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1

Comprehensive review of organic additives properties and their effects on characteristics of performance and emissions in diesel engines

Alaa Abdelrahman, Abdelhafiz Mahmoud, Amin Mohamed, Shahin Moatassem, Gaber Mohamed

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 128

27--49

EN

Recently, organic additives have shown an essential role in improving fuel quality, promoting combustion efficiency, and minimizing pollutants. This research examines the properties and effects of several organic compounds on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines. The review results emphasize its impact on engine performance parameters, including power production, thermal efficiency, and fuel economy, as well as decreases in emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Challenges of optimizing additives and progress in cleaner combustion technologies are discussed. This study also demonstrates different suggested mechanisms for organic additives effect on engine performance and environmental sustainability; moreover, future research directions are introduced.

2

Koks z dodatkiem biokomponentów: nowoczesne podejście do redukcji emisji w hutnictwie

Gałko Grzegorz, Maj Izabella

Rynek Energii

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2025

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Nr 2

80--85

PL

W artykule omówiono potencjał zastosowania koksu wzbogaconego biokomponentami jako innowacyjnego rozwiązania na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju przemysłu hutniczego. Wskazano, że dodatek biomasy, takiej jak drewno, odpady roślinne czy biooleje, umożliwia częściowe zastąpienie węgla kopalnego, co skutkuje redukcją śladu węglowego w procesach metalurgicznych. Przeanalizowano wpływ biomasy na kluczowe właściwości koksu, w tym na jego plastyczność, wytrzymałość mechaniczną oraz właściwości reologiczne. Podkreślono również korzyści środowiskowe wynikające z ograniczenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych oraz wsparcia gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego poprzez wykorzystanie odnawialnych surowców lokalnych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania technologiczne, takie jak konieczność optymalizacji parametrów procesu koksowania oraz zapewnienie ciągłej dostępności biomasy w konkurencyjnej cenie. Artykuł uwypukla znaczenie regulacji prawnych, takich jak Europejski Zielony Ład, oraz podkreśla potrzebę intensyfikacji badań i rozwoju technologii umożliwiających lepszą integrację biokomponentów w istniejących procesach produkcyjnych, równocześnie spełniając wysokie wymagania przemysłowe.

EN

The article analyses the potential of using coke enriched with biocomponents as an innovative solution supporting the sustainable development of the steel industry. It is indicated that the addition of biomass, such as wood, plant waste or bio—oils, allows for partial replacement of coal, which leads to a reduction of the carbon footprint in metallurgical processes. The impact of biomass on the key properties of coke, including its plasticity, mechanical strength and rheological properties is discussed. The environmental beneﬁts resulting from the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and support for the circular economy through the use of renewable local N materials are also presented. At the same time, attention is drawn to technological challenges, such as the need optimize the parameters of the coking process and ensure the constant availability of biomass at a competitive price. The article emphasizes the importance of legal regulations, such as the European Green Deal, and the need for further research and development of technologies that will enable better integration of biocomponents in existing production processes, while meeting high industrial requirements.

3

Technologie przyrostowe w kontekście zastosowań przemysłowych druku 3D

Chojnacka-Puchta Luiza, Sawicka Dorota, Dobrzyńska Elżbieta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 2

262--269

PL

Omówiono rodzaje technologii przyrostowych, potocznie zwanych drukiem 3D, których zastosowanie przemysłowe charakteryzuje się dynamicznym wzrostem. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono obecnemu wykorzystaniu technologii addytywnych w zakładach produkcyjnych, aktualnej wartości druku 3D na rynkach konsumenckich (ok. 18 mld USD w 2023 r. na rynku globalnym), a także podkreślono możliwości recyklingu materiałów wykorzystywanych w druku 3D. Zwrócono uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenia dla użytkowników druku związane ze stosowaniem różnego rodzaju materiałów.

EN

A review, with 67 refs., of the types of additive technologies, their application areas, and the current value of 3D printing in consumer market. Particular attention was paid to the use of additive technologies in manufacturing plants, and to the environmental risks and recycling possibilities of materials used in 3D printing. The safety of materials used in 3D printing was also discussed. Potential risks to printer users associated with the use of different types of materials that can cause emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter were highlighted.

