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1

Preparation and characterization of BiOCl/TiO2/MMT composite materials

Tuo Biyang, Shi Xiulong, Tian Jinwang, Wang Jianli

Materials Science Poland

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2023

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Vol. 41, No. 2

354--367

EN

To broaden the light response range of TiO2 and improve its photocatalytic activity, BiOCl/ TiO2 /MMT composite materials (BTMC) with outstanding photocatalytic performance were prepared by the sol-gel method with montmorillonite (MMT) as the supporting material, tetrabutyl titanate as titanium source and, bismuth nitrate pentahydrate as the bismuth source. The properties of the prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), surface and porosity analysis (BET), scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). When the Bi/Ti molar ratio was 20%, the composite material exhibited a slit mesoporous structure, and its specific surface area was 109.02 m2/g, with optimum photocatalytic activity. TiO2 and BiOCl formed the type-II heterojunction on the surface of MMT, which facilitates the transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes, thus enhancing the photocatalytic activity of BTMC-20. The results of this study indicated that BTMC-20 is a promising photocatalytic composite material and has better photocatalytic properties under visible light.

2

Tryptophan-Based Organoclay for Aqueous Naphthol Blue Black Removal – Preparation, Characterization, and Batch Adsorption Studies

Julinawati Julinawati, Febriani Febriani, Mustafa Irfan, Fathurrahmi Fathurrahmi, Rahmi Rahmi, Sheilatina Sheilatina, Ahmad Khairunnas, Puspita Kana, Iqhrammullah Muhammad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

274--284

EN

To prevent the serious threat of textile wastewater, researchers have developed adsorption-based wastewater treatment using cheap, yet effective, adsorbent materials. Of which is natural bentonite, that has the advantages for adsorption due to its porous structure and functional groups but still suffers from its low affinity against anionic and hydrophilic azo dyes. Herein, we aimed of improving the affinity by amino acid tryptophan embedment into the locally isolated natural bentonite collected from Aceh Province, Indonesia. The prepared bentonite samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorptive removal was performed on naphthol blue black (NBB) in a batch system with variations of contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. The isotherm studies were carried out at optimum conditions (contact time=15 minutes; pH 1; adsorbent dosage=0.2 g) with several models including Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips, and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The characterization results revealed that the modification altered its functional group, crystallinity, and micro-surface morphology that add more benefits for adsorption. At optimum conditions, 99.2% NBB has been successfully removed from the aqueous solution. The isotherm studies suggested that the NBB adsorption onto the tryptophane-modified natural bentonite was dependent on Sips isotherm model (R2=0.999; root-mean-square-errors=1.11×10-4 mg/g).

3

Effect of Acid Modification on Porous Structure and Adsorption Properties of Different Type Ukrainian Clays for Water Purification Technologies

Budash Yrii, Plavan Viktoriia, Tarasenko Nataliia, Ishchenko Olena, Koliada Maksym

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

210--221

EN

Clay minerals, as adsorbents, are widely available, have large specific surface area, and the ability for cation exchange, which makes them applicable in wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions. This study investigated the effect of acid modification on the porous structure and adsorption properties of montmorillonite (MMT) and palygorskite (PAL) clays of the Cherkasy deposit (Ukraine). Acid modification of clay samples was carried out with chloride acid after preliminary refining. Clay particles were analyzed using optical polarization microscopy with recording of digital images of the study. The area and perimeter of individual particles of clay samples were determined. The equivalent diameter and shape factor were calculated. The porosity characteristics of the samples were determined. Pore surface area was calculated by the Brunauer-Emmette-Teller (BET) method. Total volume, mean diameters, and pore size distribution were obtained using the Density Functional Theory (BFT) method. Acid modification improved the porous structure of clay samples. BET surface area of the pores of the initial sample of palygorskite clay is significantly higher compared to the montmorillonite type clay (140.66 and 83.61 m2/g, respectively). Acid modification of the PAL sample contributes to an increase in the BET surface area by approximately 1.7 times. Acid modification increases the surface area and total pore volume by approximately 2.3 times for MMT samples and 1.76 times for PAL samples. Dimensional characteristics of the pores of the MMT sample were to shift after activation, while for the PAL sample, their average size increases sharply by approximately 3.2 times. This suggested the additional formation of pores in the interfibrillar regions of the PAL sample during its acid activation. The effect of acid modification on the sorption capacity was investigated by means of methylene blue exhaustion. Sorption efficiency increases by 6-14%, compared to unmodified samples and is determined by the contact time and the type of clay. Increasing the contact time from 24 to 72 hours leads to an increase in the sorption efficiency of activated MMT and PAL samples by 36 and 30%, respectively. Acid-activated clay minerals, in particular montmorillonite, can be used as part of sorption elements to increase the efficiency of wastewater treatment technologies from heavy metal ions.

