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1

Influence of the type of strengthening particles on the tribological and material properties of sintered copper matrix composites

Kargul Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

19--33

EN

This paper presents a comparison of the material and tribological properties of sintered copper matrix composites. Aluminum oxide and titanium were used as reinforcing particles. Commercial powders of copper, aluminum oxide and titanium were used to manufacturing the composites. Composites were tested on cylindrical samples with the content of strengthening particles 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 % by weight. Before the sintering process, the powder mixtures were subjected to a single pressing using a hydraulic press at a compaction pressure of 624 MPa. The samples obtained after the pressing process were sintered in a tubular furnace with silite heating elements. The maximum sintering temperature was 900 °C. Dissociated ammonia was used as a protective atmosphere. The samples were heated for 60 minutes. After the sintering process was completed, the samples were slowly cooled at a rate of approximately 70°C/min. The produced sinters were subjected to material tests including measurements of hardness, density and electrical conductivity. Tribological tests were also carried out including measurements of the coefficient of friction and resistance to abrasive wear. Microstructural observations were performed using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). After the tribological tests, the surface morphology was observed in the abrasion areas. The introduction of aluminum oxide and titanium particles significantly increased the hardness of the composites while reducing the density and electrical conductivity. The tribological tests showed that the introduction of aluminum oxide particles reduced the abrasive wear resistance, while the introduction of titanium particles significantly increased it. In addition, the introduction of aluminum oxide and titanium particles resulted in an increase in the coefficient of friction compared to the sample made of copper powder. The obtained results showed that the copper-titanium composite is characterized by high material and tribological properties, while maintaining relatively high electrical conductivity.

2

Wpływ powłok Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti na właściwości tribologiczne stali X38CrMo16

Drabik Szymon, Madej Monika, Piotrowska Katarzyna, Radoń-Kobus Krystyna

Obróbka Metalu

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2024

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nr 1

40--47

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania dotyczące wpływu powłok Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti na właściwości tribologiczne stali X38CrMo16 stosowanej, m.in. do wytwarzania form wtryskowych. Powłoki uzyskano techniką fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej PVD. Zwilżalność powierzchni określono za pomocą tensjometru optycznego przy użyciu metody kropli siedzącej. Testy tribologiczne przeprowadzono za pomocą tribometru TRB3 w skojarzeniu trącym kula-tarcza w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego. Przeciwpróbkę w badanych węzłach tarcia stanowiła kulka ze stali 100Cr6. Po testach tarciowo-zużyciowych próbki poddano obserwacjom mikroskopowym. Wartości kątów zwilżania wodą demineralizowaną wskazały, że wszystkie badane powierzchnie charakteryzują się dobrą zwilżalnością. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań tribologicznych stwierdzono, że powłoki charakteryzowały się mniejszymi oporami ruchu oraz zużyciem w porównaniu do stali X38CrMo16, przy czym najmniejsze wartości uzyskano dla powłoki Cr.

EN

In this paper the influence of Cr, Ti, Cr/Ti coatings on tribological properties of X38CrMo16 steel used, among others, for the production of injection molds were examined. The coatings were obtained by the PVD gas phase physical deposition technique. The wettability of the surface was determined by an optical strain gauge using the sedentary drop method. Tribological tests were performed with the TRB3 tribometer in reciprocating ball-disc friction combination under technically dry friction conditions . The counter-sample in the friction nodes tested was a 100Cr6 steel ball. After the friction and wear tests, the samples were subjected to microscopic observations. The values of the wetting angles with demineralized water indicated that all tested surfaces are characterized by good wettability. Based on the resuIts of tribological tests, it was found that the coatings were characterized by Iower resistance to movement and wear with respect to X38CrMo16 steel, with the lowest values obtained for the coating Cr.