4

Analysis of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Generated by the F100-PW-229 Turbine Aircraft Engine, Performed Using the GasTurb Software

Kozakiewicz Adam, Ludwiczak Aleksander

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2025

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Vol. 16, Nr 1 (59)

9 -- 20

EN

The article discusses various aspects related to determining the composition of exhaust gases (i.e. nitrogen oxides) generated by a turbine aircraft engine. The paper highlights the problem of ozone depletion caused by toxic components of aircraft engine exhaust gases. The study is concerned with an engine used on the F-16 aircraft, i.e. F100-PW-229. GasTurb 12 software was used to calculate the engine’s operating parameters and to determine nitrogen oxides emission levels. The calculations were also performed analytically. The calculated thrust value was compared with data published in scientific articles (thrust of the engine). Characteristics of NOx emissions were obtained as a function of high-pressure rotor speed, temperature at the combustion chamber outlet, temperature downstream of the compressor, and engine thrust. The results obtained seem to correlate closely with data available in the literature.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia dotyczące określenia składu emisji gazów wylotowych - tlenków azotu, lotniczego silnika turbinowego. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem degradacji warstwy ozonowej powodowane przez toksyczne składniki spalin silników lotniczych Obiektem badań jest silnik samolotu F-16, a zatem F100-PW-229. Do obliczeń parametrów eksploatacyjnych silnika oraz do wyznaczenia emisji tlenków azotu wykorzystano oprogramowanie GasTurb 12. Obliczenia wykonano również analitycznie. Obliczoną wartość ciągu porównano z danymi opublikowanymi w artykułach naukowych, przy uwzględnieniu kryterium ciągu zespołu napędowego. Uzyskano charakterystyki dotyczące przebiegu NOx od prędkości obrotowej wirnika wysokiego ciśnienia, od temperatury na wyjściu z komory spalania, temperatury za sprężarką oraz w zależności od ciągu silnika. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały dużą zbieżność z danymi literaturowymi.

5

Environmental costs of aviation in the context of emissions reductions

Szałas Piotr, Gładyś Sylwester, Kasprzak Zbigniew

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2025

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z. 140

5--22

EN

Progressive global warming is triggering the need for immediate action to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other aviation-related pollutants. The European Commission is presenting programs indicating the main needs for reducing emissions from the aviation industry. These include the “Fit for 55” project, which talks about the need to achieve climate neutrality for aviation by 2050 and a 55% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2035. Initiatives that could have a real impact on improving the climate situation include the use of sustainable aviation fuels, aircraft improvements that reduce their carbon footprint, and the development of high-speed rail networks in place of short-haul flights. All of these will be crucial for European air transport in the coming decades.The European aviation industry is open to change and is committed to decarbonization in solidarity through the large-scale use of modern and more efficient jet engines and testing aviation fuel blends with environmentally friendly substitutes. Opportunities to increase aviation's environmental friendliness are numerous. One of them is to reduce emissions caused by aircraft taxiing operations on airport grounds. At some of the largest airports, the distances between zones are so great that they require as much as a 25-minute plane ride. This is an environmental nuisance, generating thousands of tons of CO2 each year. Available technological solutions designed to replace conventional aircraft taxiing and reduce emissions were analyzed. Potential solutions were identified that could help airports save up to 85% of annual CO2 emissions. An analysis of environmental trends in aviation showed that investments in counteracting the negative impacts of this mode of transportation will gradually bring aviation closer to achieving climate neutrality. Although this may be difficult in the assumed time horizon, progress in this area is inevitable.

