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1

Accuracy analysis of UAV coordinates using EGNOS and SDCM augmentation systems

Krasuski Kamil, Wierzbicki Damian, Kirschenstein Małgorzata, Żukowska Marta, Gołda Paweł

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 123

75--100

EN

SBAS systems are applied in precise positioning of UAV. The paper presents the results of studies on the improvement of UAV positioning with the use of the EGNOS+SDCM solutions. In particular, the article focuses on the application of the model of totaling the SBAS positioning accuracy to improve the accuracy of determining the coordinates of UAVs during the realisation of a test flight. The developed algorithm takes into account the position errors determined from the EGNOS and SDCM solutions. as well as the linear coefficients that are used in the linear combination model. The research was based on data from GPS observations and SBAS corrections from the AsteRx-m2 UAS receiver installed on a Tailsitter platform. The tests were conducted in September 2020 in northern Poland. The application of the proposed algorithm that sums up the positioning accuracy of EGNOS and SDCM allowed for the improvement of the accuracy of determining the position of the UAV by 82-87% in comparison to the application of either only EGNOS or SDCM. Apart from that, another important result of the application of the proposed algorithm was the reduction of outlier positioning errors that reduced the accuracy of the positioning of UAV when a single SBAS solution (EGNOS or SDCM) was used. The study also presents the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of calculating the accuracy of EGNOS+SDCM positioning for the weighted average model. The developed algorithm may be used in research conducted on other SBAS supporting systems.

2

Investigation of the accuracy of BeiDou, QZSS and QZSS/BeiDou satellites configuration for short, medium and long baselines in the Asia-Pacific regions

Pirti Atinc

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2024

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Vol. 118

17--21

EN

The field of satellite navigation has seen significant advancements due to the fast development of multi-constellation Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). Around 150 satellites will be in service when all six systems – GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and NAVIC – are launched by 2030, offering both enormous potential and advantages for research and engineering applications. This study used an experiment on the accuracy, particularly for short, medium, long baselines (Wide Lane ambiguity solution) of the BeiDou, QZSS and QZSS/BeiDou combinations. It showed that with the integration of BeiDou/QZSS static measurements in the study region millimetre-centimetre accuracy for short, medium, and long baselines can be attained. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the 1st (QZSS/BeiDou), 2nd (BeiDou), and 3rd (QZSS) strategies feature different horizontal accuracies for all categories. The obtained results with different satellite configurations for the Fixed-Wide-Lane integer ambiguity solution are compared with each other. Accuracy at the short baseline (BeiDou, QZSS, and BeiDou/QZSS satellites) was obtained in the range of 0.5–0.7 cm. For the medium baseline, it was computed around 1.8–82 cm. For the long baseline, the accuracy was 5.6–13.3 cm.

3

Ocena jakości obserwacji skanera laserowego velodyne w oparciu o dane symulowane

Pałęcki Adam, Jóźków Grzegorz

Przegląd Geodezyjny

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2024

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R. 96, nr 6

32--35

PL

Tanie skanery z wieloma wiązkami laserowymi takie jak Velodyne, Ouster, Hesai często wykorzystywane są do budowy niedrogich systemów skaningu kinematycznego, w tym systemów plecakowych i bezzałogowych. Niski koszt skutkuje mniejszą jakością pozyskiwanych danych, a parametry dokładnościowe podawane przez producentów często odbiegają od rzeczywistych. Z tego powodu problem oceny dokładności danych pozyskanych za pomocą takich skanerów jest ciągle podnoszony przez naukowców. Metody przez nich stosowane mają na celu ocenę dokładności położenia punktów skaningu i opierają się głownie na punktach i powierzchniach referencyjnych. Należy jednak zaznaczyć, że na dokładność położenia tych punktów wpływ mają różne czynniki, w tym te wynikające z błędów instrumentalnych, wynikające z charakteru mierzonego obiektu, a także danych z innych sensorów (np. dane o trajektorii stosowane w skaningu mobilnym). W tym artykule proponujemy metodę, która pozwala na ocenę jakości obserwacji (odległości i kątów), których błędy wynikają głównie z pierwszego z wymienionych czynników, czyli instrumentu. Metoda ta bazuje na porównaniu obserwacji rzeczywistych z teoretycznymi powstającymi poprzez symulację. Do symulacji rzeczywistych obserwacji stosowany jest wirtualny skaner Velodyne, który umieszczany jest w takiej samej pozycji i orientacji jak rzeczywisty. Obserwacje teoretyczne dla skanera wirtualnego tworzone są w oparciu o znany mechanizm działania skanera oraz dokładną i bardzo gęstą chmurę punktów naziemnego skaningu laserowego. Wykonane dla skanera Velodyne HDL-32E eksperymenty wykazały, że dokładność pomiaru odległości jest porównywalna z podawaną przez producenta, jednak inna dla różnych diod laserowych, a dokładność pomiaru kąta poziomego wynosi około 0,04°. Ponadto wykazano, że częstotliwość wirownia skanera, od której zależy wartość kąta poziomego jest różna od wartości nominalnej i nie jest stała w trakcie całego obrotu. Opracowana metoda symulacji obserwacji może być w przyszłości wykorzystana do kalibracji podobnych skanerów tego typu.

