increases, the average residual stresses σave/σ0 grows under the same pre-compression load. σave/σ0 increases rapidly at a low range of the pre-compression load but tends to a constant in a high range of the load. The distribution of the average residual stress intensity factors Kave and Κave/σ0 of the CT specimen with same crack length under different pre-compression loads have the same tendency. Additionally, the distribution of Κave and KFEM under different pre-compression loads are also similar. Nevertheless, Kave estimated by the average residual stress is too conservative and not accurate, and the method is complex, which depends on the analysis of simulation. Therefore, a simple method for calculating Mode I stress intensity factor K for this model is presented. A group of examples is presented to verify the accuracy of the method.

5

Impact of material nonlinearity of dam-foundation rock system on seismic performance of concrete gravity dams

Ouzandja Djamel, Messaad Mokhtar, Berrabah Amina Tahar, Belhrizi Mohamed

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2023

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Vol. 61 nr 1

49--63

EN

This paper shows the impact of material nonlinearity of a dam-foundation rock system on seismic performance of Oued Fodda concrete gravity dam, located at northwestern side of Algeria. For the purpose, a three-dimensional dam-foundation rock system finite element model is employed in analyses. The hydrodynamic interaction between reservoir water and dam-foundation system is implicitly taken into consideration by the Westergaard approach using surface finite elements added to dam-fluid and foundation-fluid interfaces. The concrete material model is used to present the cracking of dam concrete under a seismic load the using smeared crack approach based on the Willam and Warnke failure criterion. The materially nonlinear analysis for both dam concrete and foundation rock is performed using Drucker- -Prager model. According to numerical results, tensile stresses and maximum strains reduce significantly in the materially nonlinear model. In addition, the cracking areas in the dam decrease also when material nonlinearity characteristics of the dam-foundation rock system is considered in analyses.

6

Analytical study on the cutting force and residual stress in whirlwind milling of a large screw

Guo Qin, Wang Yulin, Zhou Bin

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2023

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Vol. 61 nr 1

65--76

EN

The finite element method (FEM) is developed to simulate a discontinuous cutting in the whirlwind milling. Firstly, a simplified arc-cutting model for simulating the actual circular cutting, and a plane-cutting model for simplification were both developed and verified by experiments. Then, the effects of cutting parameters on the cutting force and residual stress were effectively investigated based on the plane-cutting model. Moreover, a plane-second- -cutting model was further developed. It showed that a minor decrease of cutting force and a higher maximum compressive stress were generated in the second cutting. Those results were conducive to predict and improve the whirlwind milling.

7

Analysis of structural solutions of reinforced concrete tanks used in agricultural farms

Żakowicz Anna, Zimiński Kamil, Obolewicz Jerzy

Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa Obiektów Antropogenicznych

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2023

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Nr 1

22--32

EN

The article presents the types of the most common underground or partially sunken tanks used on farms. The analyzed tanks were designed for the storage of zoonotic fertilizers. Solid or semi-liquid fertilizers should be stored in livestock premises in sealed tanks, protected from leakage into the ground. Basic static schemes of tanks and types of loads acting on tanks were considered. The durability and leak-tightness of the tanks were also addressed, and the insulation used to protect the walls and bottom plate of the tanks was discussed. A computational example presents the values of loads acting on the various elements of the tank at two computational schemes, and compares the results obtained by two computational methods, i.e., the separated plate method and the finite element method. The discrepancies in the obtained results were pointed out. Recommendations were formulated for the design of tanks in terms of meeting the tightness criterion. FEM calculations were made for two cases: with and without consideration of the soil stiffness.

8

Influence of the variety of steel tube materials on the impedance behavior of non-destructive eddy current testing

Ziani Djamel, Bendimerad Salah-Eddine, Ayad Abdelghani

Diagnostyka

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2023

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Vol. 24, No. 2

art. no. 2023207

EN

This article describes the effects of non-destructive eddy current testing (ECT) on steel pipes. To improve the accuracy of ECT, it is considered important to use numerical analysis. However, we propose finite element modeling for eddy current testing of cracked pipes. The end of this paper describes the results of finite element modeling and numerical analysis for eddy current testing of cracked steel pipes. The results obtained from this method are very similar and consistent with the experimental data. It is proved that the simulation method is also valid for other work.

