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1

Technologie przyrostowe w kontekście zastosowań przemysłowych druku 3D

Chojnacka-Puchta Luiza, Sawicka Dorota, Dobrzyńska Elżbieta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 2

262--269

PL

Omówiono rodzaje technologii przyrostowych, potocznie zwanych drukiem 3D, których zastosowanie przemysłowe charakteryzuje się dynamicznym wzrostem. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono obecnemu wykorzystaniu technologii addytywnych w zakładach produkcyjnych, aktualnej wartości druku 3D na rynkach konsumenckich (ok. 18 mld USD w 2023 r. na rynku globalnym), a także podkreślono możliwości recyklingu materiałów wykorzystywanych w druku 3D. Zwrócono uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenia dla użytkowników druku związane ze stosowaniem różnego rodzaju materiałów.

EN

A review, with 67 refs., of the types of additive technologies, their application areas, and the current value of 3D printing in consumer market. Particular attention was paid to the use of additive technologies in manufacturing plants, and to the environmental risks and recycling possibilities of materials used in 3D printing. The safety of materials used in 3D printing was also discussed. Potential risks to printer users associated with the use of different types of materials that can cause emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter were highlighted.

2

Properties of the surface layer of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by DMLS technology after the shot peening treatment

Okuniewski Wojciech, Walczak Mariusz, Chocyk Dariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

25--35

EN

While considerable progress has already been made in the field of additive manufacturing further development is needed. There is a huge demand in the global market for the production of high-quality components with complex geometries. The post-production surfaces after fabrication by AM technologies require finishing treatment due to the presence of defects on the surface layer. Therefore, a series of studies have been carried out to analyze the effect of shot-peening treatment on DMLS-manufactured titanium specimens. Shot peening process were carried out using three different working media: CrNi steel shot, crushed nutshells, ceramic with working pressure of 0.3 MPa. The study included examination of surface roughness, Vickers hardness, phase composition and SEM analysis of the obtained surfaces. Analysis of the surface roughness showed a decrease in roughness using CrNi steel shot and ceramic balls. The use of nutshells resulted in an increase in roughness due to the sharp shape of the grains used. An increase in the surface hardness was observed for all modified surfaces. The least strengthening effect was obtained with nuthsell shots. XRD phase analysis indicates that a two-phase structure of α'+β was identified in the post-production condition. There has been an increase in the share of the β phase for all treated samples. The greatest increase of the β phase was obtained for steel shots and ceramic balls. Changes in the percentages of the phases in the treated samples are the results of the induced phase transformations. The shot peening process also induces plastic deformation on the surface and forms a nanocrystalline layer, as demonstrated by SEM analysis. The overall results after the shot peening treatment indicates a favorable effect on the properties and the state of the surface layer of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy for ceramic and steel shots.

3

Mechanical properties of 3D-printed polylactide and short carbon fibres reinforced polylactide laminate subjected to environmental aging

Andrzejewska-Sroka Angela Jadwiga, Rucka Magdalena

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 3

283--298

EN

In this work the mechanical characterisation of fused filament fabricated non-reinforced polylactide and polylactide reinforced with short carbon fibre laminate after environmental aging was reported. In the manufacturing process, the symmetric laminate was used to determine the influence of environmental aging of 3D printed parts. The sterilisation agents and buffered saline solution environment were used as aging factors. Also, the fracture surfaces of non-reinforced and reinforced specimens were imaged with scanning electron microscopy. It was found that short carbon fibres in general influence the higher mechanical strength of materials compared to materials without fibres. But at the same time the addition of short carbon fibre influence of significant loos of toughness when aged with sterilisation agents and buffered saline solution environment during one, six or twelve weeks. The results presented in this work are important for several reasons. The study highlights how the addition of short carbon fibres enhances the mechanical properties of polylactide (PLA), which is valuable for applications requiring increased strength and stiffness, while also addressing the impact of environmental aging, particularly in sterilization and buffered saline solution environment.This is crucial in understanding the mechanical behavior of these materials, as many PLA applications (e.g., in medical devices or marine environments) involve exposure to conditions like mentioned above. Understanding how aging affects a material's mechanical properties helps project lifetime and reliability of products.