EN

Inexpensive scanners with multiple laser beams such as Velodyne, Ouster, Hesai are often used to build low-cost kinematic scanning systems, including backpack and unmanned systems. Low costs result in lower quality of the acquired data. In addition, the accuracy parameters provided by manufacturers are often different from the actual ones. For this reason, the problem of assessing the accuracy of data obtained using such scanners is investigated by scientists. The methods used for this purpose aim at assessing the accuracy of the position of scanning points and use mainly reference points and surfaces. However, that the accuracy of the location of these points is influenced by various factors, including those resulting from instrumental errors, from the nature of the measured object, as well as data from other sensors (e.g. trajectory data used in mobile scanning). In this article, we propose a method that allows for the assessment of the quality of observations (distances and angles) which errors result mainly from the first of the mentioned factors, i.e. the instrument. Proposed method bases on the comparison of real observations with theoretical ones created through simulation. To simulate real observations, a virtual Velodyne scanner is used, which is placed in the same position and orientation as the real one. Theoretical observations for the virtual scanner are created based on the known mechanism of scanner operation and an accurate and very dense terrestrial laser scanning point cloud. Experiments executed for the Velodyne HDL-32E scanner proved that the accuracy of distance measurement is comparable to that provided by the manufacturer, but different for different laser diodes, while the accuracy of horizontal angle measurement is equal to about 0.04°. Moreover, it was shown that the scanner's rotation frequency, which determines the value of the horizontal angle, is different from the nominal value and is not constant during the entire rotation. The developed observation simulation method can be used in the future to calibrate similar scanners of this type.

4

Numerical Analysis of the Discrete, Fractional Order PID Controller Using FOBD Approximation

Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2024

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R. 28, nr 3

117--122

EN

This paper proposes a methodology of the numerical testing of the discrete, approximated Fractional Order PID Controller (FOPID). The fractional parts of the controller are approximated using the Fractional Order Backward Difference (FOBD) operator. The goal of the analysis is to find the memory length optimum from point of view both accuracy and duration of computations. To do it new cost functions describing both accuracy and numerical complexity were proposed and applied. Results of tests indicate that the optimum memory length lies between 200 and 400. The proposed approach can be also useful to examine of another discrete implementations of a fractional order operator using FOBD.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano metodologię analizy numerycznej dyskretnego, aproksymowanego regulator PID niecałkowitego rzędu (regulator FOPID). Ułamkowe części regulatora są aproksymowane z wykorzystaniem aproksymacji FOBD (Fractional Order Backward Difference). Celem analizy jest znalezienie długości pamięci (wymiaru aproksymacji) optymalnej z punktu widzenia zarówno dokładności, jak i złożoności obliczeniowej. W tym celu zaproponowano i zastosowano nowe funkcje kosztu, opisujące oba te czynniki. Wynik testów wskazują, że optymalna długość pamięci w rozważanej sytuacji powinna leżeć w zakresie między 200 i 400. Proponowane podejście może też być wykorzystane do analizy innych dyskretnych implementacji operatora niecałkowitego rzędu, wykorzystujących operator FOBD.

