Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Model symulacyjny układu napędowego pojazdu z silnikiem spalinowym i automatyczną skrzynią biegów

Szost Kinga

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 12

1548--1552

PL

Przedstawiono model matematyczny układu napędowego pojazdu, który składa się z silnika spalinowego o zapłonie iskrowym i czterech suwach pracy oraz pięciostopniowej skrzyni biegów i przekładni głównej. W modelu silnika spalinowego wykorzystano równania dynamiki oraz podstawowych procesów chemicznych. Uwzględniono uproszczony model matematyczny nadwozia pojazdu w celu weryfikacji poprawności działania całego układu. Zaprojektowano system sterowania skrzynią biegów. Przedstawiono wyniki badań symulacyjnych.

EN

A math. model of a vehicle’s drive system was presented, which consists of a 4-stroke combustion engine with spark ignition and a 5-speed gearbox with main transmission. Dynamics eqns. and simple chem. processes were used in the model of the combustion engine. A simplified math. model of the vehicle body was included and the control system for the gearbox was designed.

2

Wykorzystanie systemów CAX w projektowaniu układu wydechowego dwusuwowego silnika spalinowego

Samul Wojciech, Małecki Dominik, Stefański Patryk

Przegląd Techniczny : Gazeta Inżynierska

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2024

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nr 9

16--20

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wykorzystanie systemów CAD w projektowaniu układu wydechowego motocyklowego silnika spalinowego. Autorzy prezentują znaczenie zastosowania skanowania przestrzennego oraz modelowania 3D do wykonania układu wydechowego motocykla Yamaha YZ 85. Zaprezentowane zostały również badania trakcyjne silnika na hamowni motocyklowej z użyciem zaprojektowanego wydechu.

EN

The article presents the use of CAD systems in the design of the exhaust system of a motorcycle combustion engine. The authors present the importance of using spatial scanning and 3D modeling to create the exhaust system of the Yamaha YZ 85 motorcycle. Engine traction tests using the designed exhaust on a motorcycle dynamometer were also presented.

3

Structural and Material Analysis of an Electromagnetic Actuator for Pressure Control in an Internal Combustion Engine

Mamala Jarosław, Graba Mariusz, Prażnowski Krzysztof, Tomczuk Bronisław, Waindok Andrzej

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2024

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R. 28, nr 1

5--13

EN

The article describes the process of selecting the design parameters of the electromagnetic actuator, which was used to regulate the compression pressure in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. The electromagnetic actuator was installed in the timing system of a single-cylinder internal combustion engine, which forced its basic design parameters in terms of force and frequency of operation. For the electromagnetic actuator in question, field calculations of the esign variants of the linear electromagnetic actuator for two types of materials were conducted. The finite element method was applied to the computer-aided design of electromagnetic actuators. The influence of the magnetic circuit and the dimensions of the windings on the distribution of the magnetic field were analyzed. The thickness and height of the magnetic field induces, and the dimensions of the stator poles have been changed while maintaining the same external dimensions of the actuator for design reasons. All this work was aimed at improving the performance of the internal combustion engine in terms of improving efficiency in terms of partial engine loads. In this area, the internal combustion engine is characterized by low efficiency, significantly deviating from the maximum, and at the same time, during normal operation of vehicles is the area most often exploited.

PL

W artykule opisano proces doboru parametrów konstrukcyjnych siłownika elektromagnetycznego, który posłużył do regulacji ciśnienia sprężania w cylindrze silnika spalinowego. Siłownik elektromagnetyczny został zamontowany w układzie rozrządu jednocylindrowego silnika spalinowego, co wymusiło jego podstawowe parametry konstrukcyjne w zakresie siły i częstotliwości pracy. Dla omawianego siłownika elektromagnetycznego przeprowadzono obliczenia porównawcze wariantów konstrukcyjnych liniowego siłownika elektromagnetycznego dla dwóch rodzajów materiałów. Do komputerowego wspomagania projektowania siłowników elektromagnetycznych zastosowano metodę elementów skończonych. Przeanalizowano wpływ obwodu magnetycznego i wymiarów uzwojeń na rozkład pola magnetycznego. Grubość i wysokość indukowanego pola magnetycznego oraz wymiary biegunów stojana zostały zmienione przy zachowaniu tych samych wymiarów zewnętrznych siłownika ze względów konstrukcyjnych. Wszystkie te prace miały na celu poprawę osiągów silnika spalinowego w szczególności poprawy sprawności w zakresie częściowego obciążenia silnika. W tym obszarze silnik spalinowy charakteryzuje się stosunkowo niską sprawnością, znacznie odbiegającą od maksymalnej, a jednocześnie w czasie normalnej eksploatacji pojazdów jest obszarem najczęściej eksploatowanym.