9

The role of die definition in the numerical simulations of two-points incremental forming processes

Perzynski Konrad, Pawlikowski Kacper, Madej Łukasz

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2023

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Vol. 23, No. 1

5--12

EN

The main objective of this work is to investigate the influence of the definition of dies type in the finite element simulation of the two-points incremental forming processes (TPIF). Particular attention is on determining the effect of assigning elastic properties for the 3D printed dies or considering fully rigid on the final results. During the research, three different shapes of dies were analyzed. Simulation results in the form of sheet thickness distributions and measured forces are presented for comparison purposes.

10

Damage localization in truss girders by an application of the discrete wavelet transform

Knitter-Piątkowska Anna, Kawa Olga, Guminiak Michał Jan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 1

art. no. e144581

EN

The paper demonstrates the potential of wavelet transform in a discrete form for structural damage localization. The efficiency of the method is tested through a series of numerical examples, where the real flat truss girder is simulated by a parameterized finite element model. The welded joints are introduced into the girder and classic code loads are applied. The static vertical deflections and rotation angles of steel truss structure are taken into consideration, structural response signals are computed at discrete points uniformly distributed along the upper or lower chord. Signal decomposition is performed according to the Mallat pyramid algorithm. The performed analyses proved that the application of DWT to decompose structural response signals is very effective in determining the location of the defect. Evident disturbances of the transformed signals, including high peaks, are expected as an indicator of the defect existence in the structure. The authors succeeded for the first time in the detection of breaking the weld in the truss node as well as proved that the defect can be located in the diagonals.

11

Dynamic loads on the roof plate of the wheeled carrier during the firing of a 30 mm cannon

Wiśniewski Andrzej

Archiwum Motoryzacji

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2023

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Vol. 99, nr 1

53--65

EN

On the battlefield, modern vehicles perform a variety of roles. Transportation is one of the most fundamental. Operating in different terrains, including urban areas, means exposing the crew to different hazards. To increase crew protection, passive and active protection systems are used. On the other hand, in addition to protection, support of the infantry in offensive operations is an equally important activity. The most common solution for medium wheeled vehicles is a manned turret. The weapon is a 30 mm cannon. Nowadays, there is a trend towards installing systems that allow such weapons to be operated remotely. This minimises the exposure of highly trained personnel. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of the dynamic loads on the roof-plate structure of a wheeled armoured personnel carrier resulting from the firing of the vehicle's main armament. It includes the values of the strains and stresses in the upper plate structure and the forces transmitted by the brackets connecting the roof plate to the bottom plate, and an assessment of the risk of using such a system on the safety of the vehicle structure and its crew.

12

Investigation of the Effect of Non-Flat Surfaces on the Performance of Perforated Acoustic Absorber

Hashemi Zahra, Fahim Ali, Monazzam Mohammad Reza

Archives of Acoustics

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2023

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Vol. 48, No. 2

171-181

EN

In order to investigate the effect of the surface shape on the performance of perforated panels, three non-flat shapes were considered for perforated panel with their absorption performance compared with the usual shape of the (flat) perforated panel. In order to simulate the absorption coefficient of a non-flat perforated panel, the finite element method was implemented by the COMSOL 5.3a software in the frequency domain. Numerical simulation results revealed that all the shapes defined in this paper improve the absorption coefficient at the mid and high frequencies. A and B shapes had a higher performance at frequencies above 800 Hz compared to the flat shape. Also, shape C had a relative superiority at all frequencies (1–2000 Hz) compared to the reference shape; this superiority is completely clear at frequencies above 800 Hz. The maximum absorption coefficient occurred within the 400–750 Hz range. After determining the best shape in terms of absorption coefficient (shape C), a perforated panel of 10 m2 using fiberglass fibers and desired structural properties was built, and then it was also subjected to a statistical absorption coefficient test in the reverberation chamber according to the standard. The results of the statistical absorption coefficient measurement showed that the highest absorption coefficient was 0.77 at the frequency of 160 Hz. Also, to compare the experimental and numerical results, these conditions were implemented in a numerical environment and the statistical absorption coefficient was calculated according to the existing relationships. A comparison of the numerical and laboratory results revealed acceptable agreement for these two methods in most frequency spectra, where the numerical method was able to predict this quantity with good accuracy.

