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1

Application possibilities and properties of plastic mixtures based on biodegradable polymers

Garbarski Jacek, Fabijański Mariusz

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 2

2--8

EN

In this study, an attempt was made to develop generalized conclusions based on previous publications regarding research on the processing possibilities and analysis of the mechanical properties of PLA and TPS polymer mixtures and the possibility of modifying TPS with calcium carbonate. An in-depth analysis of the obtained results turned out to be quite interesting. Further research is necessary to explain the phenomena occurring when mixing two biodegradable polymers, where a certain synergism and the impact of the filler on the polymer matrix are observed.

PL

W niniejszym opracowaniu podjęto próbę opracowania uogólnionych wniosków na podstawie wcześniejszych publikacji dotyczących badań nad możliwością przetwórstwa oraz analizy właściwości mechanicznych mieszanin polimerowych PLA i TPS oraz możliwości modyfikacji TPS węglanem wapnia. Pogłębiona analiza uzyskanych wyników okazała się dosyć intersująca. Konieczne są dalsze badania polegające na wyjaśnieniu zjawisk zachodzących podczas mieszania dwóch polimerów biodegradowalnych, gdzie zaobserwowane pewien synergizm oraz odziaływania napełniacza na osnowę polimerową.

2

PA 10.10 and PA 6 composites with glass or basalt fiber: mechanical properties in dry and wet state

Romańska Paulina, Kuciel Stanisław

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 3

159--166

EN

The effect of basalt and glass fibers and moisture on the impact strength, tensile mechanical properties and heat resistance of PA 10.10 and PA 6 was examined. It was shown that PA 10.10 composites can compete with PA 6 composites in terms of mechanical properties, in a humid environment. Their heat resistance was lower than that of PA 6 composites. Regardless of the type of polyamide, composites with glass fiber had better properties than those with basalt fiber.

PL

Zbadano wpływ włókna bazaltowego i szklanego oraz wilgoci na udarność, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i odporność cieplną PA 10.10 i PA 6. Wykazano, że kompozyty PA 10.10 mogą konkurować z kompozytami PA 6 pod względem właściwości mechanicznych, głównie w środowisku wilgotnym. Ich odporność cieplna była niższa niż w przypadku kompozytów PA 6. Niezależnie od rodzaju poliamidu, kompozyty z włóknem szklanym miały na ogół lepsze właściwości niż z włóknem bazaltowym.

3

Mechanical and thermal properties of rigid PVC and graphene nanocomposites obtained by melt-mixing

Wilczewski Sławomir, Skórczewska Katarzyna, Tomaszewska Jolanta, Lewandowski Krzysztof, Şentürk Ömer Faruk

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 2

86--91

EN

The effect of graphene (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt%) on the mechanical properties and thermal stability of rigid PVC was investigated. The morphology and thermal properties were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric thermal analysis (TGA). Additionally, tensile properties, impact strength and hardness were determined. It was found that the addition of graphene can increase the impact strength and hardness and extend the thermal stability time of PVC.

PL

Zbadano wpływ grafenu (0,01; 0,1; 0,5 i 1% mas.) na właściwości mechaniczne i stabilność termiczną twardego PVC. Strukturę i właściwości termiczne analizowano za pomocą skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej (SEM) i termograwimetrycznej analizy termicznej (TGA). Ponadto określono właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu, udarność i twardość. Stwierdzono, że dodatek grafenu może zwiększyć udarność i twardość oraz wydłużyć czas stabilności termicznej PVC.

4

Selected mechanical properties of MED610 medical resin used in PolyJet Matrix additive technology

Szczygieł Paweł

Mechanik

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2024

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R. 97, nr 3

46--50

EN

This paper presents the results of static strength tests carried out, i.e. tensile, bending and compression tests. The tests were performed on the basis of ISO 527, ISO 178 and ISO 604 standards. The study used a photo-curable resin with the trade name MED610, which meets a number of biocompatibility requirements and can be used for medical applications. PolyJet Matrix 3D printing technology was used to produce the test samples. The study showed a clear anisotropy of mechanical properties due to the printing orientation, particularly noticeable for the tensile and bending tests.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki przeprowadzonych statycznych prób wytrzymałościowych, tj.: próby rozciągania, zginania i ściskania. Badania wykonano w oparciu o normy ISO 527, ISO 178 oraz ISO 604. W badaniu zastosowano żywicę fotoutwardzalną o nazwie handlowej MED610, która spełnia wiele wymagań dotyczących biokompatybilności i może być stosowana w aplikacjach medycznych. Do produkcji próbek wykorzystano technologię druku 3D PolyJet Matrix. Badanie wykazało wyraźną anizotropię właściwości mechanicznych, zauważalną zwłaszcza w testach rozciągania i zginania.