4

Improving the mechanical properties of structural elements made of titanium, aluminum alloys, and steel through the additive manufacturing application

Karolewska Karolina, Szala Grzegorz, Trepczyńska-Łent Małgorzata, Ligaj Bogdan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

48--71

EN

The research paper discusses the analysis of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, Young's modulus, and elongation, as well as microstructural and hardness tests of three materials commonly used in additive manufacturing. The selected materials were 316L steel, AlSi10Mg aluminum alloy, and Ti6Al4V titanium alloy. The mechanical properties were evaluated using strain gauge measurements and digital image correlation, allowing for the determination of local material properties. The conducted research revealed that sample fractures were caused by defects resulting from the manufacturing process, often along the boundaries of sequentially deposited layers. However, tensile tests demonstrated that the tensile strength of additive manufactured components is comparable to or higher than those produced using traditional manufacturing techniques. The research results indicate the potential for utilizing additive manufacturing technology in the production of structural components under static loading conditions.

5

Experimental study of the thermal conductivity of an innovative cellular composite manufactured using additive technology

Piwowar Anna, Anwajler Beata, Szulc Piotr

Zeszyty Energetyczne

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2024

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T. 9

49--62

EN

This paper presents a prototype of a cellular composite material fabricated by additive manufacturing technology and characterized by a complex internal core structure based on the Kelvin foam model. The thermal conductivity of the prototype material was experimentally determined as a function of the material used for printing, i.e. thermosetting resins with different degrees of transparency, reflectance, and emissivity, as well as variable layering of the composite. The optimal composition for the composite was determined by a multi-criteria ANOVA. The lowest possible thermal conductivity of the insulation was 0.0250 W/(m·K) and the highest possible thermal resistance was 0.7926 (m2·K)/W. The innovative cellular composite produced by 3D printing technology has good insulating performance and could therefore be used to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, appliances, or equipment.

6

The influence of abrasive finishing conditions on the surface texture of Inconel 939 elements made using the 3D printing LPBF method

Wojtiuk Ewa, Radziejewska Joanna, Marczak Michał

Welding Technology Review

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2024

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R. 96

34--40

EN

The article presents research on finishing treatment applied to components made of Inconel through 3D printing by Laser Powder Bed Fusion method. Vibration-abrasive machining was carried out using a supporting fluid and various shapes of abrasive. The effects of the processing conditions were analysed based on the surface roughness of the samples and mass loss. The obtained collective results were subjected to comparative analysis with the effects of vibratory-abrasive processing without the use of a processing fluid, as presented in the article. The research has shown that using vibration-abrasive processing, it is possible to reduce the height of surface irregularities by more than three times after four hours of treatment. The intensity of processing was the highest in the first hour of the process. The lowest roughness heights Ra = 1.8 μm were obtained using ceramic balls in the presence of a supporting fluid.

7

Eksperymentalne studium kształtowania właściwości wytrzymałościowych polimerowych konstrukcji wspornikowych

Wilczyńska Kamila, Markuszewski Damian

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 12

1535--1539

PL

Przeprowadzono statyczną próbę jednoosiowego rozciągania próbek otrzymanych z PLA za pomocą druku 3D w technologii FDM. Próbki różniły się parametrami druku 3D, takimi jak rodzaj wypełnienia, gęstość wypełnienia oraz orientacja kątowa wydruku próbki. Ocenie poddano 5 wzorów wypełnienia oraz 4 orientacje kątowe kształtów, w kierunku osi X drukarki oraz pod kątem 15°, 30° i 45° względem osi X. Najlepszymi parametrami wytrzymałościowymi charakteryzowały się próbki o 100-proc. gęstości, z wzorem wypełnienia cubic i orientacją kątową 30°.

EN

A static uniaxial tensile test of specimens obtained from PLA using 3D printing in FDM technol. was carried out. The specimens differed in 3D printing parameters such as the type of filling, filling d., and the angular orientation of the sample printout. Five filling patterns and 4 angular orientations of the specimens were assessed, in the direction of the printer’s X axis, and at an angle of 15°, 30°, and 45° to the X axis. The best strength parameters were characterized by samples with 100% density, with a cubic filling pattern and an angular orientation of 30°.