13

Investigations into the stability of thin-walled composite structures with top-hat cross-sections

Czajka Błażej

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

311--316

EN

This paper presents a study of compressed thin-walled composite columns with an open cross-section. The tested specimens with a top-hat cross-section were made of CFRP material. Two arrangements of composite layers [0/-45/45/90]s and [90/0/90/0]s were compared. The paper focuses on the buckling phenomenon and the determination of the critical loads of the structure. It includes both numerical analyses using the finite element method (FEM) and validation on real specimens made using the autoclave technique. A comparison is made between the results obtained by both methods. The critical forces of the real specimens were determined using the P-wc3 approximation method. Both the evaluation of the buckling shape and the values of the critical forces showed a significant correlation between the experimental and numerical tests. This paper also compares the tested lay-ups.

14

Failure analysis of beam composite elements subjected to three-point bending using advanced numerical damage models

Różyło Patryk

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 1

133-144

EN

This paper deals with the experimental and numerical analysis of three-point bending phenomenon on beam composite profiles. Flat rectangular test specimens made of carbon–epoxy composite, characterised by symmetric [0/90/0/90]s laminate ply lay-up, were used in this study. Experimental testing was carried out with a COMETECH universal testing machine, using special three-point bending heads. In addition, macroscopic evaluation was performed experimentally using a KEYENCE Digital Microscope with a mobile head recording real-time images. Parallel to the experimental studies, numerical simulations were performed using the finite element method in ABAQUS software. The application of the above-mentioned interdisciplinary research techniques allowed for a thorough analysis of the phenomenon of failure of the composite material subjected to bending. The obtained research results provided a better understanding of the failure mechanism of the composite material.

15

Experimental and numerical study of the effect of the presence of a geometric discontinuity of variable shape on the tensile strength of an epoxy polymer

Saada Khalissa, Amroune Salah, Zaoui Moussa, Houari Amin, Madani Kouider, Hachaichi Amina

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 2

192--199

EN

The presence of geometric discontinuity in a material reduces considerably its resistance to mechanical stresses, therefore reducing the service life of materials. The analysis of structural behaviour in the presence of geometric discontinuities is important to ensure the proper use, especially if it is regarding a material of weak mechanical properties such as a polymer. The objective of the present work is to analyse the effect of the notch presence of variable geometric shapes on the tensile strength of epoxy-type polymer specimens. A series of tensile tests were carried out on standardised specimens, taking into account the presence or absence of a notch. Each series of tests contains five specimens. Two notch shapes were considered: circular (hole) and elliptical. The experimental results in terms of stress–strain clearly show that the presence of notches reduces considerably the resistance of the material, where the maximum stress for the undamaged specimen was 41.22 MPa and the lowest stress for the elliptical-notched specimen was 11.21 MPa. A numerical analysis by the extended finite element method (XFEM) was undertaken on the same geometric models; in addition, the results in stress–strain form were validated with the experimental results. A remarkable improvement was obtained (generally an error within 0.06%) for strain, maximum stress, Young’s modulus and elongation values. An exponential decrease was noted in the stress, strain, and Young’s modulus in the presence of a notch in the material.

16

The influence of shot peening on the stress state in the adhesive layer and the load capacity of adhesive joints

Zielecki Władysław, Godzimirski Jan, Ozga Ewelina

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2022

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nr 2

32--40

EN

The aim of the article was to determine the influence of shot peening of the outer surface of the overlap on the stress state in the adhesive layer and the load capacity of single lap adhesive joints made of EN AW-2024-T3 aluminum alloy. Experimental investigations and numerical simulations were carried out. According to the results of experimental analyses, shot peening with balls with a diameter of 1 mm for 120 s with a compressed air pressure of 0.5 MPa increased the load capacity of the adhesive joints by 33%. Numerical simulations have shown that shot peening, by deforming the joined elements, reduces the stress perpendicular to the surface of the adhesive layer which results in a reduction of equivalent (von Misses) stress and an increase in strength of adhesive joints.