5

Wpływ wysokiej temperatury na wybrane cechy wytrzymałościowe drobnokruszywowego fibrokompozytu

Głodkowska Wiesława, Lehmann Marek, Laskowska-Bury Joanna

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 1

1--6

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę wpływu wysokiej temperatury na wybrane właściwości mechaniczne drobnokruszywowego mineralnego kompozytu ze stalowym zbrojeniem rozproszonym. Zaprojektowany fibrokompozyt charakteryzuje się właściwościami zbliżonymi bądź lepszymi niż beton zwykły i może być z powodzeniem wykorzystany do wykonywania nośnych elementów żelbetowych. Zmianę wytrzymałości na ściskanie i wytrzymałości resztkowych na rozciąganie przy zginaniu fibrokompozytu określono w temperaturze pokojowej i wyznaczonej wg krzywej pożarowej imitującej narastanie temperatury w trakcie rzeczywistego pożaru. Program badawczy obejmował także ocenę ubytku masy próbek fibrokompozytu wygrzewanych w piecu. Badania wykazały, że dodatek włókien stalowych do mieszanki kompozytu w ilości 1,2% przyczynia się do zachowania jego właściwości mechanicznych po wystawieniu na działanie temperatury do 550°C z powodu pożaru, a tym samym jest w stanie poprawić jego stabilność strukturalną w wysokiej temperaturze. Włókna stalowe znacznie poprawiają ognioodporność drobnokruszywowego kompozytu.

EN

The paper presents an analysis of the influence of high temperature on selected mechanical properties of finely aggregated mineral composite with dispersed steel reinforcement. The designed fibrecomposite has properties similar to or better than ordinary concrete and can be successfully used to make load-bearing reinforced concrete elements. The change in compressive strength and residual tensile strength during bending of the fibrecomposite was determined at room temperatures and determined according to the fire curve imitating the temperature build-up during a real fire. The research program also included the assessment of the weight loss of fibrecomposite samples annealed in the furnace. Studies have shown that the addition of steel fibers to the composite mix in the amount of 1.2% contributes to the preservation of its mechanical properties when exposed to temperatures up to 550°C due to fire, and thus is able to improve its structural stability at high temperature. Steel fibers significantly improve the fire-retardant properties of the fine-aggregate composite.

6

Właściwości użytkowe ważne w kontekście projektowania murów

Fudalej Piotr, Łaskawiec Katarzyna, Wieczorek Michał

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 4

54--57

7

Ocena wybranych właściwości mechanicznych budowlanych materiałów wibroizolacyjnych na bazie polimerowych granulatów recyklingowych

Korbiel Tomasz, Bal Renata, Berezowski Wojciech, Kruk Radosław

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 3

27--31

PL

W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję wykorzystania materiałów z recyklingu do wytwarzania elementów wibroizolacyjnych stosowanych w budowie dróg szynowych. Granulaty recyklingowe charakteryzują się stabilnymi parametrami mechanicznymi, co pozwala na ich wykorzystanie w produkcji materiałów do budowy torowisk w terenach zurbanizowanych. W artykule omówiono technologię wytwarzania tego typu materiałów oraz wstępne badania podstawowych właściwości mechanicznych. Zaprezentowane wyniki pozwalają na wybór technologii produkcji mat wibroizolacyjnych z materiałów recyklingowych w zależności od obszaru zastosowania. Określenie poziomu energii dyssypowanej w trakcie obciążenia dynamicznego umożliwiło skalowanie właściwości produktów podczas produkcji. Przedstawione badania pozwalają na wykorzystanie granulatów polimerów PET oraz PiB.