4

Efficiency optimization of a vehicle combustion engine by the adjustment of the spark advance angle

Kamiński Adam, Krakowian Konrad, Skrętowicz Maria, Kupski Mateusz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

10--14

EN

Changing the ignition advance angle has a significant impact on the performance of a combustion engine. Optimization of ignition advance angle is a major task of adjusting the engine concerning emission standards, fuel consumption, torque value, etc. The results of the research showed that the process of optimizing the ignition advance curve can noticeably increase engine efficiency, as well as torque and power output from the engine while reducing fuel consumption as a result of lower indications of the air flow mass per second from MAF sensor (mass air flow sensor). The highest impact of the ignition advanced angle modifications can be seen in the area of the highest volumetric efficiency of the tested combustion engine. Almost no impact is observed within high engine speed levels. Simultaneously increasing engine load and rotation speed increases the possibility of engine knocking, which has a devastating effect on engine durability.

5

Development and research of a hybrid power unit for ultralight aircraft: an innovative approach to energy efficiency and operational flexibility

Wróblewski Piotr, Świątek Piotr, Kachel Stanisław, Zyska Tomasz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

83--96

EN

This scientific article presents an innovative concept of a hybrid power unit designed for ultralight aircraft, with the aim of improving energy efficiency and operational flexibility. As part of the development of the system, the construction of the combustion unit and the electric motor / generator, which are the key elements of this solution, was described. The advanced internal combustion engine controller and the bi-directional energy conversion converter have been developed and built to enable optimal cooperation of both energy sources. In order to carry out experimental research on the developed system, a special test stand was built on which a prototype drive unit was mounted. The results of the research include preliminary performance characteristics of the prototype drive unit and an analysis of the achievements that indicate the potential benefits of using such a hybrid drive unit. The article also summarizes the conclusions and recommendations for further work on improving this innovative solution.

6

Composition, features, problems, and treatment related to cooling fluid - a review

Stajuda Łukasz, Levchenko Dmytro, Kubiak Przemysław, Siczek Kamil, Bogusławski Grzegorz, Kuchar Maciej, Woźniak Marek, Szymczyk Mateusz, Ozuna Gustavo, Siczek Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

106--125

EN

Vehicle coolant is one of the most important operating fluids. Along with changes in the design of engines, the composition of the coolant has also changed. The main function of the coolant is heat transfer (HT). It absorbs up to one-third of the heat energy generated by the engine. The coolant is also responsible for protecting the cooling system from damage caused by corrosion, scaling and deposits. The unfavorable working environment of the engine is also affected by smaller capacities of the cooling systems (CSs) of the drive units, extreme temperatures and increased pressure in the CS, enhancing the importance of the fluid composition. The coolant must be replaced every three years or 100,000 kilometers or every five years or 250,000 kilometers with the Organic Acid Technology (OAT). It is worth remembering that coolant of unknown composition or low quality used for a long time can expose the system to engine overheating, corrosion, deposits and restriction of liquid flow. This can lead to engine failure, in extreme cases even engine seizure. Currently, many types of fluids, including nanocoolants with different compositions, are available on the cooling market. The article presents these fluids, describe the most common failures of CSs, present the currently used methods of fluid replacement in the engine and proposes an innovative method based on the pressure method, which allows both replacing the fluid in the entire system and cleaning it.

