Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Political and economic rationale for the development of renewable energy in European union countries

Tomala Magdalena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2024

|

z. 191

551--570

EN

Purpose: There are two factors related to the implementation of the Green Deal. The first relates to economic issues and depends on economic development. The second is related to political actions. The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of political and economic factors on the renewable energy sector. Assuming the idea of common priorities in the EU, it can be hypothesized that the action programs for renewable energy implemented by the EU should enable countries to accelerate their efforts to develop this sector of the economy. Design/methodology/approach: Firstly, k-means analysis will be employed to cluster EU countries based on whether they would achieve the declared target of a 20% share of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption. Secondly, the application of k-means will facilitate the division of countries into groups based on their economic affluence, distinguishing them between richer and poorer nations. Next, the study will utilize the ANOVA, which help determine if the actions carried out by the EU are sufficient to achieve the increasing share of renewable energy. It will consider the diversity of countries in terms of economic and political factors. Findings: The first hypothesis, regarding the significance of the political factor, was successfully confirmed. The analysis conducted revealed that EU countries vary in their implementation of the EU renewable energy objectives. The second hypothesis regarding the significance of the economic factor has been dismissed. It was not confirmed that the degree of economic development has an impact on the growth of the renewable energy sector. Originality/value: It can be assumed that all EU countries would support the policy toward the growth of renewable energy. While various factors play a crucial role in shaping the renewable energy market, it is difficult to find an analysis that explains the lack of significant progress in this sector of the economy.

2

Investigation of a simple energy management system of a hybrid PV-battery system

Mahdi Baqer Saleh, Sulaiman Nasri, Shehab Mohanad Abd, Hassan Siti Lailatul Mohd, Shafie Suhaidi, Hizam Hashim

Opto-Electronics Review

|

2024

|

Vol. 32, No. 1

art. no. e148249

EN

Growing energy demands are expected to render existing energy resources insufficient. Solar energy faces challenges in terms of providing continuous and reliable power supply to consumers. However, it has become increasingly important to implement renewable energy (RE) and energy management (EM) systems to increase the supply of power, improve efficiency, and maintain the stability of energy systems. As such, this present study integrated energy storage (ES) devices; namely, batteries and direct current (DC) to DC converters; into energy systems that support battery operation and effectively manage power flow, especially during peak load demands. The proposed system also addresses low solar irradiation and sudden load change scenarios by enabling the battery to operate in a discharge state to supply power to the load. Conversely, when the demand matches or exceeds the available solar energy, the battery is charged using solar power. The proposed system highlights the significance of RE systems and EM strategies in meeting growing energy demands and ensuring a reliable supply of power during solar variability and fluctuating loads. A MATLAB® Simulink model was used to evaluate the integration of a 200 kW photovoltaic (PV) array with a 380 V grid and 150 kW battery. The loads, consisting of a 100 kW and a 150 kW unit, were parallel connected. The results indicated that boost and three-phase (3Ph) inverters can be used to successfully integrate PV systems to the power grid to supply alternating current (AC) power. The inclusion of a battery also addressed power shortages during periods of insufficient power generation and to store surplus power.

3

Poprawa efektywności energetycznej i ekonomicznej przykładowej przepompowni wód z niecki bezodpływowej

Guja Sebastian, Piotrowski Janusz, Niesporek Łukasz, Chmiela Andrzej, Smoliński Adam

Napędy i Sterowanie

|

2024

|

R. 26, nr 1

30--34

PL

Wieloletnie wydobycie węgla kamiennego spowodowało deniwelację powierzchni terenu, a ta zmieniła warunki hydrogeologiczne. Przez zmiany w morfologii terenu zwiększyło się zagrożenie podtopieniami na powierzchni terenów dotkniętych wpływem eksploatacji górniczej. Bez profilaktyki zalewowej pojawiać się będą zalania i podtopienia stref najbardziej obniżonych oraz zanieczyszczenie wód powierzchniowych, źródeł wody pitnej. W publikacji przeprowadzono analizę możliwości obniżenia kosztów utrzymania funkcjonującej przepompowni wód opadowych z bezodpływowej niecki na terenie zlikwidowanej kopalni. Przedstawiono technicznie możliwe do przeprowadzenia, ekonomicznie uzasadnione rozwiązanie projektowe.

