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1

Polypropylene composites with natural carbon fillers obtained by rotational molding

Szymańska Joanna, Szostak Marek, Paukszta Dominik

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 5

313--321

EN

PP composites with different contents of natural/waste carbon filler (1, 5, 10 and 25 wt.%) were obtained by rotational molding. Thermal properties (DSC), tensile properties and structure (optical and digital microscopy, WAXS) of PP composites were assessed. It was found that the composites are charac-terized by good surface quality of external walls and usually poorer quality of internal walls. The filler content affects both the degree of crystallinity and the mechanical properties of PP.

PL

Kompozyty PP o różnej zawartości naturalnego/odpadowego napełniacza węglowego (1, 5, 10 oraz 25% mas.) otrzymano metodą formowania rotacyjnego. Dokonano oceny właściwości termicz¬nych (DSC), właściwości mechanicznych przy rozciąganiu i struktury (mikroskopia optyczna i cyfrowa, WAXS) kompozytów PP. Stwierdzono, że kompozyty charakteryzują się dobrą jakością powierzchni ścian zewnętrznych oraz zazwyczaj słabszą ścian wewnętrznych. Zawartość napełniacza ma wpływ zarówno na stopień krystaliczności, jak i na ich właściwości mechaniczne PP.

2

Study of sound‑absorbing and insulating properties of regenerable materials to reduce noise

Świrk Patrycja

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 8

166--172

EN

Many available sound‑absorbing materials are made from reticulated foam, fibrous, granular, or loose materials compressed together, for example, under the influence of temperature, while maintaining a porous structure. However, most of them quickly degrade under the influence of environmental conditions, temperature, humidity, etc. In this work, an acoustic metamaterial is proposed that can be used as an absorber to obtain broadband sound absorption for acoustic silencers that reduce noise emitted during the discharge of gases or the process of air. The absorbers are installed inside the acoustic silencers, where they are exposed to the turbulent flow of a potentially contaminated or viscous fluid with suspended dust particles and carried along with the flow. The aim of the research is to develop materials that are characterised by good absorption properties and that also exhibit high resistance to moisture. Several samples of granulated materials, with regular shapes and different sizes of granules were selected for the study. It was found that high humidity does not affect the acoustic properties of the considered samples and it does not cause negative changes in the material structure. The proposed material consisting of plastic granules of different diameters is resistant to moisture and can be easily regenerated in the case of severe contamination.

PL

Wiele dostępnych materiałów dźwiękochłonnych jest wykonanych z pianki o strukturze siatkowanej, włóknistej, granulowanej lub luźnej, sprasowanej razem, np. pod wpływem temperatury. W wyniku tego powstaje struktura porowata. Ulega ona jednak szybko degradacji pod wpływem warunków środowiskowych, temperatury, wilgotności itp. W artykule zaprezentowano metamateriał akustyczny, który może być stosowany jako absorber szerokopasmowego pochłaniania dźwięku w przypadku tłumików akustycznych, które redukują hałas emitowany podczas odprowadzania gazów. Absorbery są instalowane wewnątrz tłumików akustycznych. Są tam narażone na turbulentny przepływ potencjalnie zanieczyszczonego lub lepkiego płynu z zawieszonymi cząstkami pyłu i przenoszone wraz z jego przepływem. Celem przeprowadzonych badań było opracowanie materiałów charakteryzujących się dobrymi właściwościami absorpcyjnymi, a także wykazujących dużą odporność na wilgoć. Do badań wybrano kilka próbek materiałów granulopodobnych o regularnych kształtach i różnej wielkości granulek. Stwierdzono, że duża wilgotność nie wpływa na właściwości akustyczne ocenianych próbek i nie powoduje negatywnych zmian w ich strukturze. Proponowany materiał składający się z granulek tworzywa sztucznego o różnej średnicy jest odporny na wilgoć i może być łatwo regenerowany w przypadku znacznego zanieczyszczenia.