3

Electron beam welding of butt joints in titanium Grade 2

Pogorzelski Paweł

Materials Science and Welding Technologies / Technologie Materiałowe i Spawalnicze

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2024

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Vol. 68, No. 1

art. no. 6

EN

Titanium’s excellent mechanical and physical properties make it a popular structural material commonly used in industry. However, the high chemical activity of titanium at high temperature necessitates the use of high-quality shielding gases during the welding process. The study discussed in the article aimed to assess the effect of welding parameters on the structure and mechanical properties of 3 mm thick butt joints in titanium Grade 2 (3.7035) made using the electron beam welding method under vacuum conditions without the filler metal (511). The verification of joint quality involved the performance of hardness measurements, tensile tests, bend tests as well as macro and microscopic metallographic examinations. The tests results revealed the obtainability of joints characterized by appropriate penetration depth and geometry as well as by optimum mechanical properties.

PL

Doskonałe właściwości mechaniczne i fizyczne tytanu sprawiają, że jest on popularnym materiałem konstrukcyjnym w przemyśle. Jednak ze względu na wysoką aktywność chemiczną w wysokich temperaturach, podczas procesu spawania konieczne jest zastosowanie wysokiej jakości osłony gazowej. Praca została wykonana w celu oceny wpływu parametrów spawania na budowę i właściwości mechaniczne złączy doczołowych tytanu Grade 2 (3.7035) o grubości 3 mm, wytworzonych za pomocą spawania wiązką elektronów w próżni bez użycia materiału dodatkowego (511). W celu sprawdzenia prawidłowości wykonania złączy przeprowadzono takie badania, jak: pomiary twardości, próby rozciągania, próby zginania oraz badania metalograficzne makro- i mikroskopowe otrzymanych złączy. Wyniki testów wykazały uzyskanie połączeń o odpowiedniej głębokości wtopienia i geometrii, a także optymalnych własnościach mechanicznych złączy.

4

Regenerating Etching Solutions for Circuit Boards while Extracting Copper

Nester Anatoliy, Yakovyshyna Tetiana, Salamon Ivan, Sheludchenko Lesya, Liubynskyi Oleksandr, Romanishina Olga, Dzhumelia Elvira

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

257--267

EN

The examination of sludge derived from electroplating manufacturing, printed circuit board production, and paste-like residue from sludge collectors uncover elevated levels of chromium, nickel, copper, cadmium, and various metals. The considerable saturation of water in the region and diverse soil compositions complicate the identification of suitable waste disposal sites, specifically for electroplating byproducts, limiting available spaces and fostering conditions conducive to soil and water contamination by heavy metal ions. The retention of used etching solutions within industrial facilities contributes to environmental pollution, necessitating substantial expenditures for proper disposal at manufacturing sites. Industrial waste, notably from processes such as printed circuit board etching, represents a significant threat to water quality, encompassing various essential technological processes for the production of diverse electronic equipment serving both civilian and military purposes. This article aims to present research outcomes and conducted experiments geared towards developing eco-friendly equipment. Also, the research delves into specific procedures for obtaining concentrated copper precipitates during the regeneration of etching solutions, with the extraction process reducing the generation of waste in the form of a paste-like structure saturated with water on industrial premises. The treatment of wastewater from etching printed circuit boards can be achieved by establishing a closed production cycle for board manufacturing and extracting copper for industrial applications. Finally, the research strives to design equipment for regenerating used solutions with metal extraction in a form suitable for remelting, contributing as an element to environmental conservation. The results facilitate the establishment of a printed circuit board etching line that incorporates the reuse of spent etching solutions in the manufacturing process. For solution regeneration, it is recommended to utilize a regenerator with a titanium VT1-0 cathode. The outcomes of individual tests provide conditions for regenerating spent etching solutions and utilizing the extracted copper in the national economy.

5

An investigation of chip formation in turning of titanium for cermet inserts coated with AlCrSiTiN and TiAlSiN

Janmanee P., Thanadngarn C., Jamkamon K., Saodaen R., Kumnorkaew T., Nutnang C.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 127, nr 1