EN

Many years of hard coal mining have caused the land surface to delevelle, which has changed the hydrogeological conditions. Changes in the morphology of the terrain have increased the risk of flooding in areas affected by mining. Without flood prevention, flooding and flooding of the most depressed areas will occur, as well as contamination of surface waters and drinking water sources. The publication analyzes the possibility of reducing the costs of maintaining the functioning rainwater pumping station from a septic tank on the premises of a closed mine. A technically feasible, economically justified design solution was presented.

4

Doszczelnienie matrycy kamieni cementowych otrzymanych z zaczynów cementowych przeznaczonych do podziemnych magazynów wodoru w kawernach solnych

Kędzierski Miłosz, Rzepka Marcin

Nafta-Gaz

|

2024

|

R. 80, nr 1

3--11

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań nad doszczelnieniem matrycy kamieni cementowych otrzymanych z zaczynów cementowych przeznaczonych do podziemnych magazynów wodoru w kawernach solnych. W recepturach zaczynów cementowych została zwiększona ilość dodatku mikrocementu oraz podjęto próbę zastosowania wybranych rodzajów nanomateriałów. Receptury cementowe opracowane zostały w INiG – PIB w Laboratorium Zaczynów Uszczelniających. Badania przeprowadzono dla temperatury 25°C i ciśnienia 10 MPa. W badanych zaczynach cementowych jako spoiwo wiążące zastosowano cement wiertniczy G. Zaczyny cementowe sporządzano na solance o pełnym nasyceniu o gęstości 1200 kg/m3 ze względu na bezpośrednią obecność soli w otworze. Do solanki dodawano kolejno środki: odpieniający, upłynniający i obniżający filtrację oraz nanomateriały. Pozostałe składniki: mikrocement, gips modelowy oraz cement mieszano ze sobą i wprowadzano następnie do wody zarobowej. W przypadku każdego zaczynu cementowego wykonywano badania parametrów technologicznych takich jak: właściwości reologiczne, gęstość, rozlewność, odstój wody oraz czas gęstnienia zaczynu. Przeprowadzano również badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie po 7 dniach oraz po 1 i 6 miesiącach, a także pomiar porowatości stwardniałych zaczynów cementowych po 6 miesiącach deponowania w pełni nasyconej solance. Opracowane zaczyny cementowe charakteryzowały się dobrymi parametrami reologicznymi oraz zerowym odstojem wody. Gęstości zaczynów cementowych wahały się w przedziale od 1910 kg/m3 do 1940 kg/m3 . Wszystkie zbadane stwardniałe zaczyny cementowe charakteryzowały się zwartą mikrostrukturą o niskiej zawartości makroporów. Udział porów o średnicy powyżej 10 000 nm wyniósł od 1,3% do 3,2% ilości wszystkich porów. Natomiast udział porów o średnicy poniżej 100 nm w całej matrycy stwardniałego zaczynu cementowego wyniósł od 94,3% do 97,5%. Dodatek większej ilości mikrocementu oraz wprowadzenie nanokomponentów do receptur zaczynów cementowych spowodowały wzrost wytrzymałości na ściskanie oraz obniżenie porowatości kamieni cementowych.

EN

The article presents the results of research on the sealing of the matrix of cement stones derived from cement slurries, specifically designed for underground hydrogen storage in salt caverns. This study involved increasing the amount of microcement in cement slurry mixes and experimenting with selected types of nanomaterials. Laboratory tests of cement slurries were conducted at the Oil and Gas Institute – National Research Institute, under controlled conditions of 25°C and 10 MPa. Cement slurries were prepared on the basis of class G oil-well cement. Cement slurries were prepared on fully saturated brine with a density of 1200 kg/m3 reflecting the direct presence of salt in the wellbore. The agents added into the brine included defoamers, liquefying agents, fluid loss control additive and nanocomponents. The other ingredients – microcement, model gypsum and cement – were mixed together and then added to the mixing water. The cement slurries were tested for rheological parameters, density, free water, fluidity, filtration and thickening time. Compressive strength tests were conducted at intervals of 7 days, 1 month and 6 months, along measurement of porosity of hardened cement slurry after 6 months of depositing fully saturated brine. The developed cement slurries exhibited favorable rheological parameters and no free water. The densities of tested slurries ranged from 1910 kg/m3 to 1940 kg/m3 . All hardened cement slurries tested were characterized by a compact microstructure with a low content of macropores. The proportion of pores with a diameter above 10,000 nm ranged from 1.3 to 3.2% of all pores. Whereas, the proportion of pores with a diameter below 100 nm in the entire cement stone matrix ranged from 94.3 to 97.5%. The addition of a larger amount of microcement and nanocomponents to the cement slurry mixes resulted in an increase in compressive strength and a decrease in the porosity of cement stones.