4

Influence of surface-modified nanoclay on the flexural strength of unsaturated polyester resin

Stępka Dominik

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 5

5--10

EN

This study delves into the influence of surface-modified nanoclay on the flexural strength of Unsaturated Polyester Resins (UPRs). UPRs, known for their robust mechanical properties, find extensive applications across various industries. With the aim of further enhancing these properties, nanofillers, specifically surface-modified nanoclay, were incorporated into the resin matrix. Our research revealed a significant improvement in flexural strength with an optimal nanoclay addition of 0.1% by weight. However, the morphological analysis identified the presence of nanoclay agglomerates, indicating potential areas for optimization in the dispersion process. The findings present a promising direction for developing advanced UPR-based materials, emphasizing the pivotal role of nanofillers in achieving superior mechanical performance.

PL

Analizowano wpływ nanoglinki o modyfikowanej powierzchni na wytrzymałość na zginanie nienasyconych żywic poliestrowych (UPR). UPR, znane ze swoich solidnych właściwości mechanicznych, znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w różnych gałęziach przemysłu. W celu dalszej poprawy tych właściwości do matrycy żywicznej wprowadzono nanonapełniacz, a dokładnie nanoglinkę z modyfikowaną powierzchnią. Badania wykazały znaczną poprawę wytrzymałości na zginanie przy optymalnym dodatku nanoglinki w ilości 0,1% mas. Analiza morfologiczna wykazała obecność aglomeratów nanoglinki, wskazując potencjalne obszary optymalizacji w procesie dyspersji. Odkrycia wyznaczają obiecujący kierunek rozwoju zaawansowanych materiałów na bazie UPR, podkreślając kluczową rolę nanonapełniaczy w osiąganiu doskonałych parametrów mechanicznych.

5

Study of flocculation performance and mechanism of ultrafine montmorillonite particles with NPAM

Wang Lujun, Min Fanfei, Chen Jun, Wang Ting, Zhou Zhuang

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 3

art. no. 147790

EN

Ultrafine montmorillonite particles are the main clay minerals in industrial wastewater. In order to explore the flocculation performance and mechanism of flocculant with montmorillonite, the effects of nonionic polyacrylamide (NPAM) dosage and molecular weight on flocculation effect were studied using a flocculation sedimentation experiment. The morphology of flocs was observed by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope, and the microscopic adsorption mechanism was studied utilizing density functional theory (DFT). The results show that the best reagent system for the montmorillonite sample is that the molecular weight of NPAM is 14 million and the added amount is 100 g/t. The floc size increases with rising NPAM dosage, forming a unique multi-level compact space network structure through polymer bridging. The adsorption energy of acrylamide on the Na-(001) surface of montmorillonite is -108.81 kJ/mol, which is significantly higher than -50.66 kJ/mol on the None-(001) surface. Hydrogen bonding is not the main reason for the adsorption of acrylamide on the montmorillonite surface. NPAM mainly causes the flocculation and sedimentation of montmorillonite through the processes of polymer bridging and electrostatic attraction. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the design and synthesis of new flocculants.