3

Investigation and characterization of polypropylene plastic waste pyrolysis oil: Effect of temperature and fractional condensation

Mufrodi Zahrul, Syamsiro Mochamad, Biddinika Muhammad Kunta, Hakika Dhias Cahya, Prawisudha Pandj, Budiasih Kun Sri, Purnomo Chandra Wahyu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

163--172

EN

The escalating accumulation of polypropylene (PP) plastic waste poses significant environmental challenges, requiring innovative waste management strategies. Pyrolysis of plastic waste presents a promising approach for sustainable production of alternative fuels. However, pyrolysis oil possesses undesirable properties for direct fuel applications, requiring additional upgrading steps before being utilized for specific purposes. Fractionation offers an effective method for the separation of pyrolysis oil. This study investigates the pyrolysis of PP plastic waste with three-stage condensers system, focusing on the effect of temperature and fractional condensation on the yield and characteristics of pyrolysis oil. Experiments were conducted within temperature range of 400, 410, 425, 430, 440, to 450 °C, with the aim of optimizing the generation of liquid products. The pyrolysis vapors were sequentially passed through three condensers. Results indicate that the maximum bio-oil was obtained at 450 °C as optimum temperature, which consists of 2.32% gases (C1–C5), 41.94% gasoline (C6–C11), 44.15% kerosene (C12–C20), and 11.59% residue (> C20). The distribution of compounds was influenced by fractional condensers, with the highest relative contents of compounds obtained from condenser 1, 2, and 3 were gasoline (79.28%), kerosene (51.97%), and gasoline (55.21%), respectively. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the chemical and physical properties of bio-oils. The characterization results reveal that the pyrolysis oil obtained from PP plastic waste are dominated with 1-heptene-5-methyl (C8H16). The composition of pyrolysis oil demonstrated favourable and suitable properties for potential applications as renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks.

4

Lignocellulosic composites based on flax and thermoplastics

Lipska Karolina, Goławski Sebastisn

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2025

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No. 129

5--16

EN

The increasing global population and widespread consumerism have led to a significant rise in waste generation. While recycling rates have improved, they remain insufficient, making innovative approaches to waste management necessary. One promising strategy involves utilizing agricultural by-products, such as flax pomace, a residue from oil extraction, as an alternative filler in wood plastic composites (WPC). This study investigates the feasibility of replacing conventional wood-based fillers in WPC with flax pomace to create more sustainable materials. Composites were produced using flax pomace and thermoplastics: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polylactide (PLA), and polypropylene (PP). The materials underwent Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze chemical structure, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to assess thermal stability, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the morphology of composites. FTIR analysis showed that the materials are bonding physically, not chemically. All composites do not create a fully homogenous structure, but PLA_FLAX stands out due to its visibly loose and irregular internal structure, with noticeable gaps between particles. PE_FLAX and PLA_FLAX, occurred to be less thermally stable than neat polymers, but PP_FLAX showed the opposite. Composites made of flax pomace are promising alternatives for WPC. Further research and process optimization may support their application as wood-based product alternatives.

5

Experimental investigation of mechanical behavior and load-bearing capacity of fiberglass and metal reinforced polypropylene sanitary manhole covers

Al-Sabur Raheem, Khalaf Hassanein I., Kubit Andrzej, Perłowski Ryszard, Jurczak Wojciech

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 4

20--31

EN

Sanitary manhole covers, such as infrastructure lines, drainage, and stormwater, are important in drainage systems. In recent years, there have been intensive attempts to improve the performance of these covers and reduce their costs. This study investigates the mechanical behaviour and load-bearing capacity of polypropylene manhole covers modified by two methods. In the first modification, covers were strengthened by injecting ribs composed of 15 wt.% and 30 wt.% glass fibres. In the second modification, a steel spiral rod was installed along the circumference of the cover. Compression tests were conducted using a universal testing machine equipped with ZwickRoell Xforce load cells to evaluate the effectiveness of these modifications. Contrary to expectations, the results showed a 12.36 kN average decrease in the cover load capacity when there was a 15 wt.% content of glass fibers, indicating a 13.46% weakening compared to the traditional version of pure polypropylene. In contrast, the variant with a 30 wt.% filler content exhibits a 19.31 kN decrease in load-bearing capacity, resulting in a 21.03% weakening compared to the pure polypropylene cover. When the spiral steel rod was added, the result was a significant reduction in the circumferential rib's cross-sectional area, leading to cracking with an average force value of 86.21 kN. This was lower than the load capacity of the variant without a bar, which was 91.82 kN.