5

Heat Flux Distribution Estimation for CSP Applications

Stokos Konstantinos, Votyakov Evgeny, Papanicolas Costas

Journal of Power Technologies

|

2024

|

Vol. 104, nr 1

56--66

EN

In this paper the concept of a new method for the estimation of the heat flux distribution and the total power in CSP applications is presented. This method requires appropriate analysis of the temperature evolution on a target, or directly on a receiver. A 3-D thermal conduction model with boundary conditions to take into account the convection and radiation losses has been developed. A parametric analysis was performed and we checked how the physical parameters affect the applicability of the method. Having proven numerically the potential of this method, it was experimentally implemented in the central tower CSP plant of The Cyprus Institute at PROTEAS facilities successfully. Finally, experience gained from the numerical and experimental application of this method is discussed.

6

GIS- and AHP-based Decision Systems for Evaluating Optimal Locations of Photovoltaic Power Plants: Case Study of Republic of North Macedonia

Adjiski Vancho, Serafimovski Dalibor

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 1

51--82

EN

This study employs a geographic information system (GIS) and an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to identify optimal locations for photovoltaic (PV) solar farms in the Republic of North Macedonia. It assesses land suitability using six criteria (solar irradiance, aspect, slope, distance from power lines, roads, and urban areas) and six constraints (urban settlements, agricultural zones, national parks, water bodies, steep slopes, elevations above 1500 m). A suitability map was created using a matrix of pairwise comparisons, and the weights for each criterion were calculated. The map was divided into four categories: highly suitable, suitable, less suitable, and unsuitable. The results showed that 11.6% of the study area was classified as being highly suitable, 40.1% as suitable, 3.6% as less suitable, and 0.8% as unsuitable. Additionally, restricted areas (comprised of national parks, residential and agricultural lands, elevations above 1500 m, and water surfaces with 1000 m buffer zones) accounted for 43.7% of the study area. Utilizing just 0.6% of highly suitable land for PV technology could generate approximately 2870 GWh annually, enough to meet the average electricity needs of the industrial sector across the eight administrative regions of R. N. Macedonia. The study offers a replicable GIS-based approach for solar energy planning, contributing to sustainable development and providing insights for integrating solar PV systems into the national energy strategy.

7

Aukcje wygrywa fotowoltaika

Wiśniewski Grzegorz, Krzyżanowska Agata, Kwasiborski Michał

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

|

2024

|

nr 1

PL

W 2023 roku odbyły się już dziewiąte (licząc od 2016 roku) aukcje na energię z OZE. Nie było niespodzianek, jak zwykle niemal cała pula zakontraktowanego wolumenu przypadła fotowoltaice, ale to tylko niewielka część oferowanego wsparcia. Czy system aukcyjny jest już zbędnym instrumentem kształtowania rozwoju OZE, skoro dotyczy tylko jednej technologii?

8

Experimental Assessment of the Impact of Biodiesel Blends and Methanol on Emissions and Performance in a Semi-Industrial Boiler

Allawi Mohammed Kadhim, Saleh Fouad Alwan

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 1

115--126

EN

Recently, there has been a growing interest in biodiesel due to its utilization of renewable resources, which is particularly significant given the increasing depletion of fossil fuel stocks. The utilization of Cresson weed in biodiesel fuel production is a pioneering application of botanical herbs within the biodiesel industry. This study compares the combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuel B10, B20, B40, B60, and D80B10M10 blends with petroleum diesel. This analysis examined the combustion process across various equivalence ratios in semi-industrial boilers. The study examined the combustion efficiency, flue gas emissions (CO, CO2, T exhaust, and HC), as well as flame length. The obtained findings show that adding more biodiesel fuel to diesel fuel increases its combustion efficiency above and beyond what is possible with regular diesel fuel at high energy levels. In addition, blends like B60 and other mixtures like D80B10M10 emit lower levels of pollutants, such as CO, than diesel as well as increase T exhaust and CO2, which indicates the completion of combustion.