6

Influence of montmorillonite hydration and delamination on coal flotation

Zhang Lucheng, Zhang Mingqing, Liu Qi, Song Shuoshuo, Tian Yu, Barvora Joshua Bosco

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 6

art. no. 153085

EN

In this study, the influence of montmorillonite (MT) hydration and delamination on coal flotation was investigated through flotation tests using coal-MT mixtures. MT particles were subjected to hydration at different time intervals. The Fuerstenau upgrading curve was plotted to evaluate the change in overall flotation selectivity. The zeta potential and particle size distribution were used to characterize the delamination behavior of MT in deionized water at natural pH level. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) (colloidal probe) was used to analyze the interaction force between coal and MT particles. It was found that smaller particles (individual silicate layers or thin packets of layers) with higher zeta potentials appeared gradually, and their volume proportion increased with increasing hydration time. AFM results showed that a monotonous repulsive force was detected consistently throughout the separation distance between coal and these emerging smaller MT particles. The decrease of these MT coating on coal surface was responsible for the higher flotation recovery and better selectivity. A jump-into-contact phenomenon was observed in coal and MT interaction when MT hydrated incompletely. It showed that heterocoagulation between coal and MT occurred and MT coating on the coal surface was responsible for the depression of flotation.

7

Systemy Zarządzania Jakością w firmie CERTECH

Gargula Kamila, Głąb Marta, Jaszczyszyn Kinga, Morąg Aleksandra

Analit

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2022

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Nr 12

49--59

PL

Artykuł przedstawia istotę stosowania norm i systemów zarządzania jakością, na podstawie firmy CERTECH. Istotnym elementem procesu kontroli jakości w tej firmie jest oznaczanie zawartości montmorylonitu, na podstawie której surowiec podlega wstępnej klasyfikacji. W przeprowadzonym eksperymencie skorzystano ze stosowanej przez zakład normy BN-77/4024-16 do ustalenia zawartości minerału w produkcie gotowym. Dodatkowo przeprowadzono badania wykluczając użycie pirofosforanu sodu, którego podstawową rolą w oznaczeniu jest zdyspergowanie próbki. Ponadto wykonano również badania z użyciem dwóch krzywych wzorcowych opierających się na różnych zakresach stężeń. Przeprowadzone w artykule oznaczenia sorbentów udowodniły, że niestosowanie się do normy prowadziło do zafałszowania wyników. Zastosowanie szeregu procedur zgodnych z systemami zarządzania jakością, w znaczący sposób pomaga podnieść poziom oferowanych przez producenta wyrobów.

EN

The article presents the point of the application of standards and quality management systems, based on the company CERTECH. An important part of the quality control process at this company is the determination of montmorillonite content, on the basis of which the raw material is subject to preliminary classification. In the experiment carried out, the standard BN-77/4024-16 was used to determine the content of the mineral in the final product. Moreover, tests were carried out excluding the use of sodium pyrophosphate, whose primary role in the determination is to disperse the sample. In addition, tests were also performed using two standard curves based on different concentration ranges. The sorbent determinations carried out in the article proved that not following the standard led to alteration of the results. Usage of procedures in accordance with quality management systems improves the level of products offered by the manufacturer.

8

Ocena wpływu aktywacji bentonitu na jego właściwości sorpcyjne

Niziurska Natalia, Skokoń Magdalena, Ściślak Szymon, Wieczorek Wojciech, Fendrych Katarzyna

