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Metale ciężkie w wyrobach skórzanych i włókienniczych. Normatywy i znormalizowane procedury oznaczania metali

Świetlik Ryszard

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2025

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nr 1

29--38

PL

Dla ochrony konsumentów przed ekspozycją na metale ciężkie obecne w wyrobach tekstylnych i skórzanych wprowadzono szereg regulacji prawnych. W prestiżowych eko-certyfikatach zostały określone progowe zawartości przynajmniej najbardziej toksycznych metali ciężkich (As, Cd, Hg i Pb). Jednakże nawet najlepiej sformułowane regulacje prawne nie mogą zapewnić pełnej ochrony użytkowników tych artykułów. Niezbędna jest kontrola analityczna, dysponująca zestawem dobrze opracowanych i zwalidowanych procedur analitycznych wykorzystujących współczesne techniki instrumentalne. Takie warunki spełniają procedury analityczne ujęte w normach, najlepiej międzynarodowych lub europejskich (ISO i EN). W tej pracy omówiono procedury analityczne opisane w normach ISO oraz EN i wdrożonych do zbioru Polskich Norm. Aby przybliżyć czytelnikom tę tematykę, omówienie norm badań poprzedzono krótką charakterystyką wykorzystywanych technik instrumentalnych. Zaprezentowane postępowania analityczne umożliwiają oznaczanie całkowitej zawartości metali ciężkich oraz oznaczanie ich frakcji biodostępnej.

EN

To protect consumers from exposure to heavy metals present in textile and leather products, many legal regulations have been introduced. Prestigious eco-certificates specify the threshold levels for at least the most toxic heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg and Pb). However, even the best-formulated legal regulations cannot provide full protection for users of these articles. Analytical control with a set of well-developed and validated analytical procedures using modern instrumental techniques is essential. Such conditions are met by standardized analytical procedures preferably published in ISO and EN standards. This paper discusses analytical procedures described in ISO and EN standards and implemented in the set of Polish Standards. To better familiarize readers with this topic, the discussion was preceded by a brief description of the instrumental techniques used. The presented analytical procedures make it possible to determine the total content of heavy metals and their bioaccessible fraction.

2

Potentially toxic elements contamination and ecological risk assessment in water and surface sediments of Bistrica River

Demaku Skender, Kastrati Tringa

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

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no. 64

12--20

EN

This research evaluates the quality of water and surface sediment in the Bistrica River, addressing the growing environmental challenges in Kosovo caused by extensive human activities. Contamination of these resources poses significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. To assess this, we analysed the levels of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The elements examined included As, Cd, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, and Co. Samples were collected from various sites along the Bistrica River during both high-flow and low-flow seasons in October 2023. The degree of PTE contamination was assessed using several pollution indices (contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), pollution load index (PLI), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and ecological risk index (ERI)), indicating that water exhibit low to moderate levels of pollution (World Health Organization (WHO) standards), while in sediment the pollution is extremely low (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards). Results revealed that pollution, in water samples, for some elements, such as Fe, Pb and Ni, exceeded the guidelines by the WHO, while other elements, such as Co, Al, Cu, Mn, Zn, As and Cd, are below the permitted limits according to the WHO standards. Additionally, statistical analysis and contamination clusters, primarily originating from agricultural fields and grazing areas within the catchment. To reduce these risks and safeguard both the aquatic ecosystem and human health, it is crucial to maintain regular monitoring and enforce effective management strategies.

3

Characterisation of galvanisation effluent using lime-anionic polyacrylamide : A case study from Gauteng, South Africa

Chauke Tebogo M.D., Monapathi Mzimkhulu E., Mashifana Tebogo, Modise Johannes S., Okoli Bamidele J.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

