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Review of indium, gallium, and germanium as emerging contaminants: occurrence, speciation and evaluation of the potential environmental impact

Yandem George, Jabłońska-Czapla Magdalena

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 3

84--99

EN

The increasing demand for indium, gallium, and germanium driven by high-tech industries has spurred extensive research into their environmental interaction, despite their rarity in the Earth's crust. Understanding the chemical forms and mechanisms of occurrence of these elements – from production through – and their interactions with the environment is crucial for future environmental impact assessments. The aim of this paper is to highlight: (i) the compounds and applications of indium, gallium, and germanium in high-tech manufacturing, (ii) the complexes of these elements, their reactivity, and stability under specific conditions, (iii) possibilities for recovering and recycling these elements from end-of-life (EOL) products through leaching and extraction, (iv) their toxicity and health impacts, and (v) pollution indices affected by background concentrations of these elements in soils or sediments. Despite their low natural abundance and low recycling input rates (IRI), the lack of comprehensive toxicity data poses a significant challenge in assessing the potential ecological risk index (RI). Moreover, insufficient background data on the concentration of these elements in various environmental samples underscores the need for further research and investigation in the future.

PL

Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na ind, gal i german, powodowane przez przemysł zaawansowanych technologii, zachęca do wielu badań nad ich interakcją ze środowiskiem, pomimo ich rzadkiego występowania w skorupie ziemskiej. Zrozumienie mechanizmów powstawania form chemicznych tych pierwiastków, które mogą powstać od etapu produkcji do etapu unieszkodliwiania, a także przebiegu interakcji z otaczającym środowiskiem, są uważane za podstawę każdej przyszłej oceny oddziaływania na środowisko. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na (i) związki indu, galu i germanu oraz ich zastosowanie w produkcji zaawansowanych technologii, (ii) kompleksy indu, galu i germanu oraz ich reaktywność i stabilność w określonych warunkach, (iii) możliwości odzyskiwania i recyklingu poprzez ługowanie lub ekstrakcję tych pierwiastków z produktów wycofanych z eksploatacji (EOL), (iv) toksyczność i wpływ na zdrowie, (v) wskaźniki zanieczyszczenia, na które mogą mieć wpływ stężenia tła tych pierwiastków pochodzące z gleb lub osadów. Pierwiastki te charakteryzują się niską produktywnością, ale także znacznie niższym wskaźnikiem recyklingu (IRI). Brak niektórych danych, a mianowicie dotyczących reakcji toksycznej, uważa się za główną przeszkodę w ocenie potencjalnego wskaźnika ryzyka ekologicznego (RI), a ponadto brak wystarczających danych podstawowych dotyczących stężenia tych pierwiastków w różnych próbkach środowiskowych, zachęca do konieczności przeprowadzenia dalszych badań w przyszłości.

2

Removal of 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid using heterogeneous photocatalysis

Studziński W., Gackowska A.

Acta Innovations

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2018

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no. 28

5--13

EN

UV filters are classified as environmental pollutants (emerging pollutants). One of the most frequently detected UV filters in real samples is 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA). It has been shown that conventional technologies applied in sewage treatment plants are not adapted for complete removal of sunscreen agents. Therefore, there is a trend to undertake activities leading to improvement of water quality by enhancing treatment methods. This is important due to the fact that in an aqueous environment, in the presence of UV radiation or sunlight irradation, PBSA generates reactive oxygen species that can damage the DNA of living organisms. The aim of study was to investigate an effect of pH and TiO2 on PBSA stability in the presence of UV radiation. It was found that the rate of PBSA degradation depends on the catalyst dose and pH of solution. The photocatalysis reaction was carried out in a Heraeus laboratory exposure set equipped with a 150 W medium pressure mercury lamp. The course of PBSA degradation process as a function of time was monitored using UV/VIS spectrophotometer and liquid chromatograph equipped with UV-Vis detector.

3

Effect of various agents on stability of 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid

Studziński W., Karczmarek A.

Acta Innovations

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2017

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no. 25

5--12

EN

The subject of this study is 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA), which is one of 26 filters used for personal protection in the European Union. The aim of the study was to investigate the stability of 2- phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and its sodium salt under the influence of various agents. The study has shown that UV radiation, pH value, hydrogen peroxide are important factors limiting the stability of PBSA. The significance of the study is expanding the knowledge about the stability of PBSA.

4

Determination of trace quantities of dutasteride in water and wastewater by solid phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography

Wasilewska A., Madajczyk M., Szymański A., Urbaniak W.

Ars Separatoria Acta

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2011

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No. 8

39-49

EN

Steroid compounds are a kind of pollutants which are increasingly more frequently found in environmental samples. Due to the ever more increasing level of such pollutants and their biological activity, they are of interest to analysts. Our study involved the development of a simple and fast method for the assay of dutasteride in treated industrial waste water using high-performance liquid chromatography. As the steroid concentration in water is much lower than the limit of detection of the UV detector used, the compound assayed in the test water was pre-concentrated using solid-phase extraction. Our procedure has high accuracy and a precision of 2.6%, and the recovery of the analyte from water is 78.6%. The procedure enables the assay of dutasteride at a level of 2 microg/L in water.