Analit

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2022

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Nr 12

23--35

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące oceny wpływu aktywacji bentonitu na jego zdolności sorpcyjne. W tym celu analizie poddano betonit surowy pochodzący ze słowackiego złoża Jelśovy Potok oraz betonit poddany procesowi aktywacji z wykorzystaniem Na2CO3. Materiał do badań stanowiły próbki bentonitu pobrane podczas wyjazdu technologicznego na terenie firmy CERTECH w Niedomicach. Proces aktywacji skutkuje wzrostem ilości wyługowanych z bentonitu rozpuszczalnych w wodzie składników oraz wzrostem pHPZC, tj. wartości pH przy którym powierzchnia zawiesiny bentonitu wykazuje w wodzie elektryczny ładunek zerowy. Ponadto proces aktywacji sodowej bentonitu skutkuje niemal 4-krotnym wzrostem wartości pojemności kationowymiennej CEC, która kształtuje się na poziomie 353.3 meq/100 g bentonitu aktywowanego. Analiza składu ilościowego oraz fazowego, dokonana w oparciu o wyniki uzyskane za pomocą odpowiednio spektroskopii fluorescencji rentgenowskiej XRF oraz dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej XRD, potwierdziła skuteczność zastosowanej procedury aktywacji bentonitu. Pomiary z wykorzystaniem spektroskopii FT-IR ujawniły pozostałość węglanu w strukturze materiału po procesie aktywacji. Badania mikrostrukturalne z wykorzystaniem skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej SEM wskazuje, iż proces aktywacji wpływa na różnice w rozmiarze ziaren bentonitu aktywowanego (126 μm) w stosunku do bentonitu surowego (512 μm). Wzrost rozwinięcia powierzchni swobodnej bentonitu aktywowanego wpływa korzystnie na jego zdolności sorpcyjne.

EN

This work presents results of research related to assessment of activation of bentonite on its sorption properties. Samples originated from Slovak deposit Jelśovy Potok, and bentonite activated with Na2CO3. Bentonite was aquired during field trip to CERTECH located in Niedomice, Poland. Process of activation leads to increase of amount of water soluble substances leached from bentonite and an increase in pHPZC. A specific value of pH in which surface of the bentonite displays zero electrical charge. Additionally, activation of bentonite results in almost 4 times increase of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), which is around 35.3 [meq/100g] of activated bentonite. Quantitive and phase analysis was conducted through results of XRF and XRD methods, and they showed clear effectiveness of bentonite activation. FT-IR analysis revealed residues of carbonates inside structures of bentonite, a byproduct of activation. SEM microscopy showed visible change to particulate size due to activation of bentonite. Activated bentonite had praticles sized 126 [μm] whilst raw bentonite had particles 512 [μm] in size. Siginificant increase in bentonite free surface is beneficial to its sorption abilities.

9

Influence of montmorillonite nanoparticles on thermal and mechanical properties of carbon-carbon hybrid composites based on phenolic-formaldehyde resin

Kateusz Filip, Korzec Tomasz, Zambrzycki Marcel, Cherniushok Oleksandr, Gubernat Maciej

Composites Theory and Practice

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2021

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R. 21, nr 3

96--101

EN

In this study, the effect of the addition of K-10 montmorillonite (MMT) nanoparticles on the mechanical and thermal properties of carbon-carbon composites were investigated. The composites were obtained using self-made prepregs with plain and twill 2/2, 600 g/m2 carbon fabric and phenolic-formaldehyde resin. The composites were obtained by the hot pressing technique, followed by carbonization in an inert argon atmosphere. Modified samples of the composites contained 5 wt.% MMT, homogenously dispersed in the ceramic carbon matrix. The mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and thermal capacity of the composites were determined. Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the carbon matrix composition and structure. The results show that the addition of MMT nanoparticles increased Young’s modulus by 48%, Kirchoff’s modulus by 80.2%, but did not change the interlaminar shear strength nor the bending strength. The MMT influenced the carbon microstructure, changed the ID//IG Raman ratios, as well as the matrix composition. The addition of MMT also increased the low temperature regime of thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the samples.

10

Structural Studies (FTIR, XRD) of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Modified Bentonite

Cukrowicz S., Grabowski B., Kaczmarska K., Bobrowski A., Sitarz M., Tyliszczak B.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 3

119--125

EN

The study investigates the effect of the organic compound representing the cellulose derivative - sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC/Na) on the structure of the main component of bentonite (B) - montmorillonite (MMT). Structural analysis revealed that the CMC/Na of different viscosity interacts with the mineral only via surface adsorption, causing at the same time partial or full delamination of its layered structure. This was confirmed by the XRD diffraction tests. Such polymer destructive influence on the structure of the modified main component of the bentonite limits the use of its composites as an independent binder in moulding sand technology, but does not exclude it from acting as an additive being a lustrous carbon carrier. According to the IR spectra of the B/CMC/Na materials, it can be stated that the interaction between the organic and inorganic parts is based on the formation of hydrogen bonds. That kind of the interpretation applies especially to the MMT modified in the bentonite with a lower viscosity polymer. The characteristics of the main IR absorption bands for composites with a higher viscosity polymer indicates the formation of less stable structures suggesting the random nature of the hydrogen bonds formation.