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no. 64

63--71

EN

Galvanisation, a critical industrial process for rust prevention, generates effluents containing heavy metals and other pollutants, posing environmental and health risks. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a combined limeanionic polyacrylamide (PAM) treatment to reduce these contaminants from effluent generated by the galvanising industry in Gauteng, South Africa. Effluent samples were collected and analysed for heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Fe) and physicochemical parameters, including electrical conductivity, chloride, and pH, using standard methods. Untreated effluent exhibited high levels of heavy metals, particularly lead, zinc, manganese, and iron, far exceeding local discharge limits. Post-treatment analysis showed substantial reductions in metal concentrations, achieving compliance with regulatory standards, with pH-adjusted to optimal levels for metal hydroxide precipitation. Additionally, chloride concentrations were reduced from 14,383.24 mg∙dm-3 to 3,890.40 mg∙dm-3 and electrical conductivity from 130.50 to 21.10 μS∙cm-1. Despite these improvements, the values still exceeded the municipality’s discharge limits of 500 mg∙dm-3 for chloride and 0.1 μS∙cm-1 for conductivity, indicating residual high ion concentrations. While the lime-PAM treatment effectively improved effluent quality, the results suggest a need for supplementary treatments to achieve full compliance with stringent regulatory standards. Overall, the lime-PAM approach shows potential for reducing heavy metals and physicochemical contaminants reduction in galvanising effluent. However, further optimisation and integration of advanced treatment technologies are recommended to enhance efficacy and ensure environmental compliance.

4

Heavy metals distribution in water and soil of the coastal zone of the Styr River (Ukraine) and its tributaries

Skrobala Victor, Popovych Vasyl, Kopylov Victor, Kopystynskyi Yurii

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

1--14

EN

Investigation of the peculiarities of chemical contamination of water and soil in the coastal zone of the river Styr and its tributaries in relation to the distance from the source of pollution and the type of landscape, analysis of the general trends in the distribution of chemical elements in comparison with the control site. Statistical processing of parameters of chemical contamination of water and soil; data mining methods; correlation analysis; assessment of ecotope similarity and grouping of chemical elements based on cluster analysis; multidimensional ordination of ecotopes in the space of geochemical parameters based on Principal Component Analysis. Chemical contamination of water and soil in the coastal zone of the Styr River and its tributaries is characterised by significant heterogeneity. The main feature of the increasing intensity of anthropogenic load on the aquatic environment is associated with an increase of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn content compared to the natural background. The intensity of soil pollution in the coastal zone of the Styr River and its tributaries mainly depends on the presence of Cu, Cd and Ni. The analysis of the relationship between chemical elements concentrations indicates a strong dependence between many parameters. Based on the similarity of chemical elements in terms of their distribution in the water of the river Styr and its tributaries, 4 associations (groups) were identified: I – Cu, Mn; II – Zn, Pb; III – Cd, Cr, Sr; IV – Co, Ni. For the soils in the coastal zone, 3 associations (groups) of chemical elements were identified: I – Cu, Cd; II – Zn, Mn; III – Cr, Co, Ni, Pb. Three groups of sites of the Styr River and its tributaries were identified according to the pollution rate of water and soils of the coastal zone with heavy metals. The multidimensional ordination of the ecotopes of the Styr River and its tributaries on the axes of complex geochemical environmental gradients reflects the gradients of water and soil pollution in the coastal zone compared to the control areas. Geochemical information visualisation based on two-dimensional diagrams with chemical element concentrations or complex environmental gradients as axes can be used to predict the dynamics of ecosystem components as a result of changes in chemical pollution. The practical relevance of the obtained results is that forecasting of dynamic trends, protection and restoration of ecosystem components is impossible without taking into account their interrelationships with environmental conditions, including chemical pollution. Knowing the geochemical conditions of ecotopes in a certain period of time, it is possible to determine their position in the ecological space on the complex gradients of the environment of the Styr river and its tributaries, to predict the stability and possible changes in vegetation, fauna and microflora caused by environmental pollution.