PL

Postępujące globalne ocieplenie wywołuje potrzebę podjęcia natychmiastowych działań mających na celu zmniejszenie emisji dwutlenku węgla i innych zanieczyszczeń związanych z lotnictwem. Komisja Europejska prezentuje programy wskazujące na główne potrzeby w zakresie redukcji emisji z branży lotniczej. Zalicza się do nich projekt „Fit for 55”, który mówi o konieczności osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej lotnictwa do 2050 roku oraz redukcji emisji CO2 o 55% do roku 2035. Do inicjatyw mogących mieć realny wpływ na poprawę sytuacji klimatycznej zalicza się użytkowanie zrównoważonych paliw lotniczych, usprawnienia statków powietrznych zmniejszające ich ślad węglowy oraz rozwój sieci kolei dużych prędkości w miejsce lotów krótkodystansowych. Wszystkie te elementy będą miały kluczowe znaczenie dla europejskiego transportu lotniczego w najbliższych dziesięcioleciach. Europejska branża lotnicza jest otwarta na zmiany i solidarnie dąży do dekarbonizacji poprzez stosowanie na szeroką skalę nowoczesnych i bardziej wydajnych silników odrzutowych oraz testowanie mieszanek paliw lotniczych z ekologicznymi zamiennikami. Możliwości zwiększających przyjazność środowiskową lotnictwa jest wiele. Jednym z nich jest zmniejszanie emisji zanieczyszczeń wywołanych operacjami kołowania statków powietrznych po terenie lotniska. W niektórych z największych portów lotniczych dystanse między strefami są tak duże, że wymagają nawet 25 minutowej jazdy samolotu. Generuje to znaczne obciążenie dla środowiska, produkując tysiące ton CO2 każdego roku. Przeanalizowano dostępne rozwiązania technologiczne stworzone z myślą o zamianie konwencjonalnego sposobu kołowania statków powietrznych i ograniczaniu emisji spalin. Wskazano potencjalne rozwiązania, które mogą pomóc lotniskom zaoszczędzić do 85% rocznych emisji CO2. Analiza trendów środowiskowych w lotnictwie pokazała, że inwestycje w przeciwdziałanie negatywnym skutkom tej gałęzi transportu będą stopniowo przybliżały lotnictwo do osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej. Mimo że może być to trudne w zakładanym horyzoncie czasowym, postęp w tej dziedzinie jest nieunikniony.

6

Numerical analysis of the effect of fuel supply strategies on the combustion and emissions of a methanol/diesel dual-fuel marine low-speed engine

Cao Bingxin, Yu Yonghua, Yang Jianguo, Hu Lei, Jiang Rongjun, Li Baoyue, Xie Liangtao, Zhang Renqi

Polish Maritime Research

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2025

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nr 2

62--73

EN

This study investigates the impact of fuel supply strategies on the combustion and emission performance of methanol/ diesel dual-fuel engines, in order to promote low-carbon and green development within the shipping industry. A threedimensional simulation model of a methanol/diesel dual-fuel low-speed engine is established using Converge CFD software, and a numerical analysis is conducted to study the effects of pilot diesel timing, the area of the methanol injection nozzle, injection pressure, and injection timing on the engine’s combustion and emission performance under 100% load. The simulation findings reveal that advancing the pilot fuel timing initially leads to a decrease in the indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) and indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), followed by an increase. The indicated specific fuel consumption (ISFC) shows the opposite trend. NOx emissions initially decrease and then increase, with the lowest NOx emissions observed when the pilot fuel timing is advanced by 3°CA. Expansion of the methanol injection nozzle area decelerates the combustion rate within the cylinder, leading to a 22.6% decline in NOx emissions, a 3% rise in CO2 emissions, and an 81.3% surge in soot emissions. Progressing the methanol injection timing boosts the engine’s power output but also elevates NOx emissions; conversely, postponing the methanol injection timing may reduce the in-cylinder pressure and compromise power performance. Increasing the methanol injection pressure improves ITE and IMEP by 7.8% and 7.9%, respectively, while reducing ISFC by 7.2%. However, this can lead to higher NOx emissions, and runs the risk of triggering violent combustion in the cylinder due to excessive methanol injection pressure. This study offers a new and rational solution for low-speed marine engines by optimising the fuel injection strategy to meet the requirements for reduced greenhouse gas emissions and to achieve better fuel economy.

7

Effect of Using Gasoline with Bioethanol on Power, Torque and Selected Exhaust Gas Components: Case Study of a Small Spark-Ignition Outboard Engine

Zastempowski Marcin, Kaszkowiak Jerzy, Jablonicky Juraj, Hujo Lubomir, Gromnicki Michał

Polish Maritime Research

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2025

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nr 1

95--102

EN

This article presents a study of the relationship between power and torque for a small spark-ignition outboard engine depending on the fuel used. The fuels considered here were gasoline with an octane number of 95, bioethanol in pure form, and mixtures of both fuels. Also studied were selected components of the exhaust gas generated during operation of the engine for each fuel. The results showed a decrease in the power and torque with an increase in the bioethanol content of the fuel, thus confirming the possibility of using both a bioethanol additive and bioethanol itself as a fuel to power the engine. The findings of the study clearly indicate that the use of an additive in the form of plant-based fuel significantly affects the reduction of emissions of harmful substances into the environment, for example reducing CO emissions by 67%, and HC by 56%. However, without design changes to the power systems, the reduction in emissions is achieved at the cost of a drop in power of more than 30%. This topic is currently important due to the tightening of regulations on emissions and recent research and implementation by engine manufacturers related to the development of electric propulsion systems, particularly for smaller vessels. However, restrictions on their applicability result in a continued need to use internal combustion engines.