7

Combustion stability for early and late direct hydrogen injection in a dual fuel diesel engine

Siadkowska Ksenia, Barański Grzegorz

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 1

89--98

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the experimental results of direct hydrogen injection in a dual-fuel diesel engine. The test object is a four-cylinder, four-stroke ADCR engine. The parameters like: indicated mean effective pressure, peak pressure, angle of maximum pressure and released heat were analyzed. Statistical analysis of the obtained results was carried out for each cylinder separately for four different hydrogen doses. Both early and late direct hydrogen injection were analyzed. The significance of the differences for each of the analyzed parameters and type of injection was determined. The stability of the combustion process was evaluated using the coefficient of variation CoV(IMEP).

8

Precision diagnostics of a diesel engine under agricultural tractor operating conditions

Vrublevskyi Oleksandr, Gonera Jarosław, Napiórkowski Jerzy

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 2

181--194

EN

This paper presents a method for the precise diagnosis of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor based on the analysis of efficiency changes and parameters characterizing the process of fuel-air mixture preparation. We proposed that the technical condition be identified based on available data from the engine controller, as this enables the implementation of precise online diagnostics of an agricultural tractor. The method was verified using the original cycle, during which we simulated several engine defects leading to a change in conditions and quality of the processes of creating and burning the fuel/air/flue gas mixture. In the paper, we justified the selection of the points at which the engine parameters were measured, as they provide the most information and allow for efficient identification of damage. These results indicate the possibility of damage identification without the use of the diagnostic cycle in the operation of operator-driven vehicles and autonomous vehicles.

9

Odlewanie tłoków do silników spalinowych ze stopów aluminium na przestrzeni 50 lat doświadczenia Federal-Mogul Gorzyce

Piątkowski Jarosław, Krępa Adam

Przegląd Odlewnictwa

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2023

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Vol. 73, nr 3-4

84--85

PL

W artykule przedstawiono rys historyczny odlewania tłoków silników spalinowych na przykładzie 50. lat doświadczenia Federal-Mogul (FM) Gorzyce sp. z o.o. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na zmiany w konstrukcji układu chłodzenia kokilarek, które obecnie są sprzężone z robotami zalewającymi ciekły stop tłokowy Al-SiCu-Ni-Mg. To rozwiązanie zapewnia równomierną krystalizację tłoków i optymalną wydajność procesu ich odlewania. Na skutek konieczności poprawy sprawności silnika, a tym samym zmniejszenia zużycia paliwa i emisji substancji szkodliwych dla środowiska, zmianie uległa również budowa tłoków. W zależności od rodzaju silnika, obecne tłoki posiadają różny kształt denka, którego krawędzie są przetapiane laserowo, niższą tzw. „koronę” tłoka i odchudzone ścianki wewnętrzne. Dla zapewnienia mniejszych strat tarcia układu: tłok-pierścienie-cylinder i wzmożonego chłodzenia części pierścieniowej, nowoczesne tłoki są wyposażone w komponenty (kanały solne, alfinowane wkładki pierścieniowe), a płaszcz tłoka jest poddawany zabiegom obróbki powierzchniowej. Stosowanie innowacyjnych rozwiązań w Federal-Mogul Gorzyce Sp. z o.o. zapewnia uzyskanie kompromisu pomiędzy produkcją silników o zmniejszonej pojemności skokowej i dużej mocy, przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu trwałości i niezawodności odlewanych dziś tłoków ze stopów aluminium.

EN

The article presents a historical overview of the casting of combustion engine pistons on the example of 50 years of experience of Federal-Mogul (FM) Gorzyce Ltd. Particular attention was paid to the changes in the design of the cooling system of the mold making machines, which are currently coupled with robots pouring liquid Al-Si-Cu-Ni-Mg piston alloy. This solution ensures uniform crystallization of the pistons and optimal efficiency of the casting process. As a result of the need to improve engine efficiency, and thus reduce fuel consumption and emissions of substances harmful to the environment, the design of the pistons has also changed. Depending on the type of engine, the current pistons have a different shape of the bottom, the edges of which are melted by laser, the lower, so-called „crown” of the piston and slimmed down inner walls. To ensure lower friction losses of the piston-rings-cylinder system and increased cooling of the annular part, modern pistons are equipped with various components (salt channels, and alfinated ring inserts), and the piston skirt is subjected to surface treatment. The use of innovative solutions at Federal-Mogul Gorzyce Ltd provides a compromise between the production of engines with reduced displacement and high power, while maintaining the durability and reliability of today’s cast aluminum alloy pistons.