5

Ecological risk assessment through heavy metal concentrations of lead, copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel in marine sediments of Maspari Island, South Sumatra Indonesia

Putri Wike Ayu Eka, Meiyerani Jeni, Ulqodry Tengku Zia, Aryawati Riris, Purwiyanto Anna, Rozirwan Rozirwan, Suteja Yulianto

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

297--310

EN

Heavy metals come from anthropogenic and geological activities. It is necessary to know the concentration of heavy metals in anticipation of pollution of marine ecosystems so this study aims to determine the content of heavy metals lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) in the sediments of Maspari Island, South Sumatra. Samples were tested for heavy metal levels using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and processed using Microsoft Excel. All heavy metal geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values were negative, meaning they were less than 0 and categorized as unpolluted. The Igeo value closest to 0 is heavy metal Cd of -2.8 at station 8 which is sourced from agricultural runoff water and aquaculture. All heavy metal contamination factor (Cf) values are less than 1 which is included in the low contamination level criteria. The largest PLI value at station 5 is 0.000051425 which is categorized as unpolluted to lightly polluted. The concentrations of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Ni from eight stations did not exceed the quality standards.

6

Assessing the loading capacity of walnut peels as a nanobiomass for the biosorption of certain heavy metals from wastewater

Khalaf Sarah Adnan, Shartooh Sufyan Mohammed, Abdullah Shihan Mayada

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 2

169--182

EN

Bio-removal of heavy metal pollution remains a major challenge in environmental biotechnology. This paper focuses on the potential of carbon nanoparticles for biosorption of zinc, copper, and cadmium ions from aqueous solutions, employing economical and environmentally sound plant wastes. Walnut peels were washed by distilled water, mixed with KOH, burned at 650 °C, and treated ultrasonically to obtain carbon nanoparticles. Standard solutions of the heavy metals under study were prepared based on calculations of the molecular weights of the relevant metal salts Zn, Cu, and Cd, the metal ions were estimated in both treated and wastewater sample. The experiment included evaluating the effect of some environmental factors on the process of biosorption of heavy metals from wastewater to choose the optimal conditions for the adsorption process. These environmental factors included the initial metal concentration, pH, temperature, retention time, and biomass. The optimum conditions of initial metal concentration, pH, temperature, retention time, and biomass were recorded as 100 mg/l, pH of 7, 45 °C., 60 min., 0.2 g respectively. These results were supported by XRD examination, which indicated the presence of two Bragg diffraction peaks in the carbon nanoparticles, and TEM results also indicated the presence of inhomogeneous particles, as well as the irregular shape of the surface of the carbon nanoparticles with a large surface area, according to SEM examination. However, the optimal adsorption conditions were applied in a laboratory treatment unit, which showed its efficiency in removing heavy metal ions from wastewater. Carbon nanoparticles derived from walnut shells can be employed as excellent adsorbents for removing heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.

7

The reconstruction of river system pollution changes with metals in shallow floodplain water reservoirs during the onset of the post-industrialisation period

Ciszewski Dariusz, Szarek-Gwiazda Ewa, Pociecha Agnieszka

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 2

205–-218

EN

Towards the end of the 20th century, Poland’s economy experienced a transformation in terms of its industry and increasingly stringent environmental requirements. Together, these resulted in the general improvement of the quality of the aquatic environment. The Chechło River catchment is an example of such changes, where the closure of many industrial plants (including a zinc-lead [Zn-Pb] mine), the reclamation of several hot spots and the extension of sewage treatment contributed to a general decline in sediment pollution with Zn, Pb and Cd. The aim of the investigations was to evaluate the rate of these changes in order to assess the river recovery rate to the pre-industrial pollution level. The research involved the comparison of sediment pollution in subsidence reservoirs from two different eras: the peak of pollution and the post-industrial era. We observed a decrease in sediment pollution, mostly influenced by the closure of the Zn-Pb mine in 2010, despite many sources being closed or mitigated at that time. The change in sediment pollution was very well observed in the younger reservoir of the post-industrialisation period which is an efficient trap for sediments transported since ca. 2007. Considering that the sampling took place less than 10 years after the closure of the mine, we could regard the 3–4-fold drop as a rapid change. In older reservoirs, which were active already during the period of peak river pollution but connected with the river only by narrow ditches, changes in sediment pollution were minor. Pollution changes expected in the future will be much slower because the supply of pollutants from diffuse sources has dispersed in the prevailing part of the catchment.