5

Terrestrial Laser Scanning – Challenges and Opportunities in 3D Building Model Creation

Antova Gergana, Simeonova Gabriela, Mickrenska Christina

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

395--404

EN

The technology of terrestrial laser scanning and its possibilities are subject of scientific research in the area of geodesy, construction, architecture and even more over the last decades. This method provides point clouds data, which contains full and accurate representation of the geometrical parameters of the examined subject. This publication discusses in short the principles and possibilities for creating a three-dimensional data model using the advantages of terrestrial laser scanning. The building of University of Architecture, civil engineering and geodesy, situated in Semkovo resort, Blagoevgrad district is selected for the purpose of the task. Classical land surveying measurements with a total station and terrestrial laser scanning are used for the creation of the three-dimensional models. A comparison and evaluation of the obtained model is made. The result of this evaluation indicates that the technology of terrestrial laser scanning is efficient for representation of high quality data with a wide scope of advantages such as high range, fast data processing, high precision and accurate details.

6

Geometric Levelling Data and Some Systematic Faults in Their Treatment

Cvetkov Vasil

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

293--300

EN

The aim of this article is to illuminate some latent systematic faults in the mathematical treatment of precise levelling data. The first one is associated with the use of the average of both measurements of the height differences between the terminal benchmarks in levelling lines. Another weak point in the classical treatment of levelling data is the incomplete minimization of the impact of the spatial network configuration on the produced mean standard errors of the nodal benchmarks from the adjustment. Generating sixty random paired samples of size 1000, derived from three continuous distributions, e.g. Normal (0, 1), Uniform (-1.732, 1.732) and Gamma (1, 1), it was found that the average of two same distributed and ordered observations is very nearby to the theoretical expectation, in comparison to both observations, only in approximately 27-30% of all cases. Contrary, in other 70-74% of cases, either the “first” or the “second” observation is in close proximity to the expectation. The miss of this fact leads to a statistically significant deterioration of the final accuracy of the levelling networks. In the current study, it is also shown that the minimization of the standard errors of the adjusted normal heights of the nodal benchmarks in the Bulgarian Levelling Network 1980 cannot be achieved with the weights w=const.L-1, which are the most popular and used type of weights in the adjustment of geometric levelling networks. Finally, it is illustrated that taking into account the above marks and applying an appropriate adjustment algorithm, the mean of the standard errors of the adjusted heights of the nodal benchmarks in the analysed network is possible to be less than 1mm. The standard error of the adjusted height of the most remoted benchmark “Pushkarov”, which is 598 km far away from the datum point located in Varna, is equal to 1.40mm. The obtained from the adjustment mean standard error for the weight unit is estimated to be 0.164 mm/√km. In comparison, the adjustment mean standard error for the weight unit, but yielded by the classical approach of adjustment of the analysed network, is 1.289 mm/√km or almost 9 times higher. Despite being tedious and time-consuming, it is not on point of discarding the precise geometric levelling as a main geodetic method for solving of a couple of scientific and engineering tasks, where differences in heights have to be determined with the highest accuracy.

7

An Algorithm for Adjustment of Geometric Levelling Networks

Cvetkov Vasil

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

187--194

EN

The natural way to reduce the duration of measurement of a levelling network is to cut down on the number of levelling lines without damaging the quality of the final results. The main objective of the study is to demonstrate that this is possible without any lack of accuracy, if some mathematical facts regarding the average of both measurements of the line elevations are taken into account. Based on 60 paired random samples of size 1000, derived from different continuous distributions, e.g., N (0, 1), U (-1.732, 1.732) and Gamma (1, 1), each of them with theoretical standard deviation σ=1, it was found that the averages of each pair form new distribution with standard deviation σ≈0.707. However, the samples, which were formed by selecting the nearest to the known theoretical expectation from both measurements and their average have distributions, which standard deviations tend to σ≈0.53, σ≈0.46 and σ≈0.43 for the U (-1.732, 1.732), N (0, 1) and Gamma (1, 1) distributions, respectively. Therefore, if we choose the more appropriate value from the “first”, the “second” measurement and their average, we will increase the accuracy of the network almost √2 times in comparison to the accuracy, yielded by the only use of the averages. If our network contains n lines, the process of finding of these elevation values, which leads to the best fit of the network, is based on 3n single adjustments of the network. In addition, we can minimize the impact of the shape of the network on the final standard errors of the adjusted heights or geopotential numbers of the nodal benchmarks in the network, if we apply some iterative procedures, e.g., Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Inverse Absolute Height Weighting (IAHW), etc. In order to check the above explained algorithm, the Second Levelling of Finland network was adjusted in three variants. In the first variant, the whole network was adjusted as a free one. The classical weights w=L-1 were used. In the second variant, the network was separated into two parts. Applying 312 and 314 independent adjustments, the selection of the best fitted values of line elevations was done and the network was adjusted by using them. The IDW and IAHW with power parameter p=5 were finally applied. In the third variant, the network was separated in four parts. Applying 313, 312, 316 and 312 independent adjustments, the new selection of the line elevations was done and the network was adjusted by them. The IDW (p=6.5) and IAHW (p=6) were executed. Comparison of the standard errors of the adjusted geopotential numbers in the separate variants revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the results, yielded in the second and the third variant. However, these variants produced 3-5 times increase of the accuracy in comparison to the classical first variant. The best results were obtained in the second variant with IAHW, where the mean value of the standard errors of the adjusted geopotential numbers is below 1.4 mgpu.