11

Effect of Bentonite Clay Addition on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Conventional Moulding Sands

Kamińska J., Puzio S., Angrecki M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, iss. 1

111--116

EN

Bentonites and clays are included in the group of drilling fluids materials. The raw materials are mainly clay minerals, which are divided into several groups, like montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, biotite, muscovite, nontronite, anorthoclase, microcline, sanidine or rutile, differing in chemical composition and crystal lattice structure. Clay minerals have a layered structure forming sheet units. The layers merge into sheets that build up to form the structure of the mineral. The aim of the studies carried out in the ŁUKASIEWICZ Research Network - Foundry Research Institute is to explore the possibility of using minerals coming from Polish deposits. The article outlines the basic properties of hybrid bentonites, which are a mixture of bentonite clay called beidellite, originating from overburden deposits of the Turoszów Mine, and foundry bentonite from one of the Slovak deposits. As part of the physico-chemical tests of minerals, measurements included in the PN-85/H-11003 standard, i.e. montmorillonite content, water content and swelling index, were carried out. Additionally, the loss on ignition and pH chemical reaction were determined. Based on the thermal analysis of raw materials, carried out in the temperature range from 0 to 1000⁰C, changes occurring in these materials during heating, i.e. thermal stability in contact with liquid metal, were determined. Examinations of the sand mixture based on pure clay and bentonite and of the sand mixture based on hybrid bentonites enabled tracing changes in permeability, compressive strength and tensile strength in the transformation zone as well as compactability referred to the clay content in sand mixture. Selected technological and strength parameters of synthetic sands are crucial for the foundry, because they significantly affect the quality of the finished casting. Based on the analysis of the results, the optimal composition of hybrid bentonite was selected.

12

Nanocomposites Based on Polyamide and Montmorillonite Obtained from a Solution

Krasinskyi Volodymyr, Suberlyak Oleh, Kochubei Viktoria, Jachowicz Tomasz, Dulebova Ludmila, Zemke Viktoria

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 3

192--198

EN

This work deals with the development of a method for obtaining polyamide and montmorillonite based nanocomposite, which was modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone by mixing in a formic acid solution. The structure and thermophysical properties of the obtained nanocomposites were investigated by means of the X-ray, differentialthermal, thermogravimetric and IR spectroscopic analyses. It was found that nanomodified polycaproamide has a higher crystallinity and higher thermal stability than the original PA-6, and is characterized by considerably higher melt fluidity. The presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone and exfoliated montmorillonite in the nanocomposite structure was confirmed experimentally.

13

Studies of Poly(Acrylic Acid-co-Maleic Acid) Sodium Salt Intercalated Montmorillonite

Grabowska B., Cukrowicz S., Kurleto-Kozioł Ż., Kaczmarska K., Drożyński D., Sitarz M., Bobrowski A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 4

67--75

EN

The intercalation into interlayer spaces of montmorillonite (MMT), obtained from natural calcium bentonite, was investigated. Modification of MMT was performed by the poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt (co-MA/AA). Efficiency of modification of MMT by sodium salt co-MA/AA was assessed by the infrared spectroscopic methods (FTIR), X-ray diffraction method (XRD) and spectrophotometry UV-Vis. It was found, that MMT can be relatively simply modified with omitting the preliminary organofilisation – by introducing hydrogel chains of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer in a form of sodium salt into interlayer galleries. A successful intercalation by sodium salt of the above mentioned copolymer was confirmed by the powder X-ray diffraction (shifting the reflex (001) originated from the montmorillonite phase indicating an increase of interlayer distances) as well as by the infrared spectroscopy (occurring of vibrations characteristic for the introduced organic macromolecules). The performed modification causes an increase of the ion exchange ability which allows to assume that the developed hybrid composite: MMT-/maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer (MMT-co- MA/AA) can find the application as a binding material in the moulding sands technology. In addition, modified montmorillonites indicate an increased ability for ion exchanges at higher temperatures (TG-DTG, UV-Vis). MMT modified by sodium salt of maleic acid-acrylic acid copolymer indicates a significant shifting of the loss of the ion exchange ability in the direction of the higher temperature range (500–700°C).