8

Assessment of Soil Contamination by Roof Runoff. A Case Study from Wrocław, Poland

Hołtra Anna, Zamorska-Wojdyła Dorota, Ferenc Zbigniew

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 1

93--109

EN

The study focused on the determination of heavy metals originating from anthropogenic sources to assess the environmental and health risks to city residents. The single pollution indices showed the key pollutants in soils such as Zn, Cd, and Pb. Contamination level assessment and the toxicity of pollutants were done by the multi-elemental pollution indices. They showed heavy pollution of tested soils with high ecological risk. The correlation analysis and the principal component analysis model were utilized to identify the relative contribution of metals to soil pollution and provide information about the potential sources of metals. The most important for elemental composition in soils in Wrocław are three emission sources: leaching of pollutants from the materials used in the roof coverings and guttering, domestic heating with fossil fuel combustion and other solid materials, leaching of the air pollution including of the road traffic. The health risk analysis shows that ingestion and then dermal contact are the greatest exposure pathways for humans. The health risk was low, although children have greater risks than adults.

9

Selenium is a toxicant or antitoxicant

Bejanidze Irina, Jakeli Eteri, Davitadze Nazi, Nakashidze Nunu, Didmanidze Nato

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

32--406

EN

The article deals with the issues of selenium content in plants, soil and human body, toxic and antitoxic properties of selenium. The studies were carried out on dried raw materials harvested in 2019 and 2021: stems, flowers and leaves of blueberries, chamomile, linden and oregano. The content of Se and other elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Ti. B, Pb, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, As and Cu) were determined both in plant material and in the soils of eastern Georgia (Abastumani) and western (Khulo), as well as in the hair of people living in this territory. The dependence of the selenium content on the type of plant and the time of its collection, the type of soil and distribution area was established, and an analysis was made of the Se coupling in these territories inhabitants hair. The influence of selenium on the accumulation of heavy metals in the objects of study was determined. It has been established that the largest amount of selenium is contained in the linden leaf, and the smallest – in the oregano leaf; selenium content increases in the order: leaf>flower>stem; the content of selenium in the soil of eastern Georgia (Abastumani) is 13 times higher than that in the soil of western Georgia (Khulo): Abastumani (0.051 μg/l)≫Khulo (0.039 μg/l). It has been established that selenium accumulates in the hair: the amount of selenium in the hair of a young girl (0.152 μg/l) is 70% higher than in the hair of a 60-year-old woman (0.055 μg/l). A high selenium to iodine ratio indicates gout and diabetes. It was found that an 18-year-old girl developed hypothyroidism due to an excess of selenium. It has been established that the amount of calcium and potassium is 2–5 times higher than the amount of magnesium. A relationship has been established between the content of selenium and lead: with an increase in the amount of lead, the amount of selenium sometimes decreases almost to a trace amount. In the objects of study, the amount of lead is 100-200 times higher than the amount of selenium. The largest amount of aluminum is found in the leaf, flowers of linden and oregano, the smallest – in the leaf of chamomile, iron in the flowers, and manganese in the leaves of the lind. The relationship between the content of selenium and arsenic, iron, phosphorus, zinc and manganese has been proven. An increase in phosphorus, zinc and manganese content reduces iron absorption and an increase in arsenic content causes a decrease in selenium content.

10

Removal of heavy metals by energy crops when grown on technologically contaminated soils

Romanchuk Liudmyla, Matviichuk Nataliia, Abramova Iryna, Matviichuk Bogdan, Tryboi Oleksandra

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

92--102

EN

The publication presents data on the removal of heavy metals by energy crops Miscanthus giganteus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L. when grown on technologically polluted soils. The yield of Miscanthus giganteus averaged 16.96 t/ha over the two years of research, and that of Falaris arundinacea - 4.38 t/ha, respectively. The nature of heavy metal accumulation by energy plants depended on the type of crop and its productivity during the years of cultivation. The concentration of all heavy metals in the phytomass of energy crops did not exceed the threshold limit value (TLV), except for zinc in miscanthus giganteus plants (by 9-11 mg/kg). Compared to the years of the study, in the second year of cultivation, the coefficient of heavy metal absorption by plants increased significantly compared to the first year due to an increase in the vegetative mass of plants. On average, in 2021-2023, the energy crops Phalaris arundinacea and Miscanthus x giganteus removed a significant amount of heavy metals from 1 ha of soil. It has been proven that energy crops such as Phalaris arundinacea and Miscanthus x giganteus contribute to the purification of technologically contaminated soils from heavy metals, and their products can be used further as biofuels and for other purposes, as the content of toxicants in their phytomass does not exceed the TLV.