6

Przygotowanie i charakterystyka kompozytowego materiału izolacyjnego nano-MgO/polipropylen do budowy linii przesyłowych prądu stałego ultrawysokiego napięcia

Kang Xuefu, Pei Xudong, An Jianzhen, Liang Daping, Ling Shuqi, Wang Yuping

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 1

97--103

PL

Nanocząstki MgO (nano-MgO) zostały przygotowane przez wspomagane mikrofalowo kalcynowanie Mg(OH)₂ i wykorzystane do modyfikacji właściwości matrycy polipropylenowej (PP) (zawartość nanocząstek do 2% mas.). Dodatek nano-MgO do matrycy PP zawierającej kopolimer etylen/octan winylu spowodował wzrost jej rezystywności objętościowej z 1,73∙10¹⁴ Ωm do 2,85∙10¹⁴ Ωm, ale miał tylko niewielki wpływ na natężenie pola przebicia materiału. Dodatek nano-MgO spowodował również poprawę makroskopowych właściwości elektrycznych materiałów w porównaniu z czystymi próbkami PP. Po dodaniu 0,5% mas. nano-MgO gęstość ładunku przestrzennego kompozytu PP pozostała niezmieniona na poziomie 0,81 C/m² , a gdy zawartość nano-MgO wynosiła 1% mas., gęstość ładunku przestrzennego była najniższa. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie i wydłużenie przy zerwaniu kompozytowych materiałów izolacyjnych nano-MgO/PP były nieco niższe niż w przypadku czystego PP, ale ogólny spadek nie był znaczący. Badanie właściwości mechanicznych potwierdziło możliwość zastosowania kompozytowych materiałów izolacyjnych nano-MgO/PP w praktyce przemysłowej.

EN

Nano-MgO particles were prepd. by microwave-assisted calcining Mg(OH)₂ and used for modifying properties of the polypropylene (PP) matrix (nano-MgO content up to 2% by mass). The addn. of nano-MgO to the ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer-cong. PP matrix, resulted in an increase its volume resistivity form 1.73·10¹⁴ Ωm up to 2.85·10¹⁴ Ωm but had only a small impact on the breakdown field strength of the material. The addn. of nano-MgO resulted also in improving the macroscopic elec. properties of the materials when compared with pure PP samples. When 0.5% by mass nano-MgO was added, the space charge d. of PP composite remained unchanged at 0.81 C/m² , and when the content of nano-MgO was 1% by mass, the space charge density was the lowest. The tensile strength and elongation at break of nano-MgO/PP composite insulation materials were slightly lower than that of pure PP, but the overall decline was not significant. The study on mechanical properties conformed the applicability of the nano-MgO/PP composite insulating materials in the industrial practice.

7

Influence of polymer flow rate, mold cavity volume and injection speed on selected properties of polypropylene molded parts

Palutkiewicz Paweł, Garbacz Tomasz, Hura Łukasz

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 7-8

430--437

EN

Influence of the height of the molding cavity and the injection speed for three PP grades with different mass melt flow rate (MFR) on the molded parts mass and longitudinal shrinkage, before and after UV aging, was investigated. It was shown that the mass of the molded parts depends on the flow rate of the material and the volume of the molding cavity, while shrinkage depends only on the volume of the mold cavity and is greater after aging.

PL

Zbadano wpływ wysokości gniazda formującego i prędkości wtrysku dla trzech odmian PP o różnym wskaźniku szybkości płynięcia (MFR) na masę wyprasek oraz skurcz wzdłużny, przed i po starzeniu UV. Wykazano, że masa wyprasek zależy od szybkości przepływu tworzywa i objętości gniazda formującego, skurcz tylko od objętości gniazda formy i jest większy po starzeniu.