10

The concept of electronic control unit for combustion engine in hybrid tandem

Zyska Tomasz, Powązka Marcin, Forysiuk Bartłomiej

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2023

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T. 13, nr 3

107--110

EN

The article presents the concept of a hybrid propulsion unit for ultralight aircraft. A combustion unit and an electric motor/generator were presented. As part of the research, a dedicated combustion engine controller and a two-way converter for energy conversion were built. The prototype drive unit was installed on a test stand and its initial characteristics were determined. The results of research and conclusions related to the construction of a hybrid drive unit are presented.

PL

W artukule przedstawiona została koncepcja hybrydowej jednostki napędowej dla ultralekkich statków powietrznych. Przedstawione zostały jednostka spalinowa a także silnik/generator elektryczny. W ramach badań zbudowany został dedykowany sterownik silnika spalinowego i dwukierunkowa przetwornica do konwersji energii. Prototypowy zespół napędowy zabudowano na stanowisku badawczym i wyznaczono jego wstępne charakterystyki. Przedstawiono wyniki badań i wnioski związane z budową hybrydowej jednostki napędowej.

11

Study on selected parameters of engine with the active combustion chamber

Głogowski Michał, Woźniak Marek, Szydłowski Tomasz, Siczek Krzysztof

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

3--12

EN

The present study was focused on the combustion engine with a variable compression ratio (VCR), namely the four-stroke air-cooled engine with the active combustion chamber (ACC). An indicated pressure, torque, power, and specific fuel consumption of that engine were investigated experimentally as a goal of the present study. Experiments were conducted using two versions of an engine. Two parameters particularly influencing the ACC engine performance including the maximum compression ratio CRmax and the indicator γfm determining the correct operation of the ACC system, were described. It was found that the ACC engine allowed avoiding detonation combustion without changing the amount and composition of the combustible mixture, and even without delaying the ignition advance angle. In addition, the possible range of control of the combustion process allowed the ACC engine to operate with different types of hydrocarbon fuels, for example, in the form of petrol with various alcohol admixtures. The very intense flow of the combustible mixture inside the cylinder of the ACC engine allowed describing the combustion in the ACC engine with zero-dimensional mathematical models with the dual Vibe function providing the proper characterization of the heat release process. The use of very high maximum compression ratios allows the ACC engine to operate to a certain extent as a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) engine with high lambda coefficients.

12

Research and analysis of the operation of vehicles with various propulsion systems, including costs and CO2 emissions

Lasota Michał, Zabielska Aleksandra, Jacyna Marianna, Żak Jolanta

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

3--13

EN

The article analyzes and evaluates costs, transport time and CO2 emissions by selected vans. The research was carried out on the example of three models of Iveco Daily vehicles powered by: diesel oil, electricity and compressed natural gas (CNG). The result of the research presented in the article is the determination of the operating costs of vehicles powered by various energy sources and the level of CO2 emissions. The comparative analysis was carried out on real data for the established transport task. Vehicles with engines powered by compressed natural gas are characterized by the highest savings in terms of transport costs. As the authors pointed out, this may be due to the fact that this type of engines, despite the low interest of buyers at the moment, may gain much more popularity in the future. On the other hand, in relation to vehicles with electric motors, the cost of transport is the highest, which means that this type of technology is ineffective in relation to long-distance transport.