11

Evaluation of the ecological state and phytomeliorative efficiency of vegetation at landfills

Korol Kateryna, Bojko Taras, Kobko Yevhen, Tymchyshyn Andriy, Ruban Artem, Popovych Vasyl, Ilkiv Bogdan, Shuplat Taras

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

239--251

EN

Phytomeliorative efficiency of vegetation species composition on devastated landscapes, including landfills, is a key factor in improving the ecological state at both local and regional levels. This article presents results of assessing heavy metal content and phytomelioration potential of vegetation cover on devastated areas, particularly at the Bronytsia landfill (Lviv region, Ukraine). Depending on the edaphic and climatic conditions, the surface of the devastated territories may have significant phytomeliorative potential, which is an important component of the reclamation process. Urban green spaces play a multifunctional role in improving the environment by providing oxygen production, microclimate regulation, filtration, noise absorption, and decorative and aesthetic functions. The key indicator for assessing the level of phytomelioration in devastated areas is the phytomelioration efficiency coefficient (KFM). During the research at the landfill, various categories of plant communities were identified, such as frutocenoses, sylvacenoses, ruderalenoses, pratocenoses, and agrocenoses. The KFM estimation for each landfill site showed the following results: Site 1 (western side): KFM = 4.5; Site 2 (northern side): KFM = 4.0; Site 3 (eastern side): KFM = 5.0; Site 4 (southern side): KFM = 5.5; Site No. 5 (central part): KFM = 2.1; Site 6 (control): KFM = 6.55. The results obtained indicate the suitability of the study area for reclamation activities for minimizing the negative impact on the environment.

12

Analysis of variations in heavy metal levels and soil microorganism counts resulting from shelling incidents in Ukraine

Moliszewska Ewa, Bida Iryna, Matik Kacper, Ślusarczyk Aleksandra, Pawliczek Dominik, Havryliuk Olesia, Hovorukha Vira, Tashyrev Oleksandr

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

83--91

EN

Military activities affect soil conditions through contamination with metal-containing debris, such as projectile and rocket fragments, as well as bullet remnants, leading to the release of heavy metals and subsequent environmental contamination. The goal of our study was to examine the concentration of heavy metals in areas affected by shelling and to assess their impact on the population of soil microorganisms, including those exhibiting heavy-metal resistance. Metal concentrations were analyzed via an XRF analyzer. The study involved examining both soil samples and missile fragments. Microorganisms were isolated using Koch’s and Hungate’s roll tube methods. The concentration of iron in soil was the highest, reaching 8,1991.3±132.8 ppm. The concentration of other metals (Ni, Cu, Cr) varied between 407.5±8.0 ppm and 4.6±2.1 ppm. Cobalt compounds were not detected at the projectiles impact sites. The number of aerobic chemoorganotrophic bacteria in all soil samples was in the range of (1.8±0.2) × 105 – (3.7±0.2) × 105 CFU/g, while chromium-resistant bacteria were, on average, an order of magnitude fewer. The number of anaerobic microorganisms ranged from (1.4±0.2) × 105 to (2.6±0.2) × 105 CFU/g. A follow-up study conducted after three months indicated a tendency for an increase in both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including metal-resistant strains. Overall, the total number of microorganisms in all soil samples showed an upward trend. These results show that soil microbial communities may play a role in the detoxification of heavy metals in contaminated soils.