8

Global migration analysis of reusable food contact packaging exposed to varying microwave power levels and durations

Kałwa Klaudia, Dobosz Laura

Packaging Review

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2024

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No. 3

12--19

EN

This paper focuses on the study of specific cases of substance migration from plastic packaging into food, aiming to better understand this phenomenon and assess its potential impact on food quality and safety. The samples consisted of 5 food containers obtained from publicly accessible retail chains. In the case of reusable packaging, in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food, and Commission Regulation (EU) 2020/1245 amending and correcting Regulation 10/2011, the overall migration test for reusable products and materials is performed three times on the same sample, each time using a different dose of a food simulant liquid. All containers were made of polypropylene (PP/5) according to the markings on the bottom of the packaging, and were indicated by the manufacturers as suitable for microwave heating and freezing. Therefore, the tests also included trials with the use of microwaves. Consequently, tests were prepared for the first part of the study to account for the impact of microwave treatment on the overall migration of the examined containers into food simulant liquids, and for the second part of the study, in which the overall migration was conducted three times on the same packaging sample.

PL

Niniejsza praca koncentruje się na badaniu specyficznych przypadków migracji substancji z opakowań z tworzyw sztucznych do żywności, co ma na celu lepsze zrozumienie tego zjawiska oraz ocenę jego potencjalnego wpływu na jakość i bezpieczeństwo żywności. Próbki stanowiły 5 pojemników na żywność pozyskanych z ogólnodostępnych sieci handlowych. W przypadku opakowań wielokrotnego użytku zgodnie z Rozporządzeniem Komisji (UE) nr 10/2011 w sprawie materiałów i wyrobów z tworzyw sztucznych przeznaczonych do kontaktu z żywnością oraz Rozporządzeniem Komisji (UE) 2020/1245 w sprawie zmiany i sprostowania Rozporządzenia 10/2011 badanie migracji globalnej wyrobów i materiałów wielokrotnego użytku przeprowadza się trzy razy na tej samej próbce, za każdym razem używając innej dawki płynu modelowego imitującego żywność. Wszystkie pojemnik zgodnie z oznaczeniami na dnie opakowania wykonane były polipropylenu (PP/5) oraz z sugerowaną przez producentów możliwością stosowania ich do podgrzewania mikrofalowego oraz mrożenia. Z tego względu w badaniach zdecydowano się również uwzględnić próby z wykorzystaniem mikrofal. W związku z tym zostały przygotowane próby na I część badań uwzględniając wpływ obróbki mikrofalowej na migrację globalną badanych opakowań do płynów imitujących żywność oraz na II część badań, w której przeprowadzono migrację globalną trzy razy na tej samej próbie opakowania.

9

Radiolysis of composite polypropylene/hemp fibers

Głuszewski Wojciech, Lewandowska Hanna, Malinowski Rafał, Krasinska Oksana

Nukleonika

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2024

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Vol. 69, No. 2

45--51

EN

This paper presents the results of the research on the effects of ionizing radiation on the properties of a composite material consisting of polypropylene (PP) and hemp fibers (HFs). The radiolysis effects were investigated for the composites having HF contents in the amounts of 10, 20, 30, and 40% by weight, as well as for pure PP. Particular attention was paid to the protective effects the aromatic compounds contained in the HF had on the radiolysis of PP/HF composites. This phenomenon may explain the deviations that the irradiated composites displayed upon the addition of HFs and their dependency on the HF content. Both the granules and the standardized composite specimens were subjected to radiation treatment. The gas chromatography (GC) technique was employed to determine the yield of radiolytically generated hydrogen (GH2) and absorbed oxygen (GO2). The oxidation phenomenon was studied during irradiation, 24 h after irradiation, and after a 40-day aging period at room temperature. Changes in the melt flow rate (MFR) and the mechanical properties were also determined. It was described how the radiation treatment of the investigated composites accelerates their degradation. It was found that this effect applies to both HF and PP. It was also demonstrated that PP not only does not enhance the resistance of HF to oxidation but, on the contrary, accelerates the processes of their post-radiation degradation. It was further observed that the phenomenon of postradiation degradation can be controlled by changing the PP content in the composite, as well as the amount of aromatic compounds present in the HF. The amount of the absorbed dose allows us to control the degradation time of the PP/HF composites. This applies in particular to the chain oxidation of the PP matrix triggered by the ionizing radiation. It was also found that composites based on PP and natural fibers susceptible to radiation degradation may have significant implications for the use of easily degradable polymer materials in the environment.