13

Analysis of the combustion engine exhaust system structure in aspect of shaping acoustic energy

Gągorowski Andrzej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

112--116

EN

The flow of exhaust gases is the source of many physical processes, including thermal, acoustic, mechanical and chemical phenomena with high dynamics of changes. The study analyzes the impact of the entire structure of the exhaust system on the formation of acoustic energy, determining the transmission loss characteristics of its individual components and the entire system. On the example of a structure based on a proprietary solution of an adjustable reactive muffler, the possibilities of shaping the flow of acoustic waves in the process of designing and selecting exhaust systems for internal combustion engines were determined. The study was carried out with the use of the CFD method and a specialized package for advanced simulations AVL AST.

14

Determination of exhaust emission characteristics in the RDE test using the Monte Carlo method

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

45--60

EN

The article presents a method of determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions and fuel mass consumption in real driving conditions based on a single test using the Monte Carlo method. The exhaust emission characteristics used are the relations between the emissions and the average vehicle speed, and the characteristic of the fuel mass consumption is the dependence of the fuel mass consumption at the average vehicle speed. The results of empirical research of a passenger car with a spark-ignition engine in the RDE test were used. The use of the Monte Carlo method made it possible to select the initial and final moments of averaging the process values, thanks to which it was possible to determine the discrete values of the characteristics for various values of average vehicle speeds. The determined discrete characteristics of the particulate mass and number emissions and fuel mass consumption relative to the average vehicle speed were approximated by polynomial functions of the second and third degree. The determined discrete characteristics, presented as sets of points, were characterized by a relatively small dispersion in relation to their polynomial approximations. The average relative deviation of the points of discrete characteristics from the value of the polynomial was in most cases small – less than 4%, only in the case of the number of particles emitted deviated from this, as the average relative deviation of the measured points from the determined polynomial was nearly 14%. Combined with the results of RDE empirical studies, the Monte Carlo method proved to be an effective method for determining the characteristics of exhaust emissions, measured in real vehicle operating conditions. The main advantage of the proposed method was a significant reduction in the actual workload necessary to carry out the empirical research – where it became possible to determine the characteristics in a large range of vehicle average speed values with just one drive test. Using standard methods of measuring this type of data, it would be necessary to conduct multiple tests, driving at different average vehicle speeds.

15

Analysis of exhaust emission processes during the Real Driving Emissions test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

123--148

EN

The article deals with the study of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine in the Real Driving Emission (RDE) test. These tests are a simulation of real conditions of use of motor vehicles. Nowadays, RDE tests are mandatory for Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) and Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) vehicles and in the future, restrictive standard. Euro 7, which combines stricter limits with a comprehensive RDE test cycle, is becoming a challenge for current vehicle engineering. The paper presents the results of pollutant emission tests from a passenger car (PC). In the tests of LDV in the RDE test, the results of which are analyzed in the article, the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) mobile exhaust emission testing system was used. The processes describing the operating states of the vehicle and the combustion engine, as well as the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the intensity of the number of particulate (PN), were examined. The correlation between the considered processes was investigated. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate and carbon dioxide as well as the road PN were examined. The zero-dimensional statistical characteristics of the examined processes were also determined. The probability density and power spectral density of the processes were established. A great diversity was found in the properties of the process distributions, as well as in the dynamic properties of the processes. In the summary of the analysis of the results of the car speed process, the operating states of the combustion engine and the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the process of the intensity of PN in the RDE test, conclusions were formulated regarding, among others, course of the intensity of these compounds, correlation of the processes of pollution emission intensity and the intensity of the PN with the process of car speed, distribution of processes.

16

The model for cylinder charge parameters during engine starting

Pszczółkowski Józef

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

60--66

EN

The process of cylinder charge - air sucked into the cylinder - transformation during engine start-up phase is characterized. Heat exchange and air flow through piston-cylinder group leakage processes are described as factors influencing the gas thermodynamic parameters. The Woschni formula based on similarity theory was finally used as equation describing heat transfer in combustion engines cylinder. The computational model for cylinder charge parameters in the whole engine cycle during its starting at low temperature is presented. Some taken assumptions and characteristics of partial processes resulting from the computations are shown. There are indicated the possibilities of using the model at internal combustion engine diagnostic process.