8

Analiza ochraniaczy i osłon balistycznych klatki piersiowej w aspekcie możliwości aplikacji struktur przestrzennych wytwarzanych metodami przyrostowymi

Fotyga Piotr, Magier Mariusz

Problemy Techniki Uzbrojenia

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2024

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R. 53, z. 169

83--99

PL

Celem pracy była analiza wybranych konstrukcji dwóch typów osłon: ochraniaczy klatki piersiowej dla motocyklistów oraz lekkich, osobistych osłon balistycznych, w zakresie zastosowanych materiałów i rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych. W dalszej części pracy przeanalizowano, na podstawie przeglądu literatury, wybrane koncepcje struktur przestrzennych, dedykowanych pochłanianiu kinetycznej energii uderzenia. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych analiz sformułowano wnioski dotyczące możliwości opracowania i przebadania struktur przestrzennych wytwarzanych metodami przyrostowymi, stanowiących ochronę klatki piersiowej oraz kończyn przed odziaływaniem bodźców kinetycznych, generowanych dla prędkości uderzenia od 130 km/h do ok. 1300 km/h.

EN

The aim of the article was to analyze selected designs of two types of shields: chest protectors for motorcyclists and light, personal ballistic shields, in terms of the materials and design solutions used. In the further part of the article, selected concepts of spatial structures dedicated to absorbing the kinetic impact energy were analyzed based on a literature review. Basing on the analyses, conclusions were drawn regarding the possibility of developing and testing spatial structures produced using additive technologies, protecting the chest and limbs against the kinetic impact generated at velocity from 130 km/h up to 1300 km/h.

9

Additive Technologies in Restoring the Functionality of Mobile Robots

Tomica Dawid, Śnieżek Lucjan, Rubiec Arkadiusz

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2024

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Vol. 15, Nr 3 (57)

31--46

EN

The study analyses challenges faced by robots used by EOD subunits, their working conditions, and possible damage during operations. The literature review takes into account long-term and incidental loads on the undercarriage and drive systems, which affect the functionality and durability of these robots. Moreover, the limitations and advantages of additive technology in restoring the functionality of these machines were verified, taking into account the operational environment of EOD subunits.

PL

W pracy dokonano analizy wyzwań, jakie stoją przed robotami znajdujących się na wyposażeniu pododdziałów EOD, ich warunków pracy oraz możliwych uszkodzeń w trakcie prowadzonych operacji. Przegląd literaturowy uwzględnia długotrwałe i incydentalne obciążenia układów jazdy oraz napędowego, które wpływają na funkcjonalność i trwałość tych robotów. Ponadto zweryfikowano ograniczenia i możliwości technologii addytywnej w zakresie przywracania właściwości operacyjnych tych maszyn, uwzględniając środowisko operacyjne pododdziałów.

10

Environmental marine degradation of pla/wood composite as an alternative sustainable boat building material

Baris-Camli Selin, Neser Gokdeniz, Sozen Ayberk

Polish Maritime Research

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2024

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nr 1

127--134

EN

In this study, which can be considered a contribution to the global effort to produce sustainable materials and to search new manufacturing methods for the boat building industry, the performance of a 3D printable polylactic acid and recycled wood (PLAW) composite was investigated under the simulated operational conditions of a boat. The wood used in the composite was yellow pine (Pinus sylvestris), a local wood widely used in boat building and 8% by weight in the composite. For the study, tensile and compressive strength tests were performed in both atmospheric and post-aging conditions, using composite samples produced by the additive manufacturing method. The durations of the accelerated aging before the experiments were one, two and four weeks. During these aging periods, water spraying, a salty fog environment and a drying cycle were applied at elevated temperatures and at equal time intervals, daily. The effect of wood additive on the composite and the joining efficiency of the components were also examined with scanning and optical microscopes. The performance of the obtained composite and the effects of aging on performance were measured using two different thermal analyses: differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. From the results obtained, it can be seen that PLAW composite can be used in the manufacture of structural elements subjected to relatively low loads in boats. It is an option that will provide integrity in the future interior design of wooden boats.

11

Polymer materials to produce wrist-hand orthoses using the additive method

Szczygieł Paweł

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 2

103--111

EN

Wrist-hand orthosis was developed using PolyJet Matrix (PJM) and Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) additive technologies. MED610 and PLACTIVE were used as the biocompatible materials. The orthosis was divided into parts A and B. The accuracy of both parts was checked using an optical scanner. The PJM method was more accurate. The compressive strength and stress relaxation of the orthosis were also tested. Greater strength was achieved for part A made using PJM technology, and for part B made using FFF technology.