8

Measurement and verification of selected peaks in the “New Crown Of Polish Mountains” for investigating the accuracy of LiDAR point clouds

Hauzner Jagoda, Kozioł Krystian, Dębska Izabela

Geoinformatica Polonica

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2024

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T. 23

77--89

EN

The Crown of Polish Mountains is a list of mountain peaks that has long attracted significant interest, with all included summits being considered worthy conquering. The proposal to expand this list with additional peaks, termed the “New Crown of Polish Mountains” by historian Krzysztof Bzowski, served as the impetus for a study of examining the accuracy of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point clouds in the areas of the newly proposed peaks. The primary data source analyzed in this study is the LiDAR point cloud with a density of 4 points per square meter, obtained from the ISOK project. As a secondary LiDAR data source, a self-generated point cloud was utilized, created by using the integrated LiDAR sensor in the iPhone 13 Pro and the free 3dScannerApp mobile application within terrestrial scanning. These datasets were compared against RTK GNSS measurements obtained with a Leica GS16 receiver and mobile measurements conducted using Android smartphones. In addition to analyzing the raw point clouds, the study also involved the visualization of the analyzed areas by the creation of Digital Terrain Models in two software programs: ArcGIS Pro and QGIS Desktop. The research confirmed the known accuracy of ALS point clouds and revealed that the integrated LiDAR sensor in the iPhone 13 Pro demonstrates surprising accuracy. The potential for laser scanning with a smartphone, combined with the capability of conducting mobile GNSS measurements, could revolutionize geodetic surveying and simplify the acquisition of point cloud data.

PL

Korona Gór Polski jest listą szczytów górskich, która od lat reprezentuje wysoki wskaźnik zainteresowania. Wszystkie objęte nią szczyty są warte zdobycia. Propozycja rozszerzenia tej listy o kilka szczytów nazwana została „Nową Koroną Polskich Gór” przez historyka Krzysztofa Bzowskiego i stała się inspiracją do wykonania badania dokładności chmury punktów LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) na terenach nowo zaproponowanych szczytów Korony Gór Polski. Chmura punktów LIDAR o gęstości 4 punktów na metr kwadratowy pozyskana w ramach projektu ISOK jest głównym źródłem danych objętych analizą. Jako drugie źródło danych LiDARowych wykorzystano samodzielnie wykonaną chmurę punktów za pomocą wbudowanego sensora LIDAR w iPhone 13 Pro oraz darmowej aplikacji mobilnej 3dScannerApp w ramach naziemnego skaningu. Takie dane porównano do wyników pomiarów RTK GNSS wykonanych odbiornikiem Leica GS16 i pomiaru mobilnego wykonanego za pomocą smartfonów z systemem Android. Oprócz badania surowej chmury punktów podjęto się wizualizacji terenów objętych analizą, za pomocą wykonanych Numerycznych Modeli Terenu w dwóch programach: ArcGIS Pro oraz QGIS Desktop. Badania potwierdziły znaną dokładność chmury punktów ALS i odkryły, iż wbudowany sensor LIDAR w iPhone 13 Pro reprezentuje zaskakującą dokładność. Możliwość skaningu laserowego za pomocą smartfona wraz z możliwością wykonania pomiaru mobilnego GNSS może zrewolucjonizować pomiary geodezyjne oraz ułatwić pozyskiwanie danych chmurowych.