10

Simultanous Modification of Dimensional Stability and Mechanical Processing of Injection Molded Polypropylene Using Gypsum Waste and Chemical Blowing Agen

Kościuszko Artur, Groenwald Albert, Rojewski Mateusz, Bieliński Marek

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 7

92--110

EN

The dimensional accuracy of injection molded parts plays an increasingly significant role in the plastics processing industry, as is the utilization of recycled raw materials. To obtain the desired dimensions and properties of injection moldings, various material modification methods are used simultaneously. The conducted research aimed to assess the impact of hybrid modification of non-nucleated heterogeneously isotactic polypropylene using recovered phosphogypsum and a chemical blowing agent on the shrinkage value and mechanical properties of injection molded parts. Additionally, changes in dimensions and properties of composites with solid and porous structures that occur within 1000 hours of their removal from the injection mold were determined. The research showed that the filler used acts as a nucleating agent causing an increase in the shrinkage of the parts, up to 10 wt%. Similar changes were observed in the case of tensile strength. The increase in the value of this parameter at the lowest phosphogypsum contents used was most likely the result of changes in the crystalline structure of polypropylene. Changes in the mechanical properties of the molded parts that occurred during conditioning are correlated with shrinkage changes that occur from the moment the molded parts are removed from the injection mold. Young's modulus and tensile strength increased linearly for both solid and porous moldings. However, the rate of stiffness increases as a function of shrinkage changes with the filler content. Nevertheless, the opposite tendency was observed in the case of changes in impact strength, the values of which decreased as a function of shrinkage to the greatest extent in the case of unfilled polypropylene.

11

Wyznaczanie właściwości reologicznych polimerowych kompozytów drzewnych o dużej zawartości drewna na podstawie reometrii kapilarnej. Cz. 2, Badania reometryczne

Nastaj Andrzej, Chmielewski Marcin, Buziak Kamila, Wilczyński Krzysztof

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 3

295--300

PL

Przedstawiono stan wiedzy i przegląd literatury w zakresie właściwości reologicznych polimerowych kompozytów drzewnych. Poddano dyskusji zagadnienie wyznaczania właściwości reologicznych kompozytów drzewnych na podstawie reometrii kapilarnej. Wskazano na rozległe możliwości reometrii kapilarnej w zakresie wyznaczania nie tylko krzywych płynięcia i krzywych lepkości, ale także badania zjawiska poślizgu, oceny granicy płynięcia, różnic naprężeń normalnych oraz lepkości podłużnej. Poddano dyskusji zagadnienie wpływu poprawek reometrycznych Rabinowitscha, Bagleya i Mooneya na położenie krzywej lepkości względem nieskorygowanej krzywej lepkości.

EN

Rheological studies of polymer-wood composite (WPC) with polypropylene matrix contg. 50 or 70% by mass wood filler were performed. Flow and viscosity curves were detd. at 180, 190 and 200°C, and tests of longitudinal viscosity and yield stress at 190°C were carried out. The tested composites had typical pseudoplastic properties, but yield stress, slip phenomenon and stretching (longitudinal viscosity) were obsd. during the flow. The effect of Rabinowitsch, Bagley and Mooney rheometric corrections on the position of the viscosity curve in relation to the uncorrected viscosity curve was discussed.