8

Simulation of the Effective Distribution of Biofuel Droplets in a Reacting Flow

Askarova Aliya, Bolegenova Saltanat, Ospanova Shynar, Bolegenova Karlygash, Nurmukhanova Alfiya

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, No. 2

123--137

EN

This work is devoted to developing a universal model of atomization and combustion of biofuel droplets using a statistical approach and a particle trajectory tracking model. The model applies to all types of biodiesel used in internal combustion engines with direct injections and is designed to optimize combustion processes, reduce emissions, and improve engine efficiency. Based on mathematical equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, as well as numerical methods for calculating complex turbulent flows and the droplet atomization process, complex computational experiments were carried out using modern technologies. Research has shown that biodiesel has higher combustion temperatures and better evaporation characteristics compared to diesel fuel, which helps to reduce carbon oxides and soot emissions. The results of modeling the effect of pressure in the combustion chamber on the combustion process showed that its increase reduces soot emissions and promotes more complete fuel combustion. Visualization of aerodynamic and temperature profiles confirms the high efficiency of biodiesel combustion, especially under high temperature and pressure conditions.

9

Impact of Rock Deposits Exploitation in the Krovi Quarry on the Natural Environment

Dahlmanns Anna, Kostecka Anna, Rerak Natalia, Sobczyk Wiktoria, Vundać Nika, Zakova Leona

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 1

105--110

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the intensity of the impact of the Křoví mining facility (Czech Republic) on the environment. The impact of the exploitation of rock deposits in Křoví on the atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and anthroposphere was presented. Vulnerability to natural hazards was also assessed. The multi-criteria Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the Leopold matrix were used to assess the impact. The assessment of the impact of raw material extraction in the quarry was carried out by competent experts. It has been found that the lithosphere and biosphere are under the greatest pressure due to land use and surface transformation (including deforestation). The increased susceptibility of the area to natural hazards was noted due to vibrations caused by increased truck traffic (transportation of excavated material). The total value of the matrix indicates the average intensity of the mining facility's impact on the environment. The location of the deposit above the water table of the Bílý potok river means that the extraction of the mineral has a minor impact on the water conditions in the area. Changes in topography and vegetation, and soil degradation are temporary and reversible. Once the mining operations have ceased, the site should be reclaimed and the program of reforestation and habitat restoration implemented to help mitigate adverse impacts on the biosphere.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena intensywności oddziaływania zakładu górniczego Křoví (Republika Czeska) na środowisko. Przedstawiono wpływ eksploatacji złóż skalnych w Křoví na atmosferę, litosferę, biosferę, hydrosferę i antroposferę. Oceniono również podatność na zagrożenia naturalne. Do oceny wpływu wykorzystano wielokryterialną metodę Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) oraz macierz Leopolda. Ocena wpływu wydobycia surowców w kamieniołomie została przeprowadzona przez kompetentnych ekspertów. Stwierdzono, że litosfera i biosfera znajdują się pod największą presją ze względu na użytkowanie gruntów i przekształcenia powierzchni (w tym wylesianie). Odnotowano zwiększoną podatność obszaru na zagrożenia naturalne ze względu na wibracje spowodowane zwiększonym ruchem ciężarówek (transport urobku). Sumaryczna wartość macierzy wskazuje na średnią intensywność oddziaływania zakładu górniczego na środowisko. Lokalizacja złoża powyżej lustra wody rzeki Bílý potok oznacza, że wydobycie minerału ma niewielki wpływ na warunki wodne w okolicy. Zmiany w topografii i roślinności oraz degradacja gleby są tymczasowe i odwracalne. Po zakończeniu prac wydobywczych teren powinien zostać zrekultywowany, a program ponownego zalesiania i przywracania siedlisk wdrożony w celu złagodzenia negatywnego wpływu na biosferę.