9

Wybrane czynniki wpływające na dokładność modelowania indukcyjnych układów grzejnych

Wesołowski Marcin, Czerwiński Michał

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2024

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Vol. 65, Nr 1

24--31

PL

Modelowanie nagrzewania indukcyjnego w celu konstrukcji urządzeń jest procesem wymagającym analiz sprzężonych, co najmniej elektromagnetyczno-cieplnych i może być realizowane przy wykorzystaniu modeli polowych i obwodowych. Są to zagadnienia rozbudowane, obejmujące szeroką wiedzę z dziedziny elektrotechniki, elektroniki i termodynamiki. Istotą prowadzonych analiz jest uzyskiwanie rezultatów o wysokiej dokładności w warunkach konieczności stosowania szeregu uproszczeń. W niniejszej pracy scharakteryzowano kilka istotnych czynników wpływających na dokładność numerycznych analiz procesu nagrzewania indukcyjnego, z uwzględnieniem wpływu przyjmowanych uproszczeń w analizie zagadnień cieplnych i rodzaju sprzężenia, będących podstawowymi czynnikami, rzadko uwzględnianymi w obliczeniach tej klasy. Celem pracy jest usystematyzowanie współczesnego stanu wiedzy w zakresie prowadzenia inżynierskich procedur obliczeniowych w zagadnieniach nagrzewania indukcyjnego.

EN

Modeling of induction heating to design physical devices is a process that requires coupled analyses, at least electromagnetic and thermal and can be implemented using field and circuit models. These are extensive issues, covering knowledge in the field of electrical engineering, electronics and thermodynamics. The essence of the analyzes is to obtain high-accuracy results. This paper characterizes several important factors affecting the accuracy of numerical analyzes of the induction heating process, taking into account the impact of the adopted simplifications in the analysis of thermal issues and the type of coupling, which are basic factors rarely taken into account in similar calculations. The aim of the work is to revise the current state of knowledge in the field of engineering computational procedures of induction heating systems.

10

Machine learning and feature selection-enabled optimized technique for heart disease classification and prediction

Nancy P., Mutkule Prasad Raghunath, Thakre Kalpana Suni, Ladkat Ajay S., Babu S.B.G. Tilak, Bangare Sunil L., Naved Mohd

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2024

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Vol. 31, no. 4

419--429

EN

When dealing with a group of patients seeking treatment for heart-related diseases, doctorswho specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of heart-related disorders have a difficultbut critical task. It comes as no surprise that cardiovascular disease is a leading source ofmorbidity and death in contemporary society. An expert system with clear categorizationthat may assist medical professionals in identifying heart disease condition based on theclinical data of a patient is often required by physicians. The aim of this work is to providea method for the prediction and classification of cardiac disease based on machine learningand feature selection. The correlation-based feature selection (CFS) method is applied tothe input data set in order to extract relevant features for analysis. The support vectormachine with radial basis function (SVM RBF) and random forest algorithms are usedhere for data classification. Cleveland heart disease dataset is used in the experiment work.This dataset has 303 instances and 14 attributes. The accuracy, specificity and sensitivityof SVM RBF are higher than those of the random forest algorithm.

11

Applicability of artificial intelligence in smart healthcare systems for automatic detection of Parkinson’s Disease

Pallathadka Harikumar, Padminivalli V. S.J.R.K., Vasavi M., Nancy P., Naved Mohd, Kumar Harish, Ray Samrat

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2024

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Vol. 31, no. 2

175--185

EN

Parkinson’s disease is associated with memory loss, anxiety, and depression in the brain. Problems such as poor balance and difficulty during walking can be observed in addition to symptoms of impaired posture and rigidity. The field dedicated to making computers capable of learning autonomously, without having to be explicitly programmed, is known as machine learning. An approach to the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease, which is based on artificial intelligence, is discussed in this article. The input for this system is provided through photographic examples of Parkinson’s disease patient handwriting. Received photos are preprocessed using the relief feature option to begin the process. This is helpful in the process of selecting characteristics for the identification of Parkinson’s disease. After that, the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) algorithm is employed to reduce the dimensions, bringing down the total number of dimensions that are present in the input data. The photos are then classified via radial basis function-support vector machine (SVM-RBF), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and naive Bayes algorithms, respectively.

12

Analysis of influenc of tensile strength

Gorycki Łukasz, Zagulski Piotr

Composites Theory and Practice

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2024

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R. 24, nr 2

104--107

EN

This paper investigates the influence of the geometric parameters of specimens on the reliability of the obtained tensile strength test results. Based on ISO 527, the shape of the specimens (type 2) and their dimensions were chosen, as well as method. The extreme dimensions of the specimens are juxtaposed to illustrate the differences in the tensile strength results.