12

Preparation of magnesium hydroxide by modifier-directed hydration and its effect on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene

Wang Mei Jia, Bai Li Mei, Zhang Meng Ting, Ma Yu Xin, Zhao Liu Cheng, Li Shao Ying

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

|

Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 175706

EN

With the rapid development of the polymer materials industry and the improvement of people's environmental awareness, magnesium hydroxide has been widely used in polymer materials due to its high decomposition temperature, non-toxic smoke suppression, and the advantages of neutralizing harmful gases produced by polymer combustion. However, the conventional preparation methods of magnesium hydroxide exhibit several issues, including high hydrophilicity, elevated polarity, and limited compatibility with polymers. This research proposes an improved method by adding sodium stearate and KH560 modifier, controlling the rate of magnesium oxide and preparing magnesium hydroxide flame retardants using a modifier-directed hydration method. Various characterizations confirmed its morphology, particle size and structure. The magnesium hydroxide exhibits low polarity, small particle size, stable structure and excellent hydrophobicity (with a contact angle of 120.32°, and a free energy of 1.34mN/m). In parallel, the magnesium hydroxide/polypropylene composites demonstrate excellent flame retardancy (LOI of 25%, V-1 grade) and simultaneously enhance the dispersion of magnesium hydroxide within the polypropylene matrix, improving the material's toughness and strength.

13

Thermochemical Degradation of Polypropylene: Energy and Exergy Analysis in a Tubular Reactor

Cruz Jose Nolasco, Hernández Irma Pérez, Villalobo María de Lourdes Castellanos, Henández Angélica Pérez, Ávila Juan José López

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 5

14--21

EN

One method to evaluate the energy behavior is energy and exergy analysis. These analyses applied to waste-to-energy conversion technologies provide the information on operating conditions, facilitating energy optimization processes. In this study, an energetic and exergy analysis was used on the thermochemical degradation process of polypropylene in a tubular reactor at 600 °C with a speed of 15 °C min-1. The experimental data used in this work were taken from the study by Parku et al. (2020). According to the results, energy efficiencies of up to 43% and exergy efficiencies of 38% were achieved, and it was also observed, according to what was reported, that the products obtained from pyrolysis contain a high calorific value and can be used as alternative fuels.

14

Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Composites with Different Reinforced Natural Fibers – A Comparative Study

Simamora Pintor, Simanjuntak Josua, Sinulingga Karya, Laksono Andromeda Dwi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 7

311--317

EN

Developing environmentally friendly and recyclable natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites has recently attracted researchers’ attention and interest. Herein, a comparative study was conducted to compare the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites with different natural fiber reinforcement, including palm fiber (Arenga pinnata), rice straw (Oryza sativa), coconut husk (Cocos mucifera), old world forked fern leaves (dicranopteris linearis), and snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata). This study aimed to compare the influence of the five natural fiber materials on the tensile strength and flexural strength of PP composites. The natural fibers were chemically treated with a 5% NaOH solution for 2.5 hours. In the preparation of composites, polypropylene as the matrix is heated to 300 °C and mixed randomly with natural fibers. The test results indicate that the composite with the highest tensile strength (38% higher than the lowest) and flexural strength (102% higher than the lowest) is obtained using the PP composite with reinforced rice straw fiber. In contrast, the PP composites with palm fiber have the lowest tensile strength (72% from the highest tensile strength) and the lowest flexural strength (UFSmin) (62% from the highest flexural strength) corresponds to the PP composites with coconut fiber. This study revealed that the flexural strength of all composite samples was greater than that of pure PP.

15

Pyrolysis-derived waste polypropylene oils in gas turbine engines: a comprehensive performance and emission study

Suchocki Tomasz Kacper, Kazimierski Paweł, Januszewicz Katarzyna, Lampart Piotr, Zaniewski Dawid, Klimaszewski Piotr, Witanowski Łukasz