10

Evaluation of construction changes in concrete tanks for storage of livestock slurry

Barwicki Jan, Mazur Kamila E., Borek Kinga, Wardal Witold J., Roman Kamil K., Kierończyk Marek

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2025

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Vol. 46, nr 1

6--15

EN

In connection with the applied technique of acidification slurry in order to reduce the emission of ammonia, the anticipated research problem became the issue of durability of concrete tanks used for storing liquid manure. The aim of study was to investigate the microstructural changes and corrosion behavior of steel reinforced concrete, especially in aggressive and corrosive environments like animal slurry. During experiment, the samples are periodically inspected to determine any changes occurring as a result of the corrosion process. Strength tests were carried out in the intervals of: 28 days after forming samples, 6, 12 and 21 months (with the exception of non-acidified slurry). ANOVA analysis was used in order to compare physical parameters according to the concrete mix. After strength tests concrete samples were taken for microscopic examination, to find and evaluate any changes in the concrete structure. Chemical composition of tested samples show the lack of crystals calcium hydroxide and residual cement and a clear start to the formation of ettringite crystals. Ettringite was quantified by using both differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction; the resulting volume changes in the samples were measured. If we take into consideration two concrete mixtures C 25/30 and C 30/37, the second one is more resistant to activity of acidified slurry, what is presented in crystals formation. The structure of crystals of concrete C 25/30 are bigger compare to crystals of concrete C 30/37. Concrete type C 30/37 after 21 month of storage in acidified slurry meet comprehensive strength of concrete type C 45/55. The final conclusion of the study: the acidified slurry did not cause a significant reduction in the strength of the C30/37 concrete specimens compared to the non-acidified slurry during the two-year storage period. As a result of macroscopic evaluation, no corrosion changes were observed for the 17 mm lagging when the acidified slurry was stored. The above results allow us to conclude that the durability of reinforced concrete tanks intended for storing slurry with sulfuric acid addition will not decrease, and as a result, there will be no need to increase the production of construction cement for agricultural purposes. Thus, there will be no increase in global CO2 emissions.

PL

W związku ze stosowaną techniką zakwaszania gnojowicy w celu ograniczenia emisji amoniaku, przewidywanym problemem badawczym stała się kwestia trwałości zbiorników betonowych wykorzystywanych do przechowywania gnojowicy. Przedmiotem opracowania było zbadanie zmian konstrukcyjnych i odporności na korozję betonu zbrojonego stalą w zbiornikach do przechowywania gnojowicy zwierzęcej. Próbki były okresowo kontrolowane w celu zbadania zmian zachodzących w wyniku procesu korozji. Badania wytrzymałościowe przeprowadzono po 28 dniach od uformowaniu próbek oraz po 6, 12 i 21 miesiącach. Analizę ANOVA zastosowano w celu oceny parametrów fizycznych w zależności od wykorzystanego betonu C30/37 lub C45/55. Podczas badań nie zaobserwowano znaczącego wzrostu porowatości badanych próbek w porównaniu z próbkami referencyjnymi i zjawisk powodujących rozległą degradację struktury betonu. Zaobserwowano, że gdy porowatość betonu wzrasta, odporność na korozję maleje. Na podstawie badań można wnioskować, że podczas 2-letniego okresu przechowywania zakwaszona gnojowica nie spowodowała znaczącego zmniejszenia wytrzymałości próbek betonu C30/37 w porównaniu z niezakwaszoną gnojowicą. Trwałość zbiorników żelbetowych przeznaczonych do magazynowania gnojowicy z dodatkiem kwasu siarkowego nie ulegnie zmniejszeniu, a co za tym idzie, nie będzie potrzeby zwiększania produkcji cementu budowlanego do celów rolniczych o wyższych parametrach wytrzymałościowych C45/55. Tym samym nie nastąpi wzrost globalnej emisji CO2.

11

Wpływ zmiany selektywności membrany na charakterystyki pracy membranowej jednostki bezpośredniego wychwytu dwutlenku węgla z powietrza

Niesporek Kamil, Kotowicz Janusz, Janusz-Szymańska Katarzyna, Baszczeńska Oliwia

Rynek Energii

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2024

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Nr 4

58--63

PL

Wypełnienie założeń scenariusza zerowej emisji netto do 2050 r. wymaga implementacji technologii bezpośredniego wychwytu dwutlenku wegla z powietrza. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ zmiany selektywności membrany na charakterystyki pracy membranowej jednostki bezpośredniego wychwytu dwutlenku węgla z powietrza. Przy założeniu stężenia dwutlenku węgla w retentacie na poziomie 300 ppm oraz stałej przepuszczalności CO2 wykazano, że wzrost selektywności membrany przekłada się na zwiększenie udziału dwutlenku węgla w permeacie oraz powoduje obniżenie energochłonności procesu. Negatywnym aspektem jest wzrost wymaganej powierzchni membrany. Określono również najważniejsze charakterystyki pracy układu w funkcji ciśnienia permeatu i selektywności membrany. Stwierdzono, że wraz z wzrostem różnicy ciśnień w układzie i selektywności membrany można osiągnąć większy udział CO2 w permeacie oraz zminimalizować zużycie mocy oraz energochłonność procesu separacji. Najwyższy stopień odzysku dwutlenku węgla osiągnięto, natomiast dla najniższych wartości selektywności i najmniejszej badanej różnicy ciśnień.