PL

Działania militarne negatywnie wpływają na warunki glebowe poprzez zanieczyszczenie odpadami zawierającymi metale, takimi jak fragmenty pocisków i rakiet, a także pozostałości pocisków. Materiały te ulegają korozji w glebie, co prowadzi do uwolnienia metali ciężkich i skażenia środowiska. Celem naszych badań było zbadanie stężenia metali ciężkich na obszarach dotkniętych ostrzałami i ocena wpływu tego zanieczyszczenia na populację mikroorganizmów glebowych, z uwzględnieniem mikroorganizmów odpornych na metale ciężkie. Stężenie metali (żelaza, chromu, miedzi, kobaltu i niklu) analizowano za pomocą przenośnego analizatora XRF Niton XL5 Plus. Badanie obejmowało zarówno próbki gleby, jak i fragmenty pocisków. Mikroorganizmy tlenowe z badanych próbek gleby izolowano metodą Kocha, natomiast beztlenowe oznaczano metodą rurkową Hungate’a. Stężenie żelaza okazało się najwyższe w glebie, do 81991,3±132,8 ppm. Stężenie innych metali (Ni, Cu, Cr) wahało się w granicach 407,5±8,0 - 4,6±2,1 ppm, w zależności od próbki. Związków kobaltu nie wykryto w miejscach trafień pocisków. Liczba tlenowych bakterii chemoorganotroficznych we wszystkich próbkach gleby mieściła się w zakresie (1,8±0,2) × 105 – (3,7±0,2) × 105 jtk/g, podczas gdy bakterii odpornych na chrom było średnio o rząd wielkości mniej. Liczba mikroorganizmów beztlenowych w próbkach mieściła się w zakresie (1,4±0,2) × 105 – (2,6±0,2) × 105 jtk/g próbki. Badanie kontrolne przeprowadzone po trzech miesiącach wykazało tendencję do wzrostu zarówno bakterii tlenowych, w tym odpornych na metale, jak i beztlenowych. W szczególności liczba tlenowych bakterii chemoorganotroficznych wzrosła do (1,0±0,2) × 106 jtk/g. Wyniki badań wskazują, że społeczności mikroorganizmów glebowych mogą odgrywać rolę w detoksykacji metali ciężkich w zanieczyszczonych glebach.

13

Preparation and use of alginate-based composites with the addition of graphene oxide for the removal of divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions

Fryczkowska Beata, Zaręba Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 92 (tom 1)

85--101

EN

Industrial wastewater contains heavy metals such as zinc, copper, lead, chromium, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt and mercury and is one of the types of sewage that negatively affect the environment. Metal ions can be removed using various types of sorbents. An interesting solution are polysaccharide-based sorbents. This paper presents research on the preparation and use of granules based on 2% alginate with the addition of 2.81% graphene oxide as sorbents of the following ions: Ni2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+. Graphene oxide / alginate solutions, containing from 0.18% to 5.62% of GO, were prepared for the tests. Granules were formed by coagulating successive alginate solutions in 2.5% CaCl2 (Method 1). The possibility of introducing alginate solutions directly into solutions containing metal ions was also tested (Method 2). As a result of the study, it was observed that the use of ready-made sorbent (Method 1) allows the removal of ~ 30% of the contamination within 30 to 60 minutes. This method turned out to be the most effective for removing Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ ions. The use of a simplified procedure (Method 2), on the other hand, allows the removal of all tested metal ions in amounts ranging from 5% (Cd2+) to 25% (Co2+).

14

An attempt to determine the role of catchment area management elements with respect to heavy metals pollution of bottom sediments of selected antrhropogenic lakes

Kostecki Maciej

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 89 (tom 1)

7--21

EN

The correlations between the catchment factors and the contamination of bottom sediments with heavy metals in selected flow-through anthropogenic reservoirs were investigated. The catchment development structure determines the proportions between metals. For the area covered by the study, it was found that the greater the length of the watercourse, the greater the catchment area, the greater the share of industrialized areas, the greater the population density and the salinity of the water. The proportion of industrialised catchments is influenced by the length of the river and the size of the total catchment area. It was found that the greater the share of industrialized areas in the river basin, the higher the population density. Population density is related to the salinity of the water in the stream and the conductivity. The concentration of metals in bottom sediments of anthropogenic overflow reservoirs is related to: the length of the watercourse, the amount of water introduced into the reservoir, the share of industrialized areas, the size of the catchment area and population density. The share of agricultural and forest areas in the total catchment area is related to the concentration of heavy metals in bottom sediments to a much lesser extent. The correlation between the share of agricultural land and the concentration of cadmium in bottom sediments reflects the presence of this metal in mineral fertilizers.