PL

Celem artykułu było określenie wpływu pneumokulkowania zewnętrznej powierzchni zakładki na stan naprężeń w spoinie klejowej oraz nośność połączeń klejowych jednozakładkowych wykonanych ze stopu aluminium EN AW-2024-T3. W ramach badań przeprowadzono doświadczenia eksperymentalne i obliczenia numeryczne. Zgodnie z wynikami doświadczeń eksperymentalnych, pneumokulkowanie połączeń klejowych kulkami o średnicy 1 mm w czasie 120 s z ciśnieniem sprężonego powietrza wynoszącym 0,5 MPa przyczyniło się do wzrostu nośności połączeń klejowych o 33%. Obliczenia numeryczne wykazały, że pneumokulkowanie, poprzez odkształcenie klejonych elementów, zmniejsza naprężenia prostopadłe do powierzchni spoiny klejowej, co skutkuje zmniejszeniem jej wytężenia (naprężenień zredukowanych) i wzrostem wytrzymałości połączeń klejowych.

17

The evolution of the shape of composite dowels

Lorenc Wojciech, Seidl Günter, Berthellemy Jacques

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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Vol. 44, nr 4

296--316

EN

Composite dowels have opened new possibilities for engineers designing composite structures. The fundamental and most important characteristic of composite dowels is the shape of the cutting line. It is important to understand why only one particular shape of the cutting line is used in bridge engineering, while so many different shapes have been investigated by many researchers. The essential part of the process of developing composite dowels – the development of the shape of the cutting line – is presented in this paper. The influence of the steel web thickness is presented, and technological problems of steel fabrication are highlighted. The role of empirical experience from the first bridges, push-out tests, and finite element simulations is presented. Assumptions for numerical procedures are given. The distinction between the steel failure and concrete failure modes is introduced for composite dowels. The paper presents how the concept of “shape” was divided into “shape,” “ratio,” and finally “size,” and how, because of the fatigue problems in bridges, all the three factors have emerged to result in the form of shapes that can satisfy the requirements for bridges. Research leading to the invention of the first version of the clothoidal shape is presented.

18

Influence of Permanent Deflections on The Vibrations of Bridge Spans in Operating Conditions

Kużawa Mieszko, Mróz Aleksander, Bień Jan

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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Vol. 44, nr 2

97--113

EN

The paper presents the method and results of numerical simulations of the mutual dynamic interactions between vehicles and the bridge structure, which has defect in the form of excessive permanent deformations. The parametric analyses were carried out taking into account the following parameters: permanent deflections of spans, with a maximum value ranging from 0 to 150 mm, vehicle speed from 10 m/s (36 km/h) to 30 m/s (108 km/h), and two types of heavy vehicle suspension systems, each with very different properties. The presented analyses are based on the characteristics of real motorway bridge structure with permanent deflections of the multi-span main girders, constructed of steel beams and reinforced concrete slab. The proposed procedure of dynamic numerical analysis can also be useful in the assessment of the influence of permanent deflections on the interactions between vehicles and other types of bridge structures.

19

Finite element and fatigue analysis of flexible pavements based on temperature profile modeling

Cho Seoyoung, Lakatos Éva

Roads and Bridges - Drogi i Mosty

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2022

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Vol. 21, no. 2

103--116

EN

The effect of temperature on asphalt pavement structure is of great importance due to the nature of binder used in the asphalt layers. An equivalent temperature is commonly applied to eliminate the effect of temperature dependence in calculations of mechanical properties of the asphalt and of the pavement. Equivalent temperatures, applied as constant values, are supposed to have the same effect on fatigue behavior of the pavement in the period of one year as the real varying weather conditions. The aim of the presented research was to compare the behavior of the pavement under realistic temperature data throughout a single year with the results of the traditional pavement design method. Temperature data were obtained from a previously established weather station. Binder viscosity and asphalt dynamic modulus were defined based on the temperature profile for asphalt layers divided into 19 sublayers. This subdivision was introduced to better reflect the changes in strength characteristics of the asphalt layers along the depth of the structure. Comparison with the simple calculation using the equivalent temperature method showed that the detailed model outlined in this paper can provide better prediction of the overall pavement structural capacity. The focus of this study is to apply asphalt layer discretization to reflect temperature variation and its influence on changes in strength properties of asphalt mixtures. Temperature at each sublayer was estimated using the German specification, dynamic modulus was determined using the Witczak model, and the structural analysis was performed employing the finite element method.