13

The discrete, fractional order model of a two-dimensional temperature field using Grünwald-Letnikov definition

Oprzędkiewicz Krzysztof

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 4

art. no. e150332

EN

In the paper a new, fractional order, discrete model of a two-dimensional temperature field is addressed. The proposed model uses Grünwald-Letnikov definition of the fractional operator. Such a model has not been proposed yet. Elementary properties of the model: practical stability, accuracy and convergence are analysed. Analytical conditions of stability and convergence are proposed and they allow to estimate the orders of the model. Theoretical considerations are validated using exprimental data obtained with the use of a thermal imaging camera. Results of analysis supported by experiments point that the proposed model assures good accuracy and convergence for low order and relatively short memory length.

14

ODT product quality management on the example of automatic control of tablet weight uniformity

Janas Sławomir, Kowalska Małgorzata, Woźniak Magdalena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

|

z. 172

299--310

EN

Purpose: The aim of the work was to present the automation of the mass measurement process as a factor that can significantly affect the quality and speed of analyzes in pharmaceutical industry. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, two methods were presented for testing the mass uniformity of tablets whose weight ranged from 13 mg to 2580 mg. The first method involved determining the weight of 20 randomly selected tablets of pharmaceutical preparations by statically measuring the weight of these tablets. In the second method, an automatic tablet feeder type PA-04/H was used, in which, as a result of vibration, successive tablets were automatically moved via a special chute onto the weighing pan. Findings: No significant differences were found in the weight measurements performed by the manual and automatic methods. The largest differences were noted at the 0.5% level. All tablets tested met the United States Pharmacopeia requirements for their mass uniformity. For orally disintegrating tablets, the largest percentage deviations in weight from the mean value were -4.47% for tablet F6, - 4.26%, for tablet F1 and 3.31% for tablet F2. The differences in accuracy and precision between the automatic and manual methods were insignificant. Research limitations/implications: Mass measurement by the manual method is one of the most frequently performed measurements in the laboratory. The final result from this measurement method may be subject to error caused, for example, by human error, i.e. reading, writing or calculation error. For this reason, process automation is increasingly being used, which eliminates the possibility of error to a large extent. Practical implications: The automation of weight measurement reduces the effort required for product inspection. Thus, it can be an important factor in the process of optimization and product quality management. Originality/value: The description of the research method and its results can be a valuable guideline for people who deal with product quality control in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been shown that automation to be effective does not have to be complicated but well designed.

15

Monitoring of Icelandic plate movement with GNSS method and GPS signal jamming effects in Iceland

Pırtı Atınç, Hoşbaş Ramazan Gürsel, Yücel Mehmet Ali

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2023

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Vol. 116

15--22

EN

Jamming is electromagnetic radiation or reflection that impairs the function of electronic instruments and equipment or communication tools. Intentionally disrupting or interfering with GPS signals, which are used for positioning, navigation, and timing, known as "GPS jamming", is accomplished using a radio frequency emitting device. On January 8, 2022 (the day of a NATO exercise), it was investigated how GPS signal jamming affected the position accuracy at three IGS points in Iceland. The obtained coordinate differences between kinematic processing and static processing reached values of about 0.5-10 meters for the MAYV, and HOFN stations in this study. In addition to GPS signal jamming effect in Iceland, horizontal and vertical velocity fields of the three IGS stations in Iceland covering a twenty-two year period (2000-2022) in this study. According to the obtained results, a motion of about 2cm-2.5cm per year (horizontal) and 0.1cm-2.1cm per year (vertical) was computed at the three IGS stations (HOFN, REYK, and MAYV) located in Iceland.

16

Analysis of differences in accuracy of positioning tied to various CORS networks in Poland: case study

Uznański Andrzej

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2023

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Vol. 116

47--60

EN

Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK) measurements are currently the most popular surveying method in geodesy. In most countries, there are networks of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS), which form the core of the terrestrial infrastructure that allows for NRTK measurements. In many countries, including Poland, several CORS networks operate in parallel and independently. The paper presents the characteristics of the CORS network in Poland. The results of several day NRTK and Real Time Kinematic (RTK) test measurements performed tied to five CORS networks operating in Poland: ASG-EUPOS, NadowskiNET, SmartNet, TPINETpro, VRSNet.pl, were subjected to a comparative analysis. VRS, FKP, MAC and POJ streams were used in the test measurements. The research mainly concerned the possibility of the occurrence of systematic errors when NRTK and RTK measurements were tied to different CORS networks for the survey of the same points. Conclusions from the comparative analysis of the accuracy and precision of the NRTK and RTK measurement results for each coordinate were also included.