32--41

EN

Purpose: In modern industry, titanium is recognised for its remarkable wear resistance and strength. However, its poor thermal conductivity poses a problem because it shortens the life cycle of cutting tools. Researchers have focused on enhancing the service life of cutting-edge tools, cutting production costs by using new coating materials, and identifying appropriate materials for these coatings. Design/methodology/approach: The experimental design involved tests with controlled cutting speeds of 150, 175, 200, and 225 m/min, feed rates of 0.2, 0.25, and 0.30 mm/rev, and cutting depths of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.2 mm. Titanium with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 200 mm was prepared for the turning test over a machining distance of 20 mm. The chips obtained from the cutting test were observed and analysed using a scanning electron microscope to investigate the effect of the tool coating on the characteristics of the chip formation mechanism. Findings: The study revealed that inserts coated with AlCrSiTiN produced the characteristic of long twisted chips transitioning into continuous chips with shorter twisting distances than uncoated cermet inserts. The uncoated cermet inserts resulted in a greater twisting distance based on an examination of the chips with a scanning electron microscope, revealing more pronounced jaggedness in the fragments produced by the cermet turning inserts, which also possessed a larger average clearance than the inserts coated with AlCrSiTiN and TiAlSiN. Furthermore, the uncoated cermet inserts showed less wear at lower cutting speeds than the other types of inserts. Conversely, the TiAlSiN-coated inserts exhibited less wear at higher cutting speeds than the inserts of different materials. Research limitations/implications: The triangularly shaped inserts were cermet inserts coated with AlCrSiTiN or TiAlSiN via the PVD method and were used for dry turning. Practical implications: Wear of cutting-edge tools is a problem in turning of titanium. Therefore, it is crucial to identify methods to minimise wear and extend the service life considering the investment worthiness. Likewise, efforts are being made to develop new coatings tailored to the materials. Originality/value: The research could provide guidelines for reducing the wear generated in cutting tools and increasing the service life of cutting edges by adjusting the machining parameters.

6

Evaluation of the Influence of Tool Coatings on the Machinability of the Ti6Al4V Alloy Using Gray Relational Analysis

Karolczak Paweł, Adamczak Michał

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 6

13--28

EN

This paper presents a study of the turning of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V with uncoated and physically or chemically coated carbide blades. The indicators studied and measured were 3D surface roughness, cutting force, the shape of the resulting chips and the degree of blade wear. It was found that coating the cutting blades increased the cutting forces. More blade wear mechanisms also occur, including thermal and adhesive wear. The chemically applied coating makes it possible to obtain the best roughness of Sq and Sz. The coating of the cutting blades had no effect on the form of the chips produced. The Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) confirmed that the recommended blades for the machining of superalloys warranted better technological results for the machining Ti6Al4V alloy.

7

Machining of TiAl6V4 using lubricants containing renewable microalgae-born performance additives

Koch Thomas, Wenzel Dominik, Gläbe Ralf

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 1

55--59

EN

Titanium and its alloys represent a special class of materials. A density of 4.81 g/cm³, a tensile strength of over 1,200 MPa, a fatigue strength greater than that of steel, a low modulus of elasticity and its self-passivating, inert surface make titanium an ideal material for lightweight structures in aerospace, marine applications, the chemical industry and medical implants. Although titanium is inert in its oxidised state, its nascent surface created in machining reacts with almost everything in its environment, including the tool. Moreover, its poor thermal conductivity results in high thermal stress on the tools. Overall, these properties lead to high wear rates and result in the requirement for finding a particularised solution for processes such as milling that involve the need to overcome such challenges. Such processes therefore require lubricants with well-selected performance additives. However, most of these performance additives are based on mineral oil and thus come from a non-renewable resource. In the presented work, environmental-friendly alternatives to conventional mineral oil-based performance additives were investigated. Due to the working mechanisms of performance additives in machining, this work focusses on sulphur- and phosphorus-containing polysaccharides and proteins from microalgae. It has been successfully shown that lubricants using extracts from microalgae as performance additives can be used for high-speed milling (HSC) of TiAl6V4. The investigated extracts were able to reach the performance level of conventional additives in terms of tool lifetime and wear. The results obtained show that appropriate alternatives to mineral oil-based additives exist from renewable raw-material sources.