EN

Meeting the net zero emissions scenario by 2050 requires the deployment of direct air capture (DAC) technology. This paper presents the impact of changing membrane selectivity on the performance characteristics of a membrane unit for direct air capture. Assuming a carbon dioxide concentration in the retentate of 300 ppm and constant 002 permeance, it was shown that increasing membrane selectivity leads to a higher share of carbon dioxide in the permeate and reduces the energy consumption of the process. A negative aspect, however, is the increase in membrane surface area required. The most important characteristics of system performance as a function of permeate pressure and membrane selectivity were also determined. It was found that as the system pressure differential and membrane selectivity increase, a higher C02 content in the permeate can be achieved and the energy consumption and energy intensity of the separation process can be minimised. The highest carbon dioxide recovery was obtained for the lowest selectivity values and lowest pressure difference.

12

The Use of Methane from Landfill Gas to Generate Energy and its Management at the Plant as a Way to Reduce Climate Change

Basta Emilia, Szewczyk Piotr

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

236--250

EN

In the era of consumerism, increasing amounts of waste constitute an ecological and logistical problem. Waste landfills are increasingly installing degassing installations and obtaining landfill gas containing methane as a renewable energy source. The work aims to analyse the production and management of energy at a selected waste landfill operating a cogeneration unit. The role of landfill gas, its production amount, composition and use in cogeneration units to produce energy were analysed. The biogas produced is used to produce electricity and heat at the analysed waste treatment plant. The research showed the extraction and energy use of biogas in the amount of 916,876 m3 per year, which produced 1,558 MWh of electricity and 1,589 MWh of heat in cogeneration. The electricity produced is a power source for the enterprise and its infrastructure, and the surplus is sent to the power grid. However, 34% of the heat is used for the plant's needs. The remaining part can be used in ORC systems (Organic Rankine Cycle). The tests showed that the total efficiency of energy production is 85.80%, with the availability index of the cogeneration unit amounting to 0.95. The energetic use of landfill gas containing methane is an optimal solution from an energy and environmental perspective to limit climate change.

13

Emissions of Gases and Dust into the Air as a Result of the Conversion of Landfill Gas into Electricity and Heat in a Cogeneration Plant

Zwolińska Natalia, Basta Emilia

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

94--105

EN

The consequence of landfilling is biogas production in the waste bed, the main parameter of which is methane. The capture of biogas and its energetic use in a cogeneration system is the optimal solution for both environmental and energetic aspects. Nevertheless, the emission of gases and dust into the air from the cogeneration plant as a result of the combustion of biogas poses a potential threat not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also poses a serious risk to human health, especially to the respiratory system, leading to a variety of diseases. The gas and dust emission tests performed in the study showed significant values for CO2 173.08 [kg ∙ h-1] and for CO 0.7545 [kg ∙ -1-1], NO2 0.7129 [kg ∙ h-1], SO2 0.3958 [kg ∙ h-1] and total dust 0.0013 [kg ∙ h-1] respectively. The work aims to demonstrate the actual emissions of gases and dust into the air as a result of the combustion of landfill gas and to use them to calculate fees for the use of the environment. Since no emission standards have been defined for this type of installation and there is no need to use reducing devices, it is crucial to regularly monitor pollutant emissions by installation operators to optimize the biogas combustion process and reduce emissions. Replacing the reference values with measurement data regarding air emissions will make the actual impact of the cogeneration installation on the environment more realistic.

14

The challenge of reducing diesel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions: A perspective on the use of hydrogen in mining trucks

Figueiredo Robson Lage, Ortiz C. E. Arroyo, Silva José Margarida

Mining Science

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2024

|

Vol. 31

7--20

EN

In mining, the traditional system of operation relies on equipment that consumes large amounts of energy. In mine operations, trucks are widely used due to their flexibility, loading capacity, and adaptability to various terrain conditions. However, they have high diesel oil consumption and high emission rates of smoke, particulate matter, and mainly carbon gas from diesel engines. This article offers a comprehensive view on the effect of hydrogen added to the diesel engine in the search for renewable energy alternatives that are in tune with the reduction of the environmental impact arising from the use of petroleum-derived fuels. The article presents an overview about the challenges in reducing the diesel fuel consumption of trucks employed in mining. It approaches the effect of controlled hydrogen addition on diesel engine performance, consumption reduction, and greenhouse gas emissions. Followed by a discussion of the main technologies used to manufacture hydrogen and their production costs. The results of the studies show that hydrogen is a promising alternative for reducing operational, energy, and emissions costs, mainly carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), but it faces barriers in production, storage, and supply costs. We highlight the “green hydrogen”, carbon-free, which contributes to the decarbonization process in mines, as open pit or underground ones.