EN

The article presents the concept of using recycled materials to produce vibration-isolating elements used in the construction of railroads. Recycling granulates are characterized by stable mechanical parameters, which allows them to be used in the production of materials for the construction of tracks in urban areas. This work discusses the technology of producing this type of materials and preliminary research on the basic mechanical properties. The presented results allow the selection of a technology to produce vibration-insulating mats from recycled materials depending on the area of application. Determining the level of energy dissipated during dynamic loading made it possible to scale the properties of products during production. The presented research allows the use of PET and PiB polymer granulates.

8

Effects of infill density on mechanical properties of additively manufactured chopped carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

Mayandi K., Rigesh K., Nagarajan Rajini, Ismail Sikiru O., Krishnan Kumar, Mohammad Faruq, Al-Lohedan Hamad A.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

42--51

EN

In this present study, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was used to fabricate the composites. Before three-dimensional (3D) printing, samples were designed according to the ASTM D256, D790 and D3039 standards for impact, flexural and tensile tests, respectively, using Onshape software before conversion to an STL file format. Afterward, the digital file was sliced with infill densities of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The composite samples contained chopped carbon fiber (cCF) and poly lactic acid (PLA), as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. The cCF/PLA (simply called cCFP) filaments were printed into various cCFP composite (cCFPC) samples, using a Viper Share bot 3D machine with different infill densities before the aforementioned mechanical testing. The tensile strength of cCFP were obtained as 25.9MPa, 26.9MPa and 34.75MPa for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. Similarly, the flexural strength of cCFP were obtained as 11.8MPa, 12.55MPa and 18.4MPa and impact strength was 47.48kJ/m2, 48.45kJ/m22 for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. The fractured/tested samples were examined and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the presence of fiber and void in the tensile sample. Based on the experimental results, it was evident that a high infill density of 100% with the highest reinforcement exhibited maximum impact strength, tensile and flexural strengths and moduli when compared with other lower carbon content of cCFPC samples. Therefore, the optimal 3D-printed cCFPC sample could be used for engineering application to benefit from properties of the polymer matrix composite materials and possibilities through additive manufacturing (AM).

9

Comparative analysis of microstructure and selected properties of WC-Co-Cr coatings sprayed by high-velocity oxy fuel on S235 and AZ31 substrates

Jonda Ewa, Myalska-Głowacka Hanna, Łatka Leszek, Szymański Krzysztof, Dziekońska Małgorzata

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

32--41

EN

The purpose of this work was to carry out comparative studies of WC-Co-Cr coatings deposited using the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) method onto two types of substrate material: structural steel S235 and magnesium alloy AZ31. The influence of the substrate material type on the microstructure, phase composition, crystallite size, porosity, Vickers microhardness, instrumental hardness (HIT), Young’s modulus (EIT), and fracture toughness was investigated. For both substrates, the deposited coatings deposited were characterized with fine-grained and compact microstructure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed presence of following phases: WC, W2C, Co0.9W0.1, and Co3W9C4. The WC phase was the most desirable and stable one with crystallites were below 100 nm. On the other hand, the size of the W2C crystallites was below 30 nm. The coatings obtained showed porosity values equal to 2.3 ± 0.4 vol% and 2.8 ± 0.7 vol% for AZ31 and S235, respectively. The average Vickers microhardness for both types of sample was appproximately 1200 HV0.3. The average HIT values for carbide particles and metallic matrix were around 29 GPa and 6.5 GPa, respectively. In the case of EIT, it was around 620 GPa and 190 GPa for WC and Co-Cr, respectively. The differences between coatings were negligible. The EIT value for both coatings was equal to 344 ± 11 GPa. The fracture toughness was around 4.5 MPa · m1/2 in both cases. The investigations revealed that it is possible to replace steel substrate material with a much lighter equivalent, in this case AZ31 alloy, without deterioration of the coating properties.

10

Changes in properties and the internal structure of polyethylene polymer railway sleepers

Butor Anna, Labisz Krzysztof, Wierzbicki Łukasz

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 2

art. no. 2024204

EN

Elements of the railway infrastructure are subject to difficult weather conditions, as well as changing dynamic loads resulting from the operation of a given part of the infrastructure. The following article presents an analysis of the internal macro and microstructure of a polymer railway sleeper made of reinforced polyethylene. The aim of the research was to obtain the results of structure, analysis of hardness measurements and identification of structure inconsistencies and the presence of other structural components in recycled polyethylene substrates. In terms of the tested material properties of the polyethylene sleepers, no significant changes in strength and plastic stability were found for the samples made of polyethylene tested before and after exposure to varying atmospheric conditions in the climatic chamber.