8

Tribological properties of a silicone-based composite with inorganic additives

Wierzbicka Natalia, Talar Rafał

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 4

79--90

EN

The paper presents the results of experimental studies, including tribological tests of silicone-based composites with additions of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and titanium (Ti). The tests were conducted on a Bruker UMT2 tribotester and using a pin-on-disk setup developed by the authors, without a lubricating medium, and they employed a steel ball made of 100Cr6 steel and a sample made of the composite. During the tests, the products were not removed from the contact area. The paper analyzes the influence of additives on the tribological properties of the composite, i.e., the coefficient of friction (COF) as a function of distance and the wear of the tested samples. In the case of samples containing hBN, the COF decreases with an increase in its content. After reaching a volumetric percentage concentration of 20%, it begins to stabilize with the increase in mass loss. The profiles of COF changes as a function of distance for samples with different additive contents are comparable. The self-lubricating properties of hBN have been confirmed. The addition of Ti reduces the COF value, which decreases with the increase in the Ti content. Samples with a mass percentage concentration exceeding 100% of the Ti content have a COF value equal to the initial value for silicone. Thecomposite containing hBN has a lower COF value than samples with the Ti addition, and the wear tracks on their surface are narrower and shallower. The article is published in connection with the Autumn Tribology School.

PL

W pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki badań doświadczalnych obejmujących testy tribologiczne kom pozytów na osnowie silikonowej z dodatkami heksagonalnego azotku boru (hBN) i tytanu (Ti). Badania przeprowadzono na tribotesterze Bruker UMT2 i stanowisku autorskim typu Pin-on-disk bez stosowania medium smarującego w skojarzeniu kulki stalowej wykonanej ze stali 100Cr6 i próbki wykonanej z kompozytu. W trakcie prowadzenia badań produkty nie były usuwane ze strefy ruchu. W pracy analizowano wpływ dodatków na właściwości tribologiczne kompozytu, tj. wyznaczono współczynnik tarcia (COF) w funkcji drogi oraz zużycie badanych próbek. W przypadku próbek zawierających hBN wartość COF maleje wraz ze wzrostem jego zawartości. Po osiągnięciu stężenia procentowego objętościowego o wartości 20% zaczyna się stabilizować wraz ze wzrostem ubytku masy. Przebiegi zmian COF w funkcji drogi dla próbek o różnej zawartości dodatku są porównywalne. Właściwości samosmarujące hBN zostały potwierdzone. Dodatek Ti powoduje obniżenie wartości COF, która maleje wraz ze wzrostem zawartości dodatku Ti. Próbki o stężeniu procentowym masowym przekraczającym 100% zawartości Ti posiadają wartość COF równą początkowej dla silikonu. Kompozyt zawierający hBN charakteryzuje się mniejszą wartością COF niż próbki z dodatkiem Ti, a ścieżki powstałe na ich powierzchni są węższe i płytsze. Artykuł publikowany w związku z Jesienną Szkołą Tribologiczną.

9

Innovative zinc alloy for production of positioners of car window accessories

Pasierb Łukasz, Łakomski Jan, Oblaciński Michał

Polish Technical Review

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2023

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No. 3

2--8

EN

The present paper is related to the problems of production of car window accessories from the modified foundry alloys of zinc. The material includes the results of the conducted industrial tests and developmental work. The range of the requirements for components and the properties of standardized materials were discussed. The innovative method for titanium alloying in the zinc ZnAI4Cu3 alloy was developed and described. The casts made from innovative materials, as produced in the demonstration line were subjected to a series of endurance (fatigue) tests.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia wytwarzania pozycjonerów osprzętu szyb samochodowych ze zmodyfikowanych stopów odlewniczych cynku. Materiał obejmuje wyniki przeprowadzonych badań przemysłowych oraz prac rozwojowych. Przedstawiono zakres wymagań stawianych komponentom oraz właściwości znormalizowanych materiałów. Opracowano oraz opisano nowatorską metodę stopowania tytanu w stopie cynku ZnAl4Cu3. Wytworzone w ramach linii demonstracyjnej odlewy z innowacyjnego materiału podano szeregowi badań oraz testom zmęczeniowym.