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2023

|

Vol. 44, no. 4

157--183

EN

Addressing the burgeoning issue of polymer waste management and disposal, chemical recycling, specifically the production of highquality oil, presents an enticing solution. This research paper delves into the process of plastic waste pyrolysis, focusing on polypropylene, and thoroughly examines the physico-chemical properties of the resulting pyrolytic oil. The oils, obtained from waste plastic pyrolysis (referred to as WPPO), are then blended with kerosene and utilized as fuel for a gas turbine engine. The primary objective of this investigation is to ascertain how the blend composition influences the performance and emission parameters of the micro gas turbine. In our findings, it was observed that all tested waste plastic pyrolysis blends displayed a trend towards escalating regulated emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) with an average increase of 26% for polypropylene pyrolysis oil (PPO). The emission index (EI) for carbon monoxide (CO) was found to be relatively consistent across all fuel blends tested in this study. Interestingly, when considering the thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) within the EI calculation, blends of aviation kerosene and plastic oil showed lower values in comparison to the pure Jet A-1 fuel. Furthermore, an augmentation in the proportion of WPPO in the blends consequently led to an elevation in the exhaust gas temperature (an average increase of 8.7% for PPO). Interestingly, the fuel efficiency of the Jet engine, expressed as TSFC, demonstrated a decrease, with an average reduction of 13.8% observed for PPO.

16

The Influence of the Processing Conditions on Changes in Physical and Structural Properties of Injection Moulded Parts Made of Polypropylene

Palutkiewicz Paweł, Kalwik Aleksandra, Jaruga Tomasz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

|

Vol. 68, iss. 4

1513--1518

EN

The injection moulding conditions may change the degree of crystallinity of the plastic to some extent, which affects the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. Moreover, the cooling conditions of the moulded parts may contribute to changes in their shrinkage. The paper presents the results of determination of the melting enthalpy of a polypropylene. The melting enthalpy ∆Hm was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. It was found, that the value of the melting enthalpy depends on the physical conditions prevailing during the sample production process, such as the temperature of the liquid material, the cooling rate of the plastic (related to the mould temperature Tm) and the flow rate of the plastic in the mould. The degree of crystallinity of the obtained samples was also determined, which, depending on the measured enthalpy of fusion, influences the degree of structural order of the polymer. Standardized test samples were also analysed in terms of transversal shrinkage and longitudinal shrinkage. The shrinkage of the injection moulded parts results from the change of physical state of plastic during its solidification in the mould.

17

Effect of Composition on Melt Flow and Density of Polypropylene Copolymer/Kaolin Geo-Filler Composites

Zulkifli Zulaikha, Daud Yusrina Mat, Zainal Farah Farhana, Hashim Mohammad Firdaus Abu, Aygörmez Yurdakul

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

369--373

EN

This study examined the effects rheological properties of different composition kaolin and kaolin geo-filler in polypropylene composites. Polypropylene composites with varying composition of kaolin geo-filler 0 wt%, 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt%, 8 wt%, and 10 wt% was prepared and compared with polypropylene composite with raw kaolin. Kaolin is an aluminosilicate based mineral filler was used to prepare geopolymer paste by combining with alkaline activator solution. The polypropylene composite was compounded using a twin-screw extruder and the melt flow index was determined by a constant weight pressure of 2.16 kg at 230°C in 10 min. Knowing the melt flow index is necessary to predict and control the process, the study has demonstrated that the composition of kaolin filler and kaolin geo-filler affects the melt flow, melt density and surface morphology at varies composition. Composites with kaolin geo-filler have demonstrated high melt flow index process and having better distribution and flow.

18

Flax pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology

Lipska Karolina, Goławski Sebastisn

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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No. 123

86--95

EN

Flax pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology. In the present study, composites made from flax seed pomace and PE, PP, PLA and modified starch were subjected quality parameter tests. Density, modulus of rapture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were examined, as well as water absorption and swelling to thickness after 2h and 24 h soaking in water, wettability and surface roughness. Addition of flax to different polymers caused significant changes of parameters but the level of influence of the addition varied between polymers. Although the characteristics of the produced biocomposites have been shown to be in general inferior to pure polymers, efforts should be made to improve these characteristics. Agri-food waste products can be a valuable raw material for the production of new type of biomaterials.

PL

Wytłoki lniane jako substytut surowca drzewnego w technologii kompozytów lingocelulozowych. Kompozyty wykonane z wytłoków z nasion lnu oraz HDPE, PP, PLA i skrobi poddano testom parametrów jakościowych. Zbadano gęstość, wytrzymałość na zginanie i moduł sprężystości, a także nasiąkliwość, zwilżalność i chropowatość powierzchni. Dodatek lnu do różnych polimerów spowodował znaczące zmiany parametrów, ale poziom wpływu dodatku różnił się między polimerami. Chociaż wykazano, że parametry jakościowe wytworzonych biokompozytów są niższe od czystych polimerów, należy podjąć wysiłki w celu poprawy tych właściwości. Produkty uboczne z przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego mogą być cennym surowcem do produkcji nowych przyjaznych dla środowiska materiałów.