11

Insights into the processing, structure, and mechanical performance of polyethylene/gypsum composites

Hejna Aleksander, Barczewski Mateusz, Kosmela Paulina, Mysiukiewicz Olga

Composites Theory and Practice

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2024

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R. 24, nr 1

7--24

EN

Polymer composites are used in all branches of industry, with numerous applications. Despite the many years of modifying commodity polymers, using novel fillers allows the range of their applicability to be extended. The impact of new types of fillers on the polymer matrix is not always predictable and requires further studies. The presented study analyzed the application of gypsum as a filler for composites based on high-density polyethylene (PE). The filler was introduced in the amounts of 1-20 wt.%, and its impact on the processing, static, and dynamic mechanical performance of the composites was investigated. At lower filler loadings, the composites could be processed without any hindrance of flowability compared to the neat PE. Up to 5 wt.%, the tensile strength was maintained at a similar level to PE due to the satisfactory quality of the interface and good interfacial adhesion. Higher loadings caused a drop in the tensile strength with a simultaneous rise in Young’s modulus. A further increase in the filler loading resulted in higher values of porosity and growth of the adhesion factor, determinedfrom the dynamic mechanical results, which led to deterioration of the mechanical performance.

12

Mechanical and Durability Studies about the use of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Concrete

Nair Arya R, Nirmala D. B.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 1

1--19

EN

Landfilling is the most common and cheapest method of waste management practice in India. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (MSWL) became a nuisance affecting the health, hygiene, sanitation and aesthetics of the surrounding area. Aggregates occupy almost 70% of concrete, so replacing waste materials with them could be a rewarding choice. In the current work, an experimental investigation is being carried out to test the addition of MSWL as a substitution with fine aggregate for concrete production. Out of the different aged samples available at the dumpsite, the most aged sample is chosen for experimental investigations according to the basic physical properties. Concrete mixes, with 0%, 4%, 5%, 7% and 10% partial replacement of fine aggregate with MSWL are tested for mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and non destructive test and have proved to be a partial substitute for fine aggregate. Durability studies such as water absorption, acid attack and sulphate attack also gave better experimental proof for the sustainable reuse of this waste material. The research reveals 5% replacement is the optimum considering all the test result values. The paper leads to advanced research for the suitability of the material in the construction industry.

13

Influence of the Prepolymer Structure of Glycidyl Azide Polymer (GAP) on Binder Properties – Some Theoretical Considerations

Gettwert Volker Juergen, Keicher Thomas

Central European Journal of Energetic Materials

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2024

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Vol. 21, no. 1

53--67

EN

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is a promising energetic binder for solid propellants, but it suffers from poor mechanical properties compared to hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). This paper reviews the main factors affecting the mechanical properties of GAP-based binders, such as molecular weight and functionality, and discusses some possible strategies on how it could be improved. The equation of Carother is used for the theoretical consideration of the functionality of the GAP prepolymer.

14

The effect of magnesium and copper addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion rate of as-cast biodegradable zinc alloys

Gieleciak Magdalena, Janus Karol, Maj Łukasz, Petrzak Paweł, Bieda Magdalena, Jarzębska Anna

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 3

art. no. e149175

EN

Microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion properties of as-cast pure zinc and its binary and ternary alloys with magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu) additions were investigated. Analysis of microstructure conducted by scanning electron microscopy revealed that alloying additives contributed to decreasing average grain size compared to pure zinc. Corrosion rate was calculated based on immersion and potentiodynamic tests and its value was lower for materials with Cu content. Moreover, it was shown that the intermetallic phase, formed as a result of Mg addition, constitutes a specific place for corrosion. It was observed that a different type of strengthening was obtained depending on the additive used. The presence of the second phase with Mg improved the tensile strength of the Zn-based materials, while Cu dissolved in the solution had a positive effect on their elongation.