10

Studies of the microstructure of bimetallic titanium – austenitic steel joints obtained by explosive welding

Wachowski Marcin, Kosturek Robert

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2023

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T. 15

15--23

EN

The specific requirements of installations used in the chemical and petrochemical industries require materials with high corrosion resistance and adequate strength. Materials with these characteristics can be obtained by explosive cladding technology. Results of studies of the microstructure of titanium-austenitic steel 304L bimetallic joints in the welded and heat-treated condition are presented. Applications for this type of material include heat exchanger tube surfaces exposed to aggressive environments with high cyclical mechanical loads. The joints were tested using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscopy. Heat treatment has contributed to a decrease in microhardness near the joint, which demonstrates a reduction in the strain hardening in this area.

PL

Szczególne wymagania instalacji stosowanych w przemyśle chemicznym i petrochemicznym powodują konieczność stosowania materiałów o dużej odporności korozyjnej oraz odpowiedniej wytrzymałości. Materiały spełniające te wymagania można wytworzyć technologią platerowania wybuchowego. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mikrostruktury złączy bimetalicznych tytan-stal austenityczna 304L w stanie po zgrzewaniu i po obróbce cieplnej. Aplikacją tego typu materiałów są m.in. ściany sitowe wymienników ciepła, które narażone są na pracę w agresywnym środowisku, przy wysokich cyklicznych obciążeniach mechanicznych. Złącza badano z wykorzystaniem mikroskopu świetlnego oraz skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. Obróbka cieplna przyczyniła się do spadku mikrotwardości w pobliżu złącza, co świadczy o redukcji strefy umocnienia występującej w tym obszarze.

11

Effect of Tytanit on selected morphological, physiological and chemical characteristics of Lolium multiflorum dry matter

Sosnowski Jacek, Wróbel Barbara, Truba Milena

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

7--13

EN

The aim of the study was the determination the effect of foliar application of growth regulator containing Ti (Tytanit®), on Lolium multiflorum morphometry, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll content and chemical composition of dry matter. A pot experiment was carried out in a plant breeding room of Siedlce University, Poland, in 2019. The experimental units were as follows: I) control - plants sprayed with distilled water; II) plants sprayed with 0.02% Tytanit concentration; III) plants sprayed with 0.04% Tytanit concentration; IV) plants sprayed with 0.06% Tytanit concentration. The following parameters were determined: the shoots number, the number and the length of leaf blades, the length of roots, the dry weight of roots, the dry weight of plants per pot and the content of chlorophyll a and b in leaf blades. In addition, maximum and actual efficiency of the leaf photosystem, photochemical and non-photochemical quenching coefficients and the content of total protein, crude fibre, monosaccharides, crude fat, crude ash, Ca, Mg, P, K and the ratio of K/(Ca + Mg), and Ca/P in the dry matter of plants were determined. Used in controlled conditions, the regulator contributed to the growth of most morphological characteristics, improved photosynthetic activity, increased the concentration of chlorophyll a and b, and the content of total protein, monosaccharides, calcium and magnesium, at the same time expanding ionic ratios.

12

The effect on wear resistance of laser alloying with chromium and titanium of grey iron parts

Paczkowska Marta

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 2

26--35

EN

The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the influence of laser alloying with chromium and titanium on the surface layer microstructure and abrasive wear resistance of grey iron parts. A coulter flap was chosen as the object of this investigation. To produce the alloyed layer on the area of the flap that is the most exposed to wear, a diode laser was used as the heat source. The investigation demonstrated that laser alloying with chromium and titanium can increase the wear resistance of components working in abrasive conditions. A smaller mass loss after the wear tests in abrasive conditions of soil could be expected. The laser alloyed layer (with a depth of approx. 400 μm) was characterized by a martensite microstructure (mainly), homogenous morphology and fine grains. A fivefold increase in hardness (approximately 1050HV) in comparison to the hardness of the base material and twofold in comparison to the original ledeburitic surface layer of the coulter flap was noted. Some changes after laser alloying in the surface stereometry were observed (a decrease in the roughness parameters is possible). The roughness parameter values after the wear test decreased in the case of the original and alloyed coulter flaps..