PL

Ortezy nadgarstkowo-dłoniowe otrzymano przy użyciu technologii przyrostowych PolyJet Matrix (PJM) i Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). Jako biokompatybilny materiał zastosowano MED610 oraz PLACTIVE. Ortezę podzielono na część A i B. Sprawdzono dokładność wykonania obu części za pomocą skanera optycznego. Większą dokładnością charakteryzowała się metoda PJM. Zbadano także wytrzymałość ortezy na ściskanie i relaksację naprężeń. Większą wytrzymałość uzyskano dla części A wykonanej w technologii PJM, a dla części B wykonanej w technologii FFF.

12

Additive manufacturing technology for modern packaging

Domiński Adrian, Duale Khadar, Konieczny Tomasz, Kurcok Piotr, Kowalczuk Marek, Rydz Joanna, Grundmann Alexander, Kaysser Simon T.

Packaging Review

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2024

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No. 1

6--15

EN

Appropriate packaging is essential to protect products from external contamination, physical damage or food spoilage. The latest innovations in the packaging industry are mainly limited to the development of new polymeric barrier materials and composite or green, environmentally friendly materials. However, recently, new active, and/or intelligent (smart) packaging is being developed that can extend the shelf life of a product, keep it in good condition and help control the quality of food products. This review presents the latest developments and applications of additive manufacturing in the production of smart food packaging.

PL

Odpowiednie opakowanie jest niezbędne, aby chronić produkty przed zanieczyszczeniami z zewnątrz, uszkodzeniami fizycznymi lub zepsuciem się żywności. Najnowsze osiągnięcia w branży opakowań ograniczają się głównie do opracowania nowych polimerowych materiałów barierowych oraz kompozytowych lub ekologicznych materiałów przyjaznych dla środowiska. Jednak ostatnio opracowywane są nowe opakowania aktywne i/lub inteligentne (smart), które mogą wydłużyć okres przydatności do spożycia produktu, utrzymać go w dobrym stanie i pomóc kontrolować jakość produktów spożywczych. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono najnowsze osiągnięcia i zastosowania wytwarzania przyrostowego w produkcji inteligentnych opakowań do żywności.

13

Utilisation of first Polish multifunctional 3D bioprinter BioCloner Desktop for printing hydrogel cell scaffolds in controlled clean environment - case study

Knap-Kowalski Jakub, Twardziak Hubert, Matulski Jakub, Bednarczyk Ewa, Sikora Szymon, Grygoruk Roman, Gołaszewski Maciej