14

Wpływ montmorylonitu na właściwości reologiczne wodnych dyspersji karboksymetyloskrobi

Antosik A. K.

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2018

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[Z] 72, 11-12

829--839

EN

Water dispersions are usually a colloidal system in which one of the phases is highly dispersed in a second of a continuous nature, called a dispersion medium (in this case it is water). Dispersal is also called the process of distraction and self- -disperse as such. Water dispersions of carboxymethyl starch are the basis for the preparation of many products that, due to their initial dispersion form, can be modified, e.g. by adding fillers such as biodegradable films that affect the rheological properties of the dispersion [1]. The carboxymethyl derivative of starch was synthesized for the first time in 1924. The carboxymethylation reaction has become one of the most important starch modifications used in the industry on a large scale. Carboxymethyl starch (CMS) is characterized by a good solubility in cold water and higher resistance to bacteria than unmodified starch [7–9]. The carboxymethyl starch is obtained by the reaction of carboxymethylation (etherification) of the alkaline starch consisting in the introduction of the substituents into the structure of the starch, by reaction with monochloroacetic acid sodium salt. This process is called Williamson’s synthesis and CMS with different degree of substitution can be obtained by means of the mentioned process [10, 11]. The degree of substitution of carboxymethyl starch has a significant influence on its rheological properties, water dispersion of CMS with DS = 0.87 showed five times higher viscosity than CMS with lower value of this parameter, i.e. 0.15. Water dispersions with an increase in the montmorillonite content showed a high viscosity increase (about twice the increase in viscosity with the addition of 3% by weight). In both cases, aqueous dispersions stored above one month may be subject to the environmental degradation. In addition, in cases of compositions containing MMT, a rapid drop in viscosity due to the montmorillonite sedimentation is observed [17]. Rheological research of water carboxymethyl starch dispersions has great importance for science and for the subsequent application possibilities of products obtained on their basis. The effect of fillers on viscosity, and thus on the possibility of mixing them with aqueous CMS dispersions, affects, for example, the production of biodegradable films based on CMS with MMT, where the film is obtained from an aqueous dispersion of CMS with MMT with the addition of glycerine and citric acid [22]. Moreover, water dispersion of carboxymethyl starch with the addition of montmorillonite can be used as an additive to drilling fluids, electro-reed liquids or foundry adhesives [17].

15

Wpływ kompatybilizatora na wybrane właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne polietylenu z dodatkiem montmorylonitu modyfikowanego kationem N-tetradecylochinoliniowym

Olewnik-Kruszkowska E., Tarach I., Chrzanowska E.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2018

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T. 24, Nr 3 (183)

37--44

PL

W celu poprawy dyspersji napełniacza, w postaci montmorylonitu modyfikowanego za pomocą bromku N-tetradecylochinoliniowego (TCh), w osnowie polimerowej, którą stanowił polietylen (PE), jako składnik dodatkowy, pełniący rolę kompatybilizatora, wprowadzono polietylen szczepiony bezwodnikiem maleinowym (MA). W celu określenia modyfikacji montmorylonitu (MMT) oraz analizy struktury otrzymanych kompozytów zawierających. kompatybilizator jak i bez kompatybilizatora wykonano analizę XRD. Aby określić wpływ kompatybilizatora na właściwości otrzymanych kompozytów wykonano analizę termograwimetryczną otrzymanych materiałów jak również zbadano właściwości mechaniczne przy statycznym rozciąganiu. Stabilność termiczną określano analizując temperaturę przy 10 i 50% ubytku masy. W przypadku właściwości mechanicznych pod uwagę brano moduł Younga oraz naprężenie przy zerwaniu. Otrzymane wartości wykazały, iż dodatek kompatybilizatora w postaci polietylenu szczepionego bezwodnikiem maleinowym posiada istotny wpływ zarówno na strukturę jak i na właściwości mechaniczne i termiczne badanych układów.