PL

W przypadku podatnych nawierzchni drogowych wpływ temperatury ma bardzo duże znaczenie ze względu na właściwości lepiszcza zastosowanego w warstwach asfaltowych. Aby wyeliminować w obliczeniach zmienność właściwości mechanicznych warstw asfaltowych, zastosowano temperaturę ekwiwalentną – stałą pojedynczą wartość temperatury, przy której szkoda zmęczeniowa w ciągu roku powinna w założeniu odpowiadać łącznej wielkości szkód zmęczeniowych przy rzeczywistych zmiennych warunkach pogodowych. Celem przedstawionych badań było obliczeniowe porównanie pracy nawierzchni przy realistycznych danych temperaturowych z okresu jednego roku z wynikami tradycyjnej metody z temperaturą ekwiwalentną. Dane temperaturowe pozyskano z założonej wcześniej stacji meteorologicznej. Lepkość asfaltu i moduł dynamiczny mieszanki mineralno-asfaltowej zostały określone na podstawie profilu temperatury w warstwach asfaltowych podzielonych na 19 podwarstw. Taki podział miał na celu lepsze odzwierciedlenie zmian właściwości mechanicznych warstw asfaltowych w zależności od głębokości. Porównanie z prostszymi obliczeniami wykonanymi z zastosowaniem temperatury ekwiwalentnej wykazało, że opisany w artykule bardziej szczegółowy model może zapewnić lepszą prognozę wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej nawierzchni. Duży nacisk położono na dyskretyzację warstw asfaltowych w celu odzwierciedlenia zmienności temperatury i jej wpływu na właściwości mechaniczne mieszanek asfaltowych. Temperatura każdej z podwarstw została oszacowana zgodnie z zaleceniami niemieckimi, moduły dynamiczne warstw asfaltowych zostały określone z pomocą modelu Witczaka, zaś analiza obliczeniowa konstrukcji nawierzchni została przeprowadzona z zastosowaniem metody elementów skończonych.

20

Digitalizacja tektury falistej

Garbowski Tomasz

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2022

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R. 78, nr 12

683--686

PL

Digitalizacja tektury falistej jest zagadnieniem bardzo aktualnym i często podejmowanym przez naukowców w ostatnich dekadach. Jest to niewątpliwie związane z ogólnoświatowym trendem dotyczącym optymalizacji produktu, jak również z optymalnym zużyciem surowców, czyli pośrednio także z ochroną środowiska. W niniejszej pracy pokazano dwie ścieżki postępowania w procesie digitalizacji tektury falistej. W pierwszej wykorzystuje się podstawowe badania laboratoryjne papieru, dodatkowo należy precyzyjnie ukształtować geometrię warstw przekroju, wykorzystując odpowiednie techniki numeryczne i dobrać poprawny model materiałowy do każdej warstwy. Druga ścieżka oparta jest na badaniach samej tektury falistej – w tym przypadku najistotniejszy jest odpowiedni dobór badań laboratoryjnych, tak aby uzyskać wszystkie parametry konstytutywne niezbędne do zbudowania zdigitalizowanego modelu tektury falistej. Celem niniejszej pracy było szczegółowe przeanalizowanie obydwu technik oraz wskazanie wad i zalet związanych z ich stosowaniem.

EN

Digitization of corrugated board is a very current issue and often taken up by scientists in recent decades. This is undoubtedly related to the global trend for product optimization and thus also to the optimal use of raw materials, and indirectly also to environmental protection. This paper shows two ways of proceeding in the process of digitizing corrugated board. In the first of the possible paths, basic laboratory tests of paper are used, additionally, the geometry of the cross-section layers should be precisely while using appropriate numerical techniques and, in the last step, the correct material model for each layer should be selected. The second path is based on testing the corrugated board itself – in this case, the most important thing is, of course, the appropriate selection of laboratory tests in order to obtain all the constitutive parameters necessary to build a digitized model of corrugated board. In this paper, both paths are analyzed in detail, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of both techniques are indicated.