17

Wpływ wybranych czynników na dokładność oceny zbrojenia płyt żelbetowych metodą elektromagnetyczną

Ordon-Beska Beata, Selejdak Jacek

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 11

1--5

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań elektromagnetycznych kilku modeli zbrojenia ortogonalnego z zastosowaniem Profometru PM-650. Oceniono powtarzalność pomiarów w przypadku różnego usytuowania tzw. ośrodka pomiaru względem pręta poprzecznego i oszacowano wartości błędów pomiarowych. Stwierdzono, że pozycja skanera istotnie wpływa na pomiar średnicy, natomiast w mniejszym stopniu na pomiar otuliny. W artykule poruszono również problem wpływu na wyniki czynników zaburzających pole elektromagnetyczne. W efekcie przeprowadzonych badań sformułowano zalecenia praktyczne.

EN

The article presents the results of electromagnetic research of several models of orthogonal reinforcement. Profometer PM-650 was used. The repeatability of measurements for different locations of the so-called measurement centre relative to the transverse member was evaluated and the values of measurement errors were estimated. It was found that the position of the scanner significantly affects the measurement of the diameter, while the measurement of the coating affects to a lesser extent. The article also discusses the problem of influencing the results of electromagnetic field disruptors. Practical recommendations were formulated.

18

Unbalanced multiclass classification with adaptive synthetic multinomial naive Bayes approach

Fauzi Fatkhurokhman, Ismatullah, Nur Indah Manfaati

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2023

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T. 13, nr 3

64--70

EN

Opinions related to rising fuel prices need to be seen and analysed. Public opinion is closely related to public policy in Indonesia in the future. Twitter is one of the media that people use to convey their opinions. This study uses sentiment analysis to look at this phenomenon. Sentiment is divided into three categories: positive, neutral, and negative. The methods used in this research are Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes, Adaptive Synthetic k-nearest neighbours, and Adaptive Synthetic Random Forest. The Adaptive Synthetic method is used to handle unbalanced data. The data used in this study are public arguments per province in Indonesia. The results obtained in this study are negative sentiments that dominate all provinces in Indonesia. There is a relationship between negative sentiment and the level of education, internet use, and the human development index. Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes performed better than other methods, with an accuracy of 0.882. The highest accuracy of the Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes method is 0.990 in Papua Barat Province.

PL

Należy przyjrzeć się i przeanalizować opinie związane z rosnącymi cenami paliw. Opinia publiczna jest ściśle związana z polityką publiczną Indonezji w przyszłości. Twitter jest jednym z mediów, których ludzie używają do przekazywania swoich opinii. Niniejsze badanie wykorzystuje analizę nastrojów, aby przyjrzeć się temu zjawisku. Opinia jest podzielona na trzy kategorie: pozytywną, neutralną i negatywną. Metody wykorzystane w tym badaniu to Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes, Adaptive Synthetic k-nearest neighbours i Adaptive Synthetic Random Forest. Metoda Adaptive Synthetic służy do obsługi niezrównoważonych danych. Dane wykorzystane w tym badaniu to argumenty publiczne według prowincji w Indonezji. Wyniki uzyskane w tym badaniu to negatywne nastroje, które dominują we wszystkich prowincjach Indonezji. Istnieje związek między negatywnymi nastrojami a poziomem wykształcenia, korzystaniem z Internetu i wskaźnikiem rozwoju społecznego. Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes działała lepiej niż inne metody, z dokładnością 0,882. Najwyższa dokładność metody Adaptive Synthetic Multinomial Naive Bayes wynosi 0,990 w prowincji Papua Barat.

19

Accuracy analysis of egnos positioning in flight test in air transport

Krasuski Kamil, Kirschenstein Małgorzata, Michalski Daniel, Ciećko Adam, Grunwald Grzegorz

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 2

357--373

EN

The purpose of this publication is to determine the accuracy of EGNOS positioning in aviation using correction data from the PRN120 and PRN124 geostationary satellites. The paper compiles GPS satellite data with EGNOS corrections to determine the position of aircraft and to determine positioning accuracy. The study used research material from an airborne experiment carried out in Mielec. GNSS data were elaborated in post-processing mode in the RKTLIB software, and numerical analyses were performed in Microsoft Excel. The average accuracy of EGNOS positioning using data from the PRN120 satellite for B, L, h coordinates was 0.9 m, 0.2 m and 0.3 m, respectively. In contrast, the average accuracy of EGNOS positioning using data from the PRN124 satellite is also similarly 0.9 m, 0.2 m and 0.3 m for BLh coordinates. It was observed that the positioning accuracy at a given measurement epoch is dependent on the number of GPS satellites observed. Furthermore, in the study, the accuracy of EGNOS positioning using corrections from the PRN120 and PRN124 satellites was compared with the certification requirements of the International Civil Aviation Organisation.