Mechanik

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2024

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R. 97, nr 4

39--46

EN

In this article novel technological solutions for applying additive manufacturing technologies in the biomedical and biotechnological industry are showcased. The BioCloner Desktop (referred to as ‘Desktop’) is a miniaturised version of an industrial printer developed as part of a project regarding utilising additive manufacturing technologies for manufacturing of bioresorbable implants. In the years 2016-2019, the project was financed from EU resources (project number POIR.01.01.01-00-0044/16-00). During this project, industrial-sized solutions dedicated for medical and pharmaceutical applications were developed. The Desktop was developed as a way of expanding the possibilities of research and development in a standard biomedical laboratory. The size of the described printer allows it to be placed inside a laminar flow cabinet. The Desktop is a device which meets the growing need for multipurpose compact desktop bioprinters dedicated for research and development applications. Currently, commercially available laboratory-scale machines lack an open architecture, which puts boundaries on research. Miniaturisation of the BioCloner bioprinter did not sacrifice its key feature of supporting multitool print and convenience of construction for further specialisation. The BioCloner project, besides bioprinters, also includes dedicated slicing and printer control software. Thanks to its multiplatform compatibility, it is possible to easily increase the scale of production directly after the research process. The Desktop is equipped with printheads that facilitate multiple methods of 3D printing. From the most popular fused filament fabrication (FFF) to the versatile fused granulate fabrication (FGF) to highly specialised printheads for bioprinting, designed to dispense hydrogels via pressure extrusion. The printheads have also additional features required in the bioprinting process, such as UV crosslinking lights and temperature control (heating as well as cooling). In this article, key features of both the BioCloner Desktop bioprinter and the dedicated BioCloner 3D slicing-operating software are outlined. Its second part is a report on the bioprinter’s usage in the Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, named after E.J. Brzeziński, located at Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering of Warsaw University of Technology. During the study, hydrogel cell scaffolds for culturing WEHI-164 mouse fibroblasts were produced. The structures were obtained using a gelatin methacrylate (GelMa)-based commercially available bioink deposited directly into a cell culture vessel. The structures were fully crosslinked immediately after printing. All printed scaffolds supported cell proliferation. There were no observed signs of contamination, and the conducted field tests confirmed the assumed functionality of the BioCloner Desktop bioprinter.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono nowatorskie rozwiązania techniczne pozwalające na wykorzystanie technologii addytywnego wytwarzania w branżach biomedycznej i biotechnologicznej. BioCloner Desktop (dalej: „Desktop”) jest zminiaturyzowanym rozwiązaniem opracowanym w ramach trwającego od 2016 r. projektu BioCloner, mającego na celu wdrożenie technik przyrostowych w procesie produkcji implantów wchłanialnych. Projekt ten w latach 2016-2019 był finansowany ze środków UE (projekt POIR.01.01.01-00-0044/16-00 - Pierwsza polska biodrukarka dedykowana do implantów wchłanialnych - BioCloner). W ramach projektu BioCloner opracowano rozwiązania wielkogabarytowe przeznaczone do zastosowania w branży medycznej i farmaceutycznej. Desktop został opracowany z myślą o poszerzeniu możliwości prac badawczo-rozwojowych w typowym laboratorium biomedycznym. Wymiary drukarki BioCloner Desktop pozwalają na pracę w warunkach podwyższonej czystości oraz wewnątrz komory laminarnej. Desktop stanowi odpowiedź na rosnące wymagania stawiane przed kompaktowymi drukarkami nabiurkowymi wykorzystywanymi w pracach badawczo-rozwojowych. Dostępne na rynku urządzenia przeznaczone do biodruku w skali laboratoryjnej nie posiadają otwartej architektury, przez co ograniczają zakres prowadzonych prac badawczo-rozwojowych. Przy zmniejszeniu biodrukarki 3D zachowano wyróżniające BioCloner cechy - wsparcie druku wielogłowicowego oraz otwartość konstrukcji, która pozwala na rozwijanie kompatybilnych głowic i akcesoriów wspierających proces biodrukowania 3D. Projekt BioCloner poza wymienionymi biodrukarkami 3D obejmuje również dedykowane oprogramowanie sterujące zawierające kluczowe z perspektywy biodruku funkcjonalności. Dzięki międzyplatformowej kompatybilności sterowników możliwe będzie szybkie zwiększenie skali produkcji po zakończeniu prac badawczo-rozwojowych. Desktop jest wyposażony w głowice wspierające różne metody druku przestrzennego. Od najpopularniejszego druku termoplastycznym filamentem fused filament fabrication (FFF), poprzez druk wykorzystujący nadtopiony granulat fused granulate fabrication (FGF), po głowice ciśnieniowe opracowane specjalnie do wymagań stawianych przez biodruk. Przykładem tego są głowice przeznaczone do ekstruzji ciśnieniowej hydrożeli z wieloma dodatkowymi funkcjami, takimi jak sieciowanie UV oraz kontrola temperatury (zarówno grzanie, jak i chłodzenie). Opisywana w artykule drukarka została przetestowana w Laboratorium Inżynierii Biomedycznej im. E.J. Brzezińskiego mieszczącym się na Wydziale Mechanicznym Technologicznym Politechniki Warszawskiej. Wytworzono w nim rusztowania do hodowli fibroblastów mysich WEHI-164. Struktury zostały wydrukowane z hydrożelu bazującego na metakrylowanej żelatynie (GelMa), bezpośrednio w naczyniu przeznaczonym do dalszej inkubacji hodowli. Wszystkie otrzymane struktury pozwalały na zagnieżdżenie się i proliferację rozważanych w badaniu komórek. Nie zaobserwowano oznak zakażenia w trakcie hodowli. Przeprowadzone testy potwierdzają zakładaną funkcjonalność biodrukarki Desktop.

14

Influence of size on the compressive properties of cellular structures manufactured by additive technologies

Rudnik Mateusz

Mechanik

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2024

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R. 97, nr 4

6--15

EN

This article is a continuation of research on hexagonal cell structures. Previous research has dealt with cell structures in normalized models, where it was shown that cell structures should be studied from a single cell to a suitably generated iterative model based on recursive formulas. The aim of this paper was to compare manufactured cell structures with an appropriately defined formula. Printed models of the hexagonal structure subjected to compression showed that, in the case of the Polylactic Acid Blue material, as the size of the side length of the hexagonal cells increased, the quality of the generated diagrams also increased, which informed the undesired effects of the compressive force in the tests. In the case of cells manufactured from the PA2200 material, it was noted that the maximum force acting on the cell structure decreased with increasing cell side length, however, no undesirable situations occurred during testing in contrast to structures manufactured from Polylactic Acid base materials. In the case of Polylactic Acid materials, special attention had to be paid to the Polylactic Acid Gray material. The models were printed with the same parameters, from the same Stereolitography language file, had a slightly higher mass and were subjected to the same compression test, yet showed significant differences in the tests carried out compared to the other models.