15

Synergistic toughening and strengthening of an epoxy resin modified by simultaneous use of two different modifiers

Białkowska Anita, Suroń Patryk, Kucharczyk Wojciech, Hanulikova Barbora, Bakar Mohamed

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 3

art. no. e149176

EN

The present work investigates the effect of modifying an epoxy resin using two different modifiers. The mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated as a function of modifier type and content. The structure and morphology were also analyzed and related to the measured properties. Polyurethane (PUR) was used as a liquid modifier, while Cloisite Na+ and Nanomer I.28E are solid nanoparticles. Impact strength (IS) of hybrid nanocomposites based on 3.5 wt% PUR and 2 wt% Cloisite or 3.5 wt% PUR and 1 wt% Nanomer was maximally increased by 55% and 30%, respectively, as compared to the virgin epoxy matrix, exceeding that of the two epoxy/nanoparticle binaries but not that of the epoxy/PUR binary. Furthermore, a maximum increase in IS of approximately 20% as compared to the pristine matrix was obtained with the hybrid epoxy nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt% Cloisite and 1 wt% Nanomer, including a synergistic effect, due most likely to specific interactions between the nanoparticles and the epoxy matrix. The addition of polyurethane and nanoclays increased the thermal stability of epoxy composites significantly. However, DSC results showed that the addition of flexible polyurethane chains decreased the glass transition temperatures, while the softening point and the service temperature range of epoxy nanocomposites containing nanofillers were increased. FTIR analysis confirmed the occurrence of interaction between the epoxy matrix and added modifiers. All SEM micrographs showed significant roughness of the fracture surfaces with the formation of elongated platelets, explaining the increase in mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix.

16

Mechanical properties of ABS samples manufactured under different process conditions

Czyżewski Piotr, Marciniak Dawid, Sykutera Dariusz

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e147065

EN

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of manufacturing conditions on the mechanical properties and structure of ABS parts. Two sets of samples with the same geometric characteristics were produced by fused deposition modelling (FDM) and injection molding (IM). The molding pressure and cooling rate were found to have a significant effect on shaping the mechanical properties and structure of ABS products. The manufacturing method and adopted process parameters have a significant impact on the degree of packing of macromolecules in the volume of the product and thus determine its density. Selected mechanical properties were determined and compared with their specific gravity. The research was carried out using tools and machines, i.e. injection molds of unique design and standard measuring stations. Tensile and bending strengths and Young’s modulus were related to the density of products obtained under different process conditions and having gradient and solid structures. The results provide useful information for engineers designing products using FDM technology. Relating tensile and flexural strength and Young’s modulus to the specific gravity of the product. It was found that the value of product properties is closely related to various process conditions, which further provides a true description of the products.

17

Analysis of mechanical properties and structure of samples filled with continuous glass fiber produced in composite filament fabrication technology

Marciniak Dawid, Sykutera Dariusz, Czyżewski Piotr

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 2

art. no. e148841

EN

The purpose of the study was to evaluate selected mechanical properties and structural characteristics of samples manufactured using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology from Onyx material, whichwas filled with continuous glass fiber. Selected mechanical properties were correlated with the density of the resulting composite to determine the specific strength of the fabricated parts. The test specimens were manufactured on a Mark Two Enterprise machine (Markforged, USA) using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology. The material used was polyamide 6.6 with a 20% short carbon fiber content with the trade name Onyx. Continuous glass fiber was used to reinforce the fabrication. The density of the manufactured samples was determined using a hydrostatic method. Methanol was used as the liquid. By determining the density of the samples, it was possible to estimate through appropriate calculations what specific strength and specific modulus the obtained composites would have. Determination of tensile and flexural strengths was carried out in accordance with ISO 527-1:2012 and ISO 178:2003. Determination of the impact tensile strength of the samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 8256, the beams were tested using the A method. Due to the high impact tensile strength, two 1 mm notches with an angle of 45°were made on the specimens. The image of the sample structure obtained by the CFF method was recorded using a CT scanner. A thermogravimetric test (TG) of the Onyx matrix material was carried out. The samples were tested approximately 72 hours after fabrication. Filling the samples with continuous glass fiber above 50% leads to a slight increase in impact resistance. The density of the composite increased by only 16% relative to the reference samples, resulting in a 389% increase in the maximum average flexural strength. Despite significant discontinuities in the structure of the produced composite, it was possible to record an increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus by 606% and 370%, respectively.