9

Improving voltage stability in subtransmission through PV curves and critical voltage balance for photovoltaic compensation

Santillán Hólger Jorge, Barzola Roosevelt

Diagnostyka

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

art. no. 2024111

EN

The constant increase in energy demand and the need to reduce the carbon footprint on the environment has put countries in a race against time, looking for alternative resources or ways to supply this need. One of the main resources is solar radiation, which can be used to generate energy, initially on a small scale, but in recent years has been directed towards supplying large cities. The economic, political, and social investment must respond to planning and expansion criteria in order to generate feasible proposals. Through simulation of a real electrical system, the voltage instability was determined, which was corrected at software level by entering a photovoltaic solar plant, being this dimensioned from the PV curve obtained. Finally, the optimal location for the development of a solar photovoltaic plant among four possible scenarios was obtained through the application of an optimization algorithm. This approach was converted into an alternative applicable to different geographical locations.

10

Enhancing MPPT in partially shaded PV modules: a novel approach using adaptive reinforcement learning with neural network architecture

Leelavathi M., Suresh Kumar V.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 4

art. no. e150112

EN

The occurrence of partial shading in solar power systems presents a substantial challenge with widespread implications, sparking extensive research, notably in the field of maximum power point tracking (MPPT). This study emphasizes the critical process of accurately tracking the maximum power points with the characteristic curves of photovoltaic (PV) modules under real-time, diverse partial shading patterns. It explores the various stages of the tracking process and the methodologies employed for optimization. While conventional methods show effectiveness, they often fall short in swiftly and accurately tracking maximum power points with minimal errors. To address this limitation, this research introduces a novel machine learning approach known as adaptive reinforcement learning with neural network architecture (ARL-NNA) for MPPT. The results obtained from ARL-NNA are compared with existing algorithms using the same experimental data. Furthermore, the outcomes are validated through different factors and processing time measurements. The findings conclusively demonstrate the efficacy and superiority of the proposed algorithm in effectively tracking maximum power points in PV characteristic curves, providing a promising solution for optimizing solar energy generation in partial shading patterns. This study significantly impacts various realms of electrical engineering including power engineering, power electronics, industrial electronics, solid-state electronics, energy technology, and other related field of engineering and technology.

11

An adaptive energy management approach for battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system

Yüksek Gökhan, Alkaya Alkan

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 4

art. no. e150203

EN

Energy storage systems (ESS) are indispensable in daily life and have two types that can offer high energy and high power density. Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) are obtained by combining two or more energy storage units to benefit both types. Energy management systems (EMS) are essential in ensuring the reliability, high performance, and efficiency of HESS. One of the most critical parameters for EMS is the battery state of health (SoH). Continuous monitoring of the SoH provides essential information regarding the system status, detects unusual performance degradations and enables planned maintenance, prevents system failures, helps keep efficiency at a consistently high level, and helps ensure energy security by reducing downtime. The SoH parameter depends on parameters such as depth of discharge (DoD), charge and discharge rate (C-rate), and temperature. Optimal values of these parameters directly affect the lifetime and operating performance of the battery. The proposed adaptive energy management system (AEMS) uses the SoH parameter of the battery as the control input. It provides optimal control by dynamically updating the C-rate and DoD parameters. In addition, the supercapacitor integrated into the system with filter-based power separation prevents deep discharge of the batteries. Under the proposed AEMS control, HESS has been observed to generate 6.31% more energy than a system relying solely on batteries. This beneficial relationship between supercapacitors and batteries efficiently managed by AEMS opens new possibilities for advanced energy management in applications ranging from electric vehicles to renewable energy storage systems.