15

A Comprehensive review on graphene oxide based nanocomposites for wastewater treatment

Mohammed M.N., Aljibori H.S.S., Jweeg Muhsin Jaber, Al Oqaili Firas, Abdullah Thamer Adnan, Abdullah Oday I., Meharban Faiza, Rashed Rashed T., Aldulaimi Mustafa, Al-Azawi Khalida

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 1

64--79

EN

With the paramount development of industry and agriculture sector, levels of different pollutants like, heavy metal ions, pharmaceuticals, organic dyes, biological waste and other pollutants are becoming serious. The ecosystem and human health suffered greatly from the adverse effects of these pollutants. The disposal of these pollutants has become an urgent issue for the human society. Graphene oxide base nanocomposites have generated an excellent extent of focus as desirable alternatives for the adsorptive elimination of contaminants from aqueous systems owing to their enhanced surface area and multiple functional groups for adsorption. Graphene oxide (GO) as a graphene derivative exhibited superior features as obtainable in a graphene sheet. Moreover, the addition of oxygen functional group at the edges and basal plane of graphene further enhanced the efficiency of the graphene by providing sites for the attachment of different metals on the surface. On the underlying adsorption processes, graphene-based nanocomposites for specific contaminants are designed and currently employed for wastewater treatment. This review presents the ongoing development of GO base nanocomposites and their useful applications, understanding how well graphene-based nanocomposites adsorb pollutants and how that relates to the ways in which pollutants interact with adsorbents is crucial. This study highlights newly developed trends in the creation of graphene oxide based nanocomposites to eliminate different heavy metal ions, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and oils spills from effluent water. The focus is on various graphene oxides nanocomposites application for the removal of different pollutants and regeneration of graphene oxide base nanocomposites after several adsorption cycles. Other challenges and potential directions for designing efficient GO based nanocomposites as adsorbents are also presented along with the problems of current studies.

16

Heavy metal concentration and potential health risk assessment for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla, Linnaeus 1758) from the Gediz Delta (Eastern Aegean, Türkiye)

Taş Elif Çağrı, Başaran Asli, Sunlu Uğur, Salman Alp

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

144--152

EN

The present paper is the first document on heavy metal levels in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) collected from the Gediz Delta in the Eastern Aegean (Türkiye). In this study, concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were determined in the liver, gills, and muscle tissues of A. anguilla eels. Sixty dead eels were obtained between June 2015 and January 2016, and their total size and weight were measured. Heavy metal accumulation levels in edible muscle tissue of the eels were compared with national and international standards, and Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Total Target Hazard Quotient (Σ THQ) were calculated. It was determined that metal concentration levels in A. anguilla follow the sequence of Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Zn has the highest concentration in all sampling periods and in all tissue types. It was found that Σ THQ was below 1 and amounted to 0.41. This result shows that there is no carcinogenic risk associated with the consumption of A. anguilla in adults.

17

Evaluation of selected heavy metal and selenium pollution in water and sediments of Lake Eğirdir (Isparta/Türkiye) using statistical analysis and pollution indices

Özçelik Şule, Tekin-Özan Selda

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

186--207

EN

The purpose of this study is to assess heavy metal and selenium pollution in water and sediment of Lake Eğirdir using some indices. The water and sediments have the highest content of Fe. According to Water Quality Index (WQI) results, the lake water is in the good category, while the low pollution category depends on HPI and HEI values. The Enrichment Factor (EF) showed that the sediments contained very high, extremely high and significant levels of Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Fe. The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) revealed that Lake Eğirdir was not polluted with Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn. Based on the results of the Contamination Factor (CF), Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn were in the low contamination category. The results of The Pollution Load Index (PLI) for lake sediments indicated no contamination for all metals in all seasons. Sediment quality guidelines were used to determine the possible risk of heavy metal contamination of sediments, and the results show that Cd and Pb were at the minimal effect threshold (MET), while Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were at the lowest effect levels (LEL). These results indicate that precautions should be taken to prevent an increase in metal pollution and reduce the existing pollution.