17

Possible applications of prechambers in hydrogen internal combustion engines

Matla Jędrzej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

77--82

EN

In order to ensure better control of the combustion process in a internal combustion engine powered by hydrogen, it has been proposed to use a split combustion chamber solution. Following paper contains a description of a hydrogen combustion system that includes an analysis of possible technical solutions. The considerations take into account the issues of the dual nature of hydrogen knocking and the problem of burning a stratified charge of a hydrogen-air mixture in a cylinder.

18

Impact of the use of comfort devices on the exhaust toxic compounds from a modern PC car with spark ignition engine

Siedlecki Maciej, Merkisz Jerzy, Dobrzyński Michał, Kubiak Kamil

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

50--55

EN

The use of comfort systems, the number of which in vehicles is constantly increasing, has a direct impact on fuel consumption and engine load. As part of the article, the vehicle's drive in real operating conditions was analyzed in terms of the emission of toxic compounds. The tests were carried out without and with the systems turned on, using the PEMS apparatus, where road emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and solid particles were measured in terms of mass, number and size distribution of diameters. The track was driven four times with different setting of the powertrain of examined car. The differences concerned the number of comfort systems in the vehicle and the mode of operation of the combustion engine.

19

Determination of characteristics of pollutant emission from a vehicle engine under traffic conditions in the engine test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy, Pielecha Jacek

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 4

58--65

EN

The paper describes the method of determination of exhaust emission characteristics from a vehicle engine based on the results obtained in a driving test simulated on an engine dynamometer. These characteristics are the relations between the specific distance emissions and the zero-dimensional characteristics of the process of vehicle velocity: the average velocity value and the average value of the absolute value of the product of vehicle velocity and acceleration. The exhaust emission characteristics are used to simulate the emissions from vehicles operating in different types of traffic conditions. The engine operating states in the engine dynamometer tests were determined by the operating conditions of the vehicle during the test. The authors applied the Monte Carlo method in order to determine the characteristics of different values of the zero-dimensional characteristics of the vehicle velocity process. This enabled the determination of the characteristics based on the test results from a single realization of the process of vehicle velocity. Additionally, the developed method allowed a replacement of the empirical research on the chassis dynamometer with the one performed on the engine dynamometer. The obtained exhaust emission characteristics are in line with the characteristics obtained on the chassis dynamometer in multiple tests.

20

Vibration-based identification of engine valve clearance using a convolutional neural network

Tabaszewski Maciej, Szymański Grzegorz M., Nowakowski Tomasz

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 61, iss. 1

117--131

EN

Contemporary operation-related requirements for combustion engines force the necessity of ongoing assessment of their in operation technical condition (e.g. marine engines). The engine efficiency and durability depend on a variety of parameters. One of them is valve clearance. As has been proven in the paper, the assessment of the valve clearance can be based on vibration signals, which is not a problem in terms of signal measurement and processing and is not invasive into the engine structure. The authors described the experimental research aiming at providing information necessary to develop and validate the proposed method. Active experiments were used with the task of valve clearance and registration of vibrations using a three-axis transducer placed on the engine cylinder head. The tests were carried out during various operating conditions of the engine set by 5 rotational speeds and 5 load conditions. In order to extract the training examples, fragments of the signal related to the closing of individual valves were divided into 11 shorter portions. From each of them, an effective value of the signal was determined. Obtained total 32054 training vectors for each valve related to 4 classes of valve clearance including very sensitive clearance above 0.8 mm associated with high dynamic interactions in cylinder head. In the paper, the authors propose to use a convolutional network CNN to assess the correct engine valve clearance. The obtained results were compared with other methods of machine learning (pattern recognition network, random forest). Finally, using CNN the valve clearance class identification error was less than 1% for the intake valve and less than 3.5% for the exhaust valve. Developed method replaces the existing standard methods based on FFT and STFT combined with regression calculation where approximation error is up to 10%. Such results are more useful for further studies related not only to classification, but also to the prediction of the valve clearance condition in real engine operations.