PL

Artykuł jest kontynuacją badań dotyczących struktur komórkowych heksagonalnych. Poprzednie badania dotyczyły struktur komórkowych w modelach znormalizowanych. Wykazano, że struktury komórkowe należy badać od pojedynczej komórki do odpowiednio wygenerowanego modelu iteracyjnego opartego na wzorach rekurencyjnych. Celem pracy było porównanie wytworzonych struktur komórkowych o odpowiednio zdefiniowanym wzorze. Wydrukowane modele struktury heksagonalnej poddanej ściskaniu wykazały, że w przypadku materiału Polylactic Acid Blue wraz ze wzrostem długości boku komórek heksagonalnych wzrastała także jakość generowanych diagramów, co informowało o niepożądanych efektach działania siły ściskającej. W przypadku struktur komórkowych wykonanych z materiału PA2200 zauważono, że maksymalna siła działająca na strukturę komórkową zmniejszała się wraz ze wzrostem długości boku struktury komórkowej, jednakże podczas badań nie wystąpiły żadne niepożądane sytuacje w porównaniu ze strukturami wytwarzanymi z materiałów na bazie kwasu polimlekowego. W przypadku materiałów z polikwasu mlekowego szczególną uwagę należało zwrócić na materiał z szarego kwasu polimlekowego. Modele zostały wydrukowane z tymi samymi parametrami, z tego samego pliku, który został zapisany w języku stereolitograficznym, a jednak miały nieco większą masę i zostały poddane temu samemu testowi ściskania, a mimo to wykazały istotne różnice w przeprowadzonych testach w porównaniu z pozostałymi modelami.

15

Strain distribution analysis in multilayered 3D printed beam during 3-point bending process

Skibicki Szymon, Szewczyk Piotr, Sibera Daniel

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 9

11--17

EN

The paper presents the results of testing 3D concrete samples, aimed at determining the impact of the effectiveness of interlayer bonding on the mechanical properties of the samples and the failure pattern (electrical resistivity strain gauge technique and digital image correlation (DIC) method were used). The tests showed that limiting the interlayer area led to a reduction in flexural strength by 37.4% and splitting strength by 52.2%.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań próbek betonowych, wykonanych w technologii druku 3D, mających na celu określenie wpływu efektywności zespolenia międzywarstwowego na właściwości mechaniczne próbek oraz mechanizmu ich zniszczenia (wykorzystano technikę tensometrii elektrooporowej oraz metodę cyfrowej korelacji obrazu (DIC)). Badania wykazały m.in., że ograniczenie pola sczepności międzywarstwowej doprowadziło do zredukowania wytrzymałości na zginanie o 37,4% oraz na rozłupywanie o 52,2%.

16

Formalne i technologiczne aspekty architektury wytwarzanej addytywnie w świetle parametrów geometrycznych wybranych obiektów

Koszewski Krzysztof, Strzała Marcin

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 4

20--26

PL

Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analiz niezbadanej dotychczas relacji między artefaktem a narzędziem jego wytwarzania w obszarze architektury i metod addytywnych (AM). Celem pracy była identyfikacja i interpretacja tych zależności. Dokonano tego, badając charakterystyki wybranych 82 realizacji powstałych w latach 2004-2021.W tym celu wprowadzono dwa autorskie wskaźniki: skali (WS) oraz detalu (WD). Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują na ścisłe powiązanie metod projektowych z technologią wytwarzania.

EN

The article presents the results of analyses of the hitherto unexplored relationship between an artifact and its manufacturing tool in architecture and additive methods (AM). The purpose of the study was to identify and interpret these relationships. For this purpose, the authors examined the characteristics of selected 82 realizations created between 2004 and 2021. In the research, two author's indicators were introduced: scale (WS) and detail (WD). The analyses conducted indicate a close relationship between design methods and manufacturing technology.