18

Comprehensive assessment of water and sediment quality in Lake Nasser, Egypt, using various potential risk indices

Abdel-Satar Amaal M., Salem Salem G., El-Sayed Seliem M., Goher Mohamed E., Abdelaziz Ghada S., Al-Afify Afify D.G.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 1

40--60

EN

Lake Nasser is a freshwater lake that supplies over 95% of Egypt’s freshwater budget. Therefore, the quality of water in the lake is critical for its conservation. In addition to assessing the metal pollution load, the quality of water and sediment in the lake was assessed by collecting water and sediment samples for metal content analysis. Lake Nasser is a warm monomictic water body with a single circulation cycle in the cold months. Dissolved oxygen content in bottom water samples often dropped significantly to levels below international guidelines, reflecting reduced rates of photosynthetic activity. Although 50% of the lake’s water samples contained Pb concentrations slightly above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) limit for drinking water, the metal pollution index did not exceed the critical level and was classified as low metal water pollution. Based on the geoaccumulation index (I-geo), the enrichment factor (EF) and the pollution load index, the sediments of Lake Nasser are practically uncontaminated with metals. Ni has the highest EF and I-geo values, while Ni and Cd contributed the most to the ecological risk and toxic risk index. The obtained results revealed that Cd and Ni in the sediments may pose a threat to organisms living in Lake Nasser.

19

Blood serum IgE and muscle element levels in Cyprinus carpio infested by Argulus foliaceus in Lake Çavuşçu (Konya/Turkey) : Assessment of their impact on human health

Gümüş Numan Emre

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 4

424--434

EN

Fish with the metazoan parasite Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea: Branchiura) infestation observed in carp (Cyprinus carpio) were caught between September and October 2018 in Lake Çavuşçu. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn) in the muscle tissue of individuals of this fish species. The levels of heavy metals were studied and assessed for their effects on human health. The results obtained in the study were compared with the limit values set by national and international quality criteria. In addition, blood serum IgE levels were examined in fish. IgE is considered part of the parasite-specific immune defense system called allergic antibody. The results were compared with serum IgE levels in non-parasitized carp. It was found that serum IgE levels of infested fish were higher than serum IgE levels of non-parasitized carp. The recommendation for consumers is that although the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) were well below 1, they should be mindful of the risk in their daily fish intake.

20

Ecological risks assessment of fishery commodities from heavy metal in The East Java Province, Indonesia

Andriyono Sapto, Hidayati Nuning V., Fitrani Mirna, Manaf Latifah A., Habib Ahasan, Dewi Umi U., Mukadar Saadah

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

183--193

EN

Heavy metals are a crucial group of chemicals extensively used in materials to meet human needs, eventually leading to contamination of aquatic ecosystems and accumulation in organism’s tissues. Heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem from various sources. Those metals that pollute aquatic waters are deposited in sediments, remain dissolved in water or accumulate in the food web of aquatic organisms. Benthic biota is believed to accumulate the highest levels of these metals, while other aquatic animals, such as fish, shrimp, and macroalgae, serve as significant sources of heavy metals intake through food and the environmental exposure. Ina study conducted in and around the east Java, Indonesia, the concentration of heavy metals in commercially important fish species, shellfish, and macroalgae were evaluated using an inductive couple plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). This study is very important because fishery resources are not only vital for exports but also serve as a primary source of essential food for local communities. The results showed that heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in samples were 12.3 mg∙dm-3 , 0.171 mg∙dm-3, and undetectable, respectively. This study showed that different metals were present in the samples at different levels, all of which fell within the maximum residual levels set by the EU and USFDA. The results of an analysis of food safety based on the Hazard Index showed values below 1 point, indicating that fishery products (fish, shrimp, and macroalgae) from the East Java Province are generally safe for human consumption.