18

Use of Used Graphite Electrodes as Metal Matrix Composites Reinforcement

Łągiewka Małgorzata

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, iss. 1

21--25

EN

The work presents the effect of the addition of graphite from recycled graphite electrodes on the mechanical properties of metal matrix composites (MMC) based on the AlMg10 alloy. A composite based on the AlMg10 alloy reinforced with natural graphite particles was also tested. Further, tests of the mechanical properties of the AlMg10 alloy were performed for comparative purposes. Composites with a particle content of 5, 10 and 15 percent by volume were produced by adding introduction of particles into the liquid matrix while mechanically mixing molten alloy. The composite suspensions were gravitationally cast into metal molds. Samples for the Rm , R 0.2, A and E tests were made from the prepared castings. Photos of the microstructures of the materials were also taken. The research shows that the addition of graphite to the matrix alloy causes minor changes in tensile strength (Rm) and yield strength (R 02), regardless of the type of graphite used. The results of the relative elongation tests showed that the introduction of graphite particles into the matrix alloy had an adverse effect on the elongation values in the case of each of the tested composites. The introduction of graphite particles into the AlMg10 alloy significantly increased the Young’s modulus value, both in the case of composites with flake graphite (natural) and graphite from ground graphite electrodes.

19

The Use of Cluster Analysis to Assess the Wear Resistance of Cermet Coatings Sprayed by High Velocity Oxy-Fuel on Magnesium Alloy Substrate

Jonda Ewa, Fydrych Dariusz, Łatka Leszek, Myalska-Głowacka Hanna

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 4

216--227

EN

Cermet coatings are one of the best surface protection of machine elements against wear. On the other hand, the most universal and economically justified method of applying such coatings is high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying. This method makes it possible to produce coatings characterized by compact structure, low porosity and very good adhesion to the substrate. All these fundamental properties contribute to the high wear resistance of these coatings. However, carrying out full wear tests (e.g. ball-on-disc) is time-consuming, especially when it is necessary to select the proper feedstock material and carefully selected process parameters. The aim of the following researches was to statistically investigate the possibility of replacing long-term wear resistance tests with estimation of this performance on the basis of determining the fundamental mechanical properties of the coatings. Three types of coating materials were selected: WC-12Co, WC-10Co-4Cr and WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni, which were deposited on AZ31 magnesium alloy substrates from three different spray distances: 320, 360 and 400 mm. On the basis of the tests carried out and using cluster analysis techniques (the Ward and k-means methods), the relative similarity between the obtained coatings was determined. The applied methodology allowed to select from the analyzed cermet coatings such samples that were characterized by improved resistance to abrasive wear. The obtained results of the analyzes were also referred to the results of tests of resistance to abrasive wear.

20

Strength Analysis Aspects of Psyllium/Thermoplastic Starch Films under Impact Loading Conditions

Beer-Lech Karolina, Kołodziej Paweł, Skic Anna, Branco Ricardo

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no 2

385--393

EN

Tensile test under quasi-static loads conditions is usually used to determine the mechanical strength of thermoplastic starch films. This kind of test does not fully illustrate the load conditions for packaging films, which, under the conditions of use, are succumb to dynamic loads. Thus, the aim of the study was to present the possibilities of using a patented soft tissues measurement testing station to analyze the mechanical strength of thermoplastic starch (TPS) films under impact loading conditions. Two groups of film specimens containing the addition of psyllium husks (TPS/PH) and psyllium flour (TPS/PF) were used for the measurements. The casting method was applied, and glycerol was used as a plasticizer. Microstructure of the specimen surface was analyzed by stereoscopic microscopy. Specimens with the addition of psyllium flour had a more uniform microstructure. The maximum breaking forces obtained during impact tests for these films were 5 times higher than specimens containing psyllium seed husk. The same behaviour was found with respect to stresses with average values of 48.6 MPa for TPS/PF and 20.2 MPa for TPS/PH. Moreover, research confirms usefulness of patented soft tissues measurement testing station to analyse the mechanical strength of thermoplastic starch films.