PL

Celem niniejszej publikacji jest określenie dokładności pozycjonowania EGNOS w lotnictwie przy użyciu danych korekcyjnych z satelitów geostacjonarnych PRN120 i PRN124. W artykule zastosowano system GPS z poprawkami EGNOS w celu określenia pozycji statku powietrznego i określenia dokładności pozycjonowania statku powietrznego. W badaniu wykorzystano dane z eksperymentu lotniczego przeprowadzonego w Mielcu. Dane GNSS zostały opracowane w trybie post-processingu w oprogramowaniu RKTLIB, a analizy numeryczne wykonano w programie Microsoft Excel. Średnia dokładność pozycjonowania EGNOS z wykorzystaniem danych z satelity PRN120 dla współrzędnych B, L, h wyniosła 0,9 m, 0,2 m i 0,3 m. Natomiast średnia dokładność pozycjonowania EGNOS przy użyciu danych z satelity PRN124 również wynosi 0,9 m, 0,2 m i 0,3 m dla współrzędnych BLh. Zaobserwowano, że dokładność pozycjonowania w danej epoce pomiarowej zależy od liczby obserwowanych satelitów GPS. Ponadto w badaniu dokładność pozycjonowania EGNOS z wykorzystaniem poprawek z satelitów PRN120 i PRN124 została porównana z wymaganiami certyfikacyjnymi Organizacji Międzynarodowego Lotnictwa Cywilnego.

20

Accuracy analysis of aircraft positioning using navigational data from AVIA-W radar

Goś Artur, Krasuski Kamil, Mazur Wojciech

Aviation and Security Issues

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2023

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No. 1

287--312

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the accuracy of determination of parameters of the position of aircraft using data from the AVIA-W radar. In the first place, the authors determined the position of the aircraft as well as the range and azimuth parameters by the AVIA-W radar, located in Dęblin. This was followed by a determination of the absolute position error of the aircraft and the determination of the range and azimuth measurement error by the AVIA-W radar. The research test was carried out using a Diamond DA40 NG aircraft on which a GPS satellite receiver was mounted in order to determine the flight reference position. In addition, the range and azimuth measurements for the aircraft were acquired from the AVIA-W radar. Navigational calculations were conducted for polar and rectangular planar coordinates. Based on the performed research, the azimuth error was found to be -1.4°, while the radar range measurement error was equal to -0.04 km. The conducted research is experimental in its character. In the future it will be repeated and extended to the GCA-2000 radar, which is also located at Dęblin military airfield.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę dokładności wyznaczenia parametrów pozycji statku powietrznego z użyciem danych z radaru AVIA-W. W pierwszej kolejności dokonano wyznaczenia pozycji statku powietrznego oraz określenia parametru zasięgu i azymutu przez radar AVIA-W, zlokalizowany w Dęblinie. Następnie dokonano wyznaczenia błędu absolutnego pozycji statku powietrznego oraz określenia błędu pomiaru zasięgu i azymutu przez radar AVIA-W. Test badawczy przeprowadzono z użyciem samolotu Diamond DA40 NG, na pokładzie którego zamontowano odbiornik satelitarny GPS w celu wyznaczenia pozycji odniesienia lotu. Dodatkowo z radaru AVIA-W pozyskano pomiary zasięgu i azymutu do statku powietrznego. Obliczenia nawigacyjne zrealizowano dla współrzędnych biegunowych i prostokątnych płaskich. Na podstawie wykonanych badań stwierdzono, że błąd azymutu wynosi -1,4°, z kolei błąd pomiaru zasięgu radaru wynosi -0,04 km. Przeprowadzone badania mają charakter eksperymentalny i w przyszłości zostaną powtórzone i rozszerzone o radar GCA-2000, który także znajduje się na lotnisku wojskowym Dęblin.