EN

In order to improve dispersion of a nanofiller, in the form of montmorillonite modified by means of N-tetradecylquinolinium salt (TCh), in a polyethylene (PE) polymer matrix, polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride (MA) was added as a compatibilizing agent. To determine the extent of montmorillonite (MMT) modification and of the obtained composites, an XRD analysis was conducted. In order to established the effect of the compatibilizer on the properties of the obtained composites, thermogravimetric analysis was carried out. Mechanical properties were determined in a static tensile test. Thermal stability was determined by analyzing the temperature at 10 and 50% mass loss. In the case of mechanical properties, the Young's modulus and tensile stress at break were taken into consideration. The obtained values indicated that the addition of a compatibilizer in the form of polyethylene grafted with maleic anhydride has got a significant effect on both the structure and on the mechanical and thermal properties of the studied materials.

16

Recykling nanokompozytów elastomerowych

Przybyłek M., Rostkowska R., Żabińska A., Bakar M.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2018

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T. 24, Nr 5 (185)

15--22

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zawartości recyklatu pochodzącego z odpadów z nanokompozytów elastomerowych, zawierających montmorylonit (MM T), na wybrane właściwości wulkanizatów gumowych. Analiza została oparta na podstawie wyników badań uzyskanych w próbie statycznego rozciągania, pomiarze twardości, ścieralności i współczynnika zachowania kształtu. Otrzymane wyniki wykazały, że dodatek regeneratu, pochodzącego z recyklingu nanokompozytów elastomerowych, w ilości 5%-10% do mieszanek elastomerowych spowodował polepszenie właściwości wytrzymałościowych. Proponowane rozwiązanie przyczyni się do ograniczenia odpadów powstających w procesie wytwarzania nanokompozytów elastomerowych i zagospodarowania ich w celu uzyskania nowych lub zmodyfikowanych materiałów elastomerowych.

EN

The article investigates the effect of recyclate content obtained from elastomeric nanocomposites scrap containing montmorllonite (MMT), on selected properties of rubber vulcanizates. Tensile properties, hardness, abrasion and elasticities were carried out on obtained samples. The obtained results showed that the addition of 5% -10% g resulted in improvement of tensile properties of elastomeric blends. The proposed solution will contribute to the reduction of waste generated in the process of producing elastomeric nanocomposites and their management in order to obtain new or modified elastomeric materials.

17

Mechanical buckling of functionally graded polyethylene/clay nanocomposites columns based on the Engesser-Timoshenko beam theory

Yas M. H., Khorramabadi M. K.

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2018

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Vol. 56 nr 3

701--712

EN

This paper deals with mechanical buckling of polyethylene/clay nanocomposite beams of functionally graded and uniformly distributed of nanoclay subjected to axial compressive load with simply supported conditions at both ends. The Young moduli of functionally graded and uniformly distributed nanocomposites are calculated using a genetic algorithm procedure and then compared with experimental results. The formulation is modiﬁed to include the eﬀect of nanoparticles weight fractions in the calculation of the Young modulus for uniform distribution. Also, it is modiﬁed to take into account the Young modulus as a function of the thickness coordinate. The displacement ﬁeld of the beam is assumed based on the Engesser-Timoshenko beam theory. Applying the Hamilton principle, governing equations are derived. The inﬂuence of nanoparticles on the buckling load of the beam is presented. To investigate the accuracy of the present analysis, a compression study with the experimental results is carried out.