12

Fuel-Saving Solution for Forklifts Using Hydraulic Energy Storage and Regeneration Device Cluster Additionally Installed

Nguyen Van Tinh

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2024

|

Vol. 18, no 4

137--148

EN

Forklifts are indispensable vehicles in warehouse logistics work. Large forklifts have a common configuration that uses a combustion engine to create energy to drive the machine's hydraulic system. Due to the characteristics of diesel engines, a large amount of energy is wasted and harmful gases are emitted every day. Especially with millions of older-generation forklifts and construction machines being used in developing countries, the above problem is even more serious while immediately replacing them with new generation machines is impossible. To solve this, the solution is to design and manufacture an additional device cluster to save fuel and reduce emissions. It is both economically and environmentally viable with the right technology. This article proposes the structure and working principle of an additional hydraulic device cluster to increase the working efficiency of the above types of forklifts. Based on building a mathematical model of the mechanical-hydraulic system during the lowering and lifting processes when applying the solution, the main parameters of the process were surveyed. The solution applied on a 3.5 tons forklift shows that the renewable energy percentage in one lowering and lifting cycle is 65.5%. The amount of diesel saved in a year is 2057 liters, corresponding to the one of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions removed by 5.55 tons, 223 grams and 326 grams, respectively. The proposed device cluster installation is easy with older-generation forklifts and can also be applied in the production of new forklifts.

13

Nieprawidłowości w opisie OZE

Kwiecień Grzegorz

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

|

2023

|

R. 91, nr 10

8--13

PL

W części ogólnej zaprezentowano wiele krytycznych informacji koniecznych dla zrozumienia przyczyn nieprawidłowości w opisie odnawialnych źródeł energii OZE. W części szczegółowej pokazano zależności objaśniające skutki wadliwego stosowania mechanizmu obliczeń LCOE do porównywania systemów „z i bez” OZE.

EN

In the general part, the author presents a number of critical information necessary to understand the causes of irregularities in the description of renewable energy sources. In the detailed part, the author shows the relationships explaining the effects of the faulty application of the LCOE calculation mechanism to compare systems "with and without" RES.

14

Aplikacje synchrofazorów (PMU) w sieciach WN/NN ze zwiększającym się udziałem OZE

Juszczyk Andrzej

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

|

2023

|

R. 91, nr 12

32--35

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienie wpływu OZE, którego udział w sieci elektroenergetycznej wzrasta i będzie dalej ulegał znacznemu wzrostowi w niedalekiej przyszłości. Będzie to powodowało nowe, niespotykane wcześniej w systemie elektroenergetycznym, problemy związane z szeroko rozumianą stabilnością systemu elektroenergetycznego. Zwrócono też uwagę na fakt, że rozwój energetyki rozproszonej wpływa na nowe zadania i uwarunkowania pracy układów EAZ, a operatorzy sieci przewidują decentralizację i automatyzację systemów regulacji napięcia i sankcjonowanie pracy wyspowej. Przydatnym narzędziem do analizy stanu stabilności w systemach może być pomiar PMU (Phasor Measurment Unit), coraz częściej dostępny w przekaźnikach zabezpieczeniowych jako dodatkowa funkcja. Zastosowanie synchrofazorów i techniki PMU w systemie elektroenergetycznym obejmuje już nie tylko szeroko omawianą ocenę stabilności, ale także może być przydatne w tworzeniu obszarowych - Wide Area - systemów zabezpieczeń WAP oraz systemów sterowania WACS. Oferenci, przygotowując się do zmian w systemie elektroenergetycznym, opracowują automatyki wspomagające utrzymanie stabilności w systemie. Przykładem może być firma GE, która wprowadziła na rynek produkt PowerNode, do którego nawiązano w niniejszym artykule.

EN

The article discusses the issue of the impact of Renewable Energy Sources on HV network, the share of which in the power grid is increasing and will continue to increase significantly in the near future. This will cause new problems, not previously encountered in the power system, related to the widely understood stability of the electricity system. Attention was also drawn to the fact that the development of distributed energy affects new tasks and conditions for the operation of Power Protection Automation systems, and network operators envisage decentralization and automation of voltage regulation systems and accepting of island operation of the Power System. A useful tool for analyzing the state of stability in systems may be PMU (Phasor Measurement Unit) measurement, which is more often available in protection relays as an additional function. The use of synchrophasors and PMU technology in the power system not only covers the widely discussed Power System stability assessment, but can also be useful in creating Wide Area WAP security systems and WACS control systems. In preparation for changes in the Power System, bidders are developing automation systems that help maintain stability in the system. An example is GE, which introduced the product PowerNode, which is referred to in this publication.