15

The effect of economic policies on urban transport patterns: A review of motorcycle usage for urban mobility in Nigeria

Kwaghgba Gbagir, Tyozenda Aondofa J.

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2024

|

Vol. 9, No. 2

32--42

EN

Purpose: This review examines the effects of Nigeria's economic policies, particularly the removal of fuel subsidies, on urban transport patterns, focusing on the increased use of motorcycles for daily commuting. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on motorcycle usage in urban areas of Nigeria and other developing countries and the impact of economic policies on transportation choices. Results: The study finds that removing fuel subsidies has significantly increased motorcycle usage in Nigerian cities, particularly among low-income earners. This shift has resulted in changes to traffic flow, increased road safety concerns, and environmental challenges due to motorcycle emissions. Theoretical contribution: The paper contributes to the understanding of how economic policies can rapidly transform urban mobility patterns in developing countries, highlighting the complex interplay between affordability, safety, and environmental sustainability in transportation choices. Practical implications: The review identifies several policy interventions, including enforcing safety regulations, creating dedicated motorcycle lanes, and improving traffic management systems. It also emphasizes the need for holistic transport policies that balance economic realities with safety and sustainability concerns.

16

Effects of Root Pruning on Organic Carbon Stock Levels in Oil Palm Plantation

Hariyadi, Wahyudin Cecep Ijang, Sudradjat, Yahya Sudirman, Anwar Syaiful, Herwitarahman, Adwiyani P., Haitami A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 12

194--201

EN

Palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a crop that can transfer carbon dioxide into carbon storage within the soil. Root pruning also plays a role in enhancing carbon stocks in the plant. This research aims to evaluate the effects of root pruning on oil palm carbon reserves and their association with nutrient absorption. The study was conducted over six months using four-year-old oil palm plants. A nested experimental design with two factors was employed. The first factor, serving as the main plot, involved three root cutting depths (0, 10, and 20 cm), while the second factor consisted of four root cutting intensities (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%). The findings indicated that root pruning increased the plant’s carbon stock, though it remained lower compared to the control. The highest CO2 emission was recorded in the afternoon, specifically in the 20 cm root cutting treatment at 75% intensity, measuring 4.3 μmol·m-2 sec-1. The greatest carbon reserve, 16.98 tons·C·ha-1 year-1, was observed at a 20 cm depth and 75% intensity, with a positive correlation.

17

The Influence of Metallurgical Industry Emissions on the Development of Selected Components of Atmospheric Deposition in the Košice Area (Slovakia)

Hančuľák Jozef, Cervenakova Petra, Sestinova Olga, Findorakova Lenka

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

405--415

EN

The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of emissions and their decrease on the level of environmental burden through the study of selected atmospheric deposition parameters in the area with the dominant source of emissions from the iron and steel production complex. Total atmospheric deposition (AD), i.e., j. both wet and dry, was sampled from eleven sampling points at a distance of 3 to 16 kilometers from the ironworks complex. AD fluxes of selected elements (Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, As) and dust particles (PM) were evaluated in relation to the amount of emissions from the results of long-term AD monitoring (2009 – 2022). The analysis shows the dominant influence of emissions from the metallurgical industry on the deposition fluxes of most of the monitored parameters and, thus, on the environmental burden of the area. The emissions have a decisive impact on the AD of manganese, iron, chromium, particulate matter, zinc, and aluminum, but also, to a lesser extent, on the AD of the other monitored elements. Correlation analysis confirmed a statistically significant dependence between the amount of emissions and the mass fluxes of AD for iron, zinc, manganese, and chromium for most of the sampling sites. The potential of immission load of the urban environment of Košice by emissions from the metallurgical industry is significantly higher in the winter due to local specific meteorological conditions. The more than sevenfold decrease in emissions significantly affected the AD of most of the monitored parameters, but their decrease was not so significant except for the AD of lead. The average AD of the elements strongly associated with ironworks emission sources, namely iron, manganese, chromium, and zinc, decreased approximately twofold. The amount of emissions is only one of several factors that affect the quantity of fluxes of the monitored AD parameters. In addition to seasonal factors, local meteorological, climatic, orographic, and other local conditions, and specifics also play an essential role.