18

Wpływ opóźniaczy węglowodanowych na ograniczenie złego wpływu minerałów ilastych na właściwości dyspergujące superplastyfikatorów polikarboksylanowych

Tan H., Deng X., Gu B., Ma B.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2018

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R. 21/83, nr 1

16--29

PL

W pracy zbadano wpływ węglowodanów sacharozy oraz maltodekstryny na skuteczność działania domieszek polikarboksylanowych w zaczynach zawierających montmorillonit. W tym celu oznaczano konsystencję zaczynów oraz oceniono stopień adsorpcji PCE oraz węglowodanów w zawiesinie montmorillonitu na podstawie całkowitej zawartości węgla organicznego. Oba węglowodany zmniejszały dodatek PCE potrzebny do uzyskania założonej płynności zaczynów o kilkanaście procent i ograniczały zmniejszanie się konsystencji w czasie. Zarówno sacharoza jak i maltodekstryna nie wbudowują się pomiędzy warstwy montmorillonitu, ale w niewielkim stopniu ograniczają interkalację PCE, najprawdopodobniej dzięki wiązaniom wodorowym cząsteczek węglowodanów z bocznymi łańcuchami poli(tlenku etylenu).

EN

The effect of two carbohydrate retarders i.e. sugar and maltodextrin on the clay tolerance of PCE was investigated in this study. The fluidity loss of cement-montmorillonite paste was tested to assess the clay tolerance of PCE. Adsorption of PCE and carbohydrate in montmorillonite suspension was assessed with Total Organic Carbon measurements. On the basis of several methods application the interaction of carbohydrates with montmorillonite was discussed. Carbohydrates addition is reducing the addition of PCE needed to reach the same initial fluidity level of cement paste. Also the consistency loss is decreased by addition of carbohydrates. The results showed that nor sugar neither maltodextrin can be intercalated between montmorillonite layers. However, they have a slight effect on hindering the intercalation of PCE, most probably, due to the hydrogen bonds between carbohydrate and long side chain of PEO.

19

Effect of small additives of polyamide modified by polyvinylpyrrolidone and montmorillonite on polypropylene technological properties and heat resistance

Krasinskyi Volodymyr, Suberlyak Oleh, Kochubei Viktoria, Klym Yurii, Zemke Viktoria, Jachowicz Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2018

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Vol. 12, no. 2

83--88

EN

The effect of small polyamide additives modified with polyvinylpyrrolidone and montmorillonite on polypropylene technological properties and heat resistance has been researched in the work. It has been determined that the melt flow index of the obtained composites increases by more than 2 times in comparing with pure PP. It has been shown that adding a small amount of polyamide modified by montmorillonite-polyvinylprolidone mixture to polypropylene significantly increases heat resistance of the material. The displacement of the beginning of thermal-oxidation destruction and burning samples into the range of higher temperatures on 114-123oC, dependently on the modified polyamide content has been observed.

20

Mechanical properties vs biotic degradation of polyamide/layered silicates nanocomposites

Majka T. M., Leszczyńska A., Pielichowski K.

Technical Transactions

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2017

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Vol. 12(114)

93--111

EN

The purpose of this study was to obtain polyamide 6 nanocomposites with different organically modified clays and to study the biotic degradation behaviour vs mechanical properties of the obtained materials. Thermal stability of pure organoclays was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The evolution of mechanical properties was also studied. The obtained results confirm good interactions of nanofillers with the polymer, showing the formation of intercalated and/or partially exfoliated structures. The nanocomposites showed higher thermal stability compared to pure polymer, and advantageous mechanical properties. Finally, a discussion related to the effects of biotic degradation on mechanical properties of PA6/MMT nanocomposites is presented.

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było otrzymanie nanokompozytów poliamidowych z różnym typem organicznie modyfikowanej glinki. Stabilność termiczna czystych glinek mierzono za pomocą analizy termograwimetrycznej (TGA). Otrzymane nanokompozyty zostały scharakteryzowane przy wykorzystaniu dyfrakcji promieni rentgenowskich (XRD) oraz spektroskopii w podczerwieni (IR). Zbadano również zmiany własności mechanicznych. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzają dobrą interkalację nanonapełniaczy z matrycą polimerową, pokazując tworzenie struktur częściowo eksfoliowanych. Nanokompozyty wykazały wyższą stabilność termiczną w porównaniu do czystego poliamidu. Artykuł zamyka dyskusja związana ze skutkami degradacji biotycznej nanokompozytów PA6/MMT na ich właściwości mechaniczne.