15

Analysis of alternative configurations of ship power systems using biofuels and renewable energy

Herdzik J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

|

2023

|

Vol. 17 No. 3

569--575

EN

The requirements to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from maritime transport require taking actions aimed at increasing the overall efficiency of the propulsion system, optimal and rational use of electricity and heat. Taking such actions is necessary in order to demonstrate the improvement of the energy efficiency index of a ship in operation or an already existing one (EEOI and EEXI), which will allow to obtain category A or B emissions for a given ship. Obtaining similar energy efficiency effects is also possible after switching to fuels containing less carbon in the molecule and the use of renewable energy. Attempts are made to create new configurations of combined energy systems so as to obtain maximum benefits related to the use of various energy sources in order to ensure the production of energy in quantities consistent with the current demand of the ship in the operating condition.

16

Czy terroryści zagrożą polskim farmom wiatrowym na Bałtyku

Chyła Tomasz

Technologia Wody

|

2023

|

Nr 1 (79)

68-69

17

Renowacja wielorodzinnych budynków historycznych

Grelich Paulina, Laska Marta

Rynek Instalacyjny

|

2023

|

Nr 12

26--30

PL

Budynki zabytkowe oraz zlokalizowane w obszarze ochrony konserwatorskiej mają duży potencjał obniżenia zużycia energii, ale ze względu na walory architektoniczne znacznie ograniczone możliwości termomodernizacyjne. W artykule przedstawiono wytyczne dla inwestorów oraz pozytywne przykłady budynków wielorodzinnych w wybranych miastach Niemiec, Szwajcarii i Holandii, które, pomimo ograniczeń, zostały kompleksowo zmodernizowane w kierunku standardu możliwie niskoenergetycznego. W budynkach tych, oprócz ociepleń przegród i wymiany stolarki, zastosowano rozwiązania bazujące na OZE, takie jak pompy ciepła, panele fotowoltaiczne i termiczno-fotowoltaiczne, urządzenia mikrokogeneracyjne, systemy wentylacji mechanicznej z odzyskiem ciepła czy wykorzystujące ciepło odpadowe ze spalin jako dolne źródło pompy ciepła. Działania te przyniosły wymierne efekty w postaci obniżenia emisji CO2 nawet o 88%, wskaźnika EK o 81%, a EP o 86%. Uwzględniały one także komfort mieszkańców, tzn. zastosowano rozwiązania generujące niższy poziom hałasu i izolację akustyczną, jednostki umieszczono w miejscach niewidocznych, skorzystano także z możliwości synergii różnych rozwiązań technicznych. Głęboka transformacja sektora budowlanego w Polsce nie jest łatwym zadaniem i wymaga długofalowych i konkretnych działań. Jednak przykłady rozwiązań z sąsiednich krajów pokazują, że jest ona możliwa nawet w budynkach podlegających przepisom konserwatorskim.

EN

Historic buildings, as well as those located in conservation areas, have great potential for reducing energy consumption, but due to their architectural value, they have highly limited opportunities for thermomodernization. The article presents guidelines for investors and positive examples of multifamily buildings in selected cities in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, which, despite their limitations, have been comprehensively modernized to a low-energy standard as possible. In the buildings, in addition to insulating the envelope and replacing the woodwork, RES-based solutions such as heat pumps, photovoltaic and thermal-photovoltaic panels, micro-cogeneration devices, mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery or using waste heat from exhaust gases as a source of heat pumps were used. Such solutions have brought measurable results in reducing CO2 emissions by up to 88%, EK by 81%, and EP by 86%. In addition to the dimension of energy savings, the described solutions took into account the comfort of residents, i.e. the focus was on solutions that generate lower noise levels, the use of acoustic insulation, the location of units in invisible places or the possibility of synergies between different technical solutions. Deep transformation of the building sector in Poland is not an easy task and requires long-term and concrete actions. However, examples of solutions from neighboring countries show that it is possible even in buildings under the preservation regulations.

18

Środki smarowe dla elektrowni wiatrowych

Skibińska Agnieszka, Sacha Dariusz

Rynek Energii

|

2023

|

Nr 4

58--63

PL

Odnawialne źródła energii rozwijają się na całym świecie, w szczególności w Unii Europejskiej znacznie szybciej niż konwencjonalne. Energetyka wiatrowa jest obecnie najmniej oddziałującym na środowisko dostępnym źródłem wytwarzania energii. Turbiny wiatrowe to złożone maszyny składające się z wielu ruchomych części, które regularnie poddawane są ekstremalnym obciążeniom, ciśnieniom i naprężeniom. Ponieważ wszystkie te części wymagają smarowania, do utrzymania pojedynczej turbiny może być potrzebnych wiele produktów. Różne prędkości obrotowe, obciążenia, parametry geometryczne i funkcje poszczególnych węzłów tarcia turbin wiatrowych, wymagają stosowania różnych środków smarowych. Artykuł zawiera podstawowe informacje na temat elektrowni wiatrowych lądowych jak również morskich oraz opisuje różne rodzaje środków smarowych niezbędnych do zapewnienia mało obsługowej i bezawaryjnej pracy turbin.