18

How do sustainable aviation fuels shape the conditions for aviation growth?

Tłoczyński Dariusz, Czerepko Joanna, Mirocki Artur

Economics and Environment

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2024

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No. 2

art. no. 848

EN

According to forecasts, the aviation market will be characterised by dynamic growth. At the same time, a reduction in GHG emissions from transport is postulated. One of the proposed solutions is sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). The aim of this article is to analyse the impact of sustainable aviation fuels on the development of the aviation market. Economic and environmental criteria will be considered. The paper uses an approach based on an analysis of foundational data, including academic articles, industry reports and sustainability reports presented by carriers. Given the dynamics of the market, it seems difficult at this point to secure the right quantities of SAF. Larger aerospace companies are seeking to secure supply by, among other things, signing memoranda and co-funding innovation activities to develop supply. The main added value of the presented research is that it highlights the need for cooperation between several stakeholders in the aviation market who are committed to the growth of air transport.

PL

Według prognoz, rynek lotniczy będzie charakteryzował się dynamicznym wzrostem. Jednocześnie postulowana jest redukcja emisji gazów cieplarnianych z transportu. Jednym z proponowanych rozwiązań są zrównoważone paliwa lotnicze (SAF). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wpływu zrównoważonych paliw lotniczych na rozwój rynku lotniczego. Rozważone zostaną kryteria ekonomiczne i środowiskowe. W artykule zastosowano podejście oparte na analizie danych podstawowych, w tym artykułów naukowych, raportów branżowych i raportów zrównoważonego rozwoju wybranych przewoźników. Biorąc pod uwagę dynamikę rynku, wydaje się, że w tym momencie trudno jest zapewnić odpowiednie ilości SAF. Większe firmy lotnicze starają się zabezpieczyć dostawy, między innymi podpisując memoranda i współfinansując działania innowacyjne w celu rozwoju dostaw. Główną wartością artykułu jest przegląd kwestii zrównoważonych paliw lotniczych.

19

Study of the effect of ignition crank angle and mixture composition on the performance of a spark-ignition engine fueled with ethanol

Jakliński Piotr, Czarnigowski Jacek, Ścisłowski Karol

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

56--63

EN

The publication presents the results of the measurements of the operating parameters of a spark-ignition engine fueled with 95-octane unleaded gasoline (ES95) and ethyl alcohol, approx. 92%. The measurements were carried out at a constant load: an engine speed of 1500 rpm and a constant pressure in the intake system - MAP = 0.45 bar. For each type of fuel, the measurements were carried out in two series for two variables. The ignition crank angle was varied in the range of 0˚÷40˚ and the mixture composition λ in the range of 0.85-1.25. The recorded engine performance parameters included torque, intake manifold pressure, intake air temperature, exhaust gas temperature and temporal fuel consumption; and exhaust gas composition was examined in terms of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. The study showed that an ethanol-fueled engine has lower average efficiency compared to a gasoline one. The highest efficiency for ethanol was obtained for rich mixtures in the range λ = 0.85-1.0 and at high ignition advance angles. The use of alcohol fuel showed a very favorable effect on the composition of exhaust gas and a significantly lower content of harmful exhaust components was demonstrated. For the same operating points, carbon monoxide content was reduced by an average of 15%, and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides by an average of 80%.

20

Hydrogen, the future of aviation

Maciorowski Damian, Ludwiczak Aleksandra, Kozakiewicz Adam

Combustion Engines

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2024

|

R. 63, nr 2

126--131

EN

One of the biggest challenges of modern aviation is the development of technologies that reduce or eliminate emissions of harmful combustion components into the atmosphere. European authorities are imposing increasingly stringent emissions regulations. Therefore, new models of combustion chambers, new combustion methods, as well as new types of aviation fuels must be developed. This article presents the possibilities of using hydrogen propulsion in aviation. The reasons for conducting research on hydrogen propulsion are discussed, as well as the history of the introduction of hydrogen propulsion into aircraft engines. Problems that can be encountered in the production and storage of hydrogen are identified and explained. Proposals for the use of hydrogen combustion or the use of fuel cells to power turbine engines are also presented, and the economic aspect of this type of fuel is discussed.