19

Corn pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology

Lipska Karolina, Ufnowski Paweł

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2023

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No. 123

109--117

EN

Corn pomace as a substitute for wood raw material in lignocellulosic composite technology. Composites made from polymers PE, PP, PLA and modified starch with addition of corn pomace were produced and subjected quality parameters test. There were examined such parameters as: density, static bending strenght and modulus of elasticity and also water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 h and 24 h soaking in water, wettability and surface roughness. In general, the addition of corn pomace to polymers caused changes of parameters and through comparing parameters of different composites and control samples it was possible to indicate corn composite variants that occurs to have similar properties to pure polymer samples. Waste products should be seriously considered as a valuable substitute of wood raw material, but characteristics of composites should be improved through further research.

PL

Wytłoki kukurydziane jako substytut surowca drzewnego w technologii kompozytów lingocelulozowych. Wytworzono kompozyty z polimerów HDPE, PP, PLA oraz skrobi modyfikowanej z dodatkiem wytłoków ziaren kukurydzianych i poddano je badaniom parametrów jakościowych. Zbadano takie parametry jak: gęstość, wytrzymałość na zginanie statyczne i moduł sprężystości, a także spęcznienie na grubość oraz nasiąkliwość po 2 i 24 godzinach moczenia w wodzie, zwilżalność i chropowatość powierzchni. Dodatek wytłoków kukurydzianych do polimerów spowodował zmiany parametrów, a poprzez porównanie parametrów różnych kompozytów i próbek kontrolnych możliwe było wskazanie wariantów kompozytów zawierających wytłoki kukurydziane, które mają podobne właściwości do próbek czystego polimeru. Pozostałości produkcyjne przemysłu rolno-spożywczego powinny być brane pod uwagę jako wartościowy substytut surowca drzewnego, jednak parametry ich wytwarzania powinny być zoptymalizowane czemu służyć będą dalsze badania.

20

The influence of calcium carbonate and its modifications on the extrusion process and selected properties of polypropylene cast films

Kloziński Arkadiusz, Szczepańska Małgorzata, Jakubowska Paulina, Samujło Bronisław, Barczewski Mateusz, Lota Grzegorz

Polimery

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2022

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Vol. 67, nr 10

509--521

EN

The effect of unmodified and stearic acid-modified calcium carbonate (5, 10, 20 and 30 wt%) on selected properties (tensile strength, puncture resistance, haze and gloss) and processability of polypropylene films (MVR, extensional viscosity) was investigated. The composites were obtained in the twin-screw extrusion process with cold granulation, and the films in the single-screw extrusion process, using a flat die head (so-called cast films) and a chill roll type cooling and pull-back device. It has been shown that stearic acid is an effective modifier of polypropylene processing properties both under shear and tensile flow conditions (lower extensional viscosity of films containing modified calcium carbonate).

PL

Zbadano wpływ dodatku 5, 10, 20 oraz 30 % mas. niemodyfikowanego imodyfikowanego kwasem stearynowym węglanu wapnia na wybrane właściwości użytkowe (wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, odporność na przebicie, zamglenie, połysk) iprzetwórcze folii polipropylenowych (MVR, lepkość wzdłużna). Kompozyty otrzymano w procesie dwuślimakowego wytłaczania z granulacją na zimno, a folie w procesie jednoślimakowego wytłaczania, przy użyciu głowicy płaskiej (tzw. cast films) oraz urządzenia chłodząco - odciągającego typu chill roll. Wykazano, że kwas stearynowy jest efektywnym modyfikatorem właściwości przetwórczych folii polipropylenowych zarówno w warunkach przepływu ścinającego, jak i rozciągającego (mniejsza lepkość wzdłużna folii zawierających modyfikowany węglan wapnia).