13

TiO2 coatings on titanium obtained by anodising in a 2% Na2SiO3 solution at various voltages

Jastrzębski W., Wilk M., Klimek I., Śmielak B.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 120, nr 2

75--83

EN

Purpose Commercially pure titanium is recognised as one of the most biocompatible materials used in everyday medicine, particularly in prosthodontics. However, its high reactivity with oxygen and low thermal expansion makes titanium difficult to process, making it less popular as a material for porcelain fused to metal substructures. Analysing the available literature studies, both positive and negative effects of the oxide layer on the titanium-ceramic bond have been found. The given work attempted to anodically create oxide coatings in a 2% Na2SiO3 solution on commercially pure titanium, which could serve as substructures for crowns and dental bridges. Design/methodology/approach Grade 2 titanium discs (diameter 20 mm, height 5 mm) were ground and polished. The alloy composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The samples were divided into six groups and subjected to anodic oxidation in a 2% Na2SiO3 solution at constant voltages: 230 V, 270 V, 300 V, 350 V, 400 V, and a time of t = 1 min. The obtained oxide layers were examined by X-ray diffraction, chemical composition analysis, and SEM observation. Findings Coating thicknesses ranging from 0.65 μm to 13.2 μm were obtained. Besides titanium oxide, an amorphous phase is present in the anodised layer. Research limitations/implications It is crucial to provide the ideal voltage directly related to the employed solution to maintain the useable thickness of the oxide layers. Variations in oxide layer thickness beyond optimal value may lead to exfoliating if it exceeds 1 μm or present fractures if it subceeds 1 μm. Originality/value Titanium oxide layers obtained by anodic oxidation are mainly tested on their biocompatibility and tissue integration so important in implantology. However, the given paper focuses on creating oxide layers that may strengthen the bond between titanium and dental ceramics.

14

Comparison of ultrasonic and other atomization methods in metal powder production

Bałasz B., Bielecki M., Gulbiński W., Słoboda Ł.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 116, nr 1

11--24

EN

Purpose: Additive manufacturing (AM) research needs new alloys to grow and offer new functionalities. This paper presents a novel powder production method by means of ultrasonic atomisation (UA). Powders for AM can be obtained from gas atomisation (GA) and a comparative study of UA- vs GA-made powders were carried out. To UA explain the pros & cons more clearly, a summary of the processes was added, along with the analysis of the droplet formation physics. Design/methodology/approach: Ultrasonic atomization (UA) with melting raw material by an electric arc. Characterisation of the powders: particle size distribution (PSD), density, and flowability were carried out. Other parameters, such as microstructure, deviation in the chemical composition and powder surface morphology, were also investigated. Findings: The results showed that the UA powder has a finer average particle size with a narrower statistical distribution of particles than those made by the GA method. Because the UA powder has a higher sphericity and lower porosity, Generally, UA offers better-quality powders in terms of properties such as higher tap density, better flowability and low oxygen content. Research limitations/implications: As an example of semi-industrial scale application of the UA system, the Ti6Al4V and TiAl powders were produced after remelting the wire. The UA system is commercially available for processing any metallic material. Practical implications: The test campaign results showed that the Ti6Al4V powder produced by the ultrasonic atomisation has a similar or better quality as those available from large-scale gas atomisation plants. Originality/value: The new method of UA powder production was analysed in terms of key powder parameters. The properties of the titanium-based powder produced this way were analysed with a view to future applications.

15

Otrzymywanie koncentratów tytanu z popiołów lotnych

Świnder Henryk

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 2, vol. 2

63--68

PL

Celem pracy było zwrócenie uwagi na możliwość wykorzystania popiołów lotnych ze spalania węgla kamiennego jako źródła koncentratów tytanu. Zrealizowane prace badawcze miały na celu określenie warunków obróbki wstępnej popiołów lotnych w procesie alkalicznej aktywacji termicznej za pomocą węglanu sodu i ich wpływu na wydzielania związków tytanu w procesach hydrometalurgicznej obróbki. Proces przeprowadzono dla mieszanek popiołu i węglanu sodu w stosunku wagowym 1 do 1,1. Otrzymane mieszaniny ogrzewano przez 1 godzinę w temperaturze 973K, 1023K i 1083K. Po ostudzeniu i rozdrobnieniu ługowano otrzymaną pozostałość poreakcyjną za pomocą kwasu chlorowodorowego i azotowego (V). Wyniki analizy chemicznej i skaningowej analizy