EN

Currently, one of the most carbon-intensive industries is electricity generation. Poland obtains more than 60% of its electricity from coal—based fuels, mainly using low—efﬁciency and outdated technical infrastructure, which consequently generates high energy generation costs and high C02 emissions. EU countries are currently striving for climate neutrality while maintaining a modern, competitive and energy—efﬁcient economy. The new EU industrial policy will force Member States to take action to upgrade their most energy- intensive industries to make them less environmentally damaging in the shortest possible time, and ultimately to make them zero—carbon closed-cycle industries. Renewable energy sources are growing much faster than conventional energy sources worldwide and in the European Union in particular, and wind power is currently the least environmentally impactful source of energy generationn available. Thispaper contains basic information about onshore as well as offshore wind turbines. A wind turbine is a complex machine consisting of many moving parts that is regularly subjected to extreme loads, pressures, and stresses. As all these parts require lubrication and multiple products may be needed to maintain a single turbine. The different speeds, loads, geometrical parameters and functions of the various fricion nodes of wind turbines, require different lubricants. Lubricant manufacturers offer multifunctional oils and lubricants (used to lubricate many different components with the same lubricant) or produce specialised lubricants for lubricating different parts of Wind turbines. paper describes the different types of lubricants required to maintain trouble-free and low—maintenance ation of wind turbines.

19

Strategia wodorowa w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach europejskich

Baszczeńska Oliwia, Niesporek Kamil

Rynek Energii

|

2023

|

Nr 4

9--14

PL

Energetyka wodorowa to sektor rozwijający się bardzo dynamicznie w ostatnich latach. Wzrost emisji szkodliwych substancji emitowanych do atmosfery przyczynił się do realizacji zielonej transformacji mającej na celu zapobiegać negatywnym skutkom środowiskowym. W artykule przedstawiono najważniejsze punkty strategii wodorowej w Polsce oraz w wybranych krajach europejskich. Wodór jako paliwo przyszłości ma bardzo duży potencjał energetyczny, a głównym czynnikiem ograniczającym są nie ujednolicone regulacje prawne dotyczące jego produkcji, magazynowania i dalszego wykorzystania.

EN

Hydrogen energy is a sector that has been growing rapidly in recent years. The increase in emissions of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere has contributed to the realization of a green transformation aimed at preventing negative environmental effects. The article presents the highlights of the hydrogen strategy in Poland and in selected European countries. Hydrogen as a fuel of the future has a very high energy potential, and the main limiting factor is the non—uniﬁed legal legislation on its production, storage and further use.

20

Renewable energy versus energy security: the impact of innovation on the economy

Svazas Mantas, Navickas Valentinas, Paskevicius Raimondas, Bilan Yuriy, Vasa Laszlo

Rynek Energii

|

2023

|

Nr 1

60--71

EN

Europe's energy security is a very relevant and debatable topic today. Many countries in the European Union do not have sufficient fossil energy resources and are dependent on neigh-boring, energy-rich countries. Such dependence on other countries in the EU is useless and even dangerous, both economically and politically or in terms of energy security. The EU faces serious energy security challenges due to its high dependence on external energy exporters. Countries that export energy resources can manipulate them and exert both economic and political pressure. In order to increase the level of energy security, it is necessary not only to diversify energy supply sources, but also to apply relevant innovations as widely as possible. However, in addition to the goal of diversification, it is essential to ensure the affordability of energy so that the widest possible social segment has access to the energy they need. Energy availability is very important for the social and economic development of the country. One of the most important tasks is to produce energy resources within the country or the EU without doing harm to the environment, do not using fossil fuel and developing the economy in a sustainable way. This goal can only be achieved by applying a wide range of innovations - green energy production solutions, energy system balancing tools, digital technologies.