17

Decision Support System for the Design Process of Apatite Biopolymer Composite Parts

Panda Anton, Dyadyura Konstiantyn, Dmitrishin Dmitriy, Smorodin Andrey, Prokopovich Igor

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 4 (32)

548--554

EN

In connection with the increase in the number and severity of various types of bone tissue injuries received as a result of wounds during military operations in Ukraine, an important issue in orthopedics and traumatology is making informed decisions about the possibility of restoring the integrity and functions of bone tissue when using different types of composition, porosity and strength of apatite-biopolymer composites. The scientific direction of research is the development of principles and methods for making scientifically based decisions in the design and additive manufacturing of bone substitutes based on apatite-biopolymer composites with functional properties depending on the nature of the localization of the cavity bone defect and its size. A set of methods for analyzing images of bone tissue, taking into account its spatial structure, which are obtained by sensors of different physical nature, with the use of neural network models, development of methods of their design, optimization and training is proposed. The new knowledge obtained as a result of the project will become the necessary basis for making optimal decisions in practice for the introduction of the latest methods of treatment and prosthetics in trauma surgery, oncology, cranio-maxillofacial surgery, dentistry, taking into account the risks of biocompatibility of apatite-biopolymer composites. Software development of an intelligent decision support system will be used to design bone substitutes with controlled composition, structure, porosity and mechanical strength for the further selection of additive technology for its production from apatite-polymer composites, which will contribute to increasing the efficiency of treatment and prosthetics in orthopedics and traumatology.

18

Integrating a Complete Approach for Optimization and Sustainability in Brake Disc Rotors

Fassi Hicham Fihri, Ourihi Reda, El Hilali Fatima Zohra

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2024

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Vol. 15, No. 1

100--110

EN

This study employed two primary approaches to determine the optimum structure: the lightweight and sustainable models. The lightweight model considered various factors such as materials, geometry, and dimensions of the brake disc rotor and brake pads. On the other hand, the sustainable model considers the manufacturing process and aims to reduce the carbon footprint. To calculate the optimal lightweight structure, finite element analysis was conducted using two different materials to compare the resulting stresses and determine the most appropriate material. Subsequently, four different models were utilized in finite element analysis to evaluate the displacement and stress and establish the optimum structure. Regarding sustainability, two distinct processes were employed to assess the environmental impact and energy consumption to adopt an eco-friendly approach. This paper investigates the transition from the initial brake disc rotor to a lightweight model, employing finite element analysis, topology optimization, and sustainability considerations. The work is achieved by comparing the cost between conventional and 3D printing processes.

19

Verification of data compression focusing on continuity in 3D printing

Kodama Satoshi

Machine Graphics and Vision

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2024

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Vol. 33, No. 2

3--28

EN

Recently, 3D printers have become capable of producing relatively large, high-resolution models. Unlike simple shapes, it is becoming possible to print large complex shapes with high accuracy. However, the data size of complex models is also large, and the slice data required for printing is also large. Thus, in this study, we investigated reducing the data size by focusing on the characteristics of the slice data required for 3D printing. The proposed method focuses on the continuity of each layer and the top/bottom layers of the cross-section used to print the 3D model. Preliminary experiments were conducted to determine whether the data size could be reduced by applying the difference method. Here, the results obtained from the continuity were output as text data, and various metadata, e.g., lamination pitch data, required for printing were ZIP compressed. Then, we compared conventional file formats as a format that can be converted as a printable file as lossless compression. The results demonstrated that the file size can be reduced for 3D complex shapes with a large number of vertices, which are difficult to handle. We found that the proposed difference method was effective for relatively large files that require a general-purpose graphics processing unit to create slice data.

20

The potential of additive manufacturing of metal components to reduce environmental impacts

Balidas Antoine, Kerbrat Olivier, Hascoet Jean-Yves

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, No. 2

94--104

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM) is used in metal part forming for its innovative character but its potential for sustainability is uncertain. The energy and material consumption required for manufacturing are significant. Thus, the research question of this article is: "What are the current uses of AM that present a real potential for reducing environmental impact?". The WAAM (Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing) process appears to be the most energy-efficient in comparison to other AM processes. A process parameters study shows that deposition rate has a substantial impact on energy consumption. This parameter represents the amount of material deposited in a unit of time and is directly linked to productivity. It appears that an increase of the deposition rate leads to a reduction in energy consumption. Experiments on WAAM with a high deposition rate permits to create a database of energy and material consumption. This database is then used to identify cases of parts made with WAAM that offer a significant impact reduction compared with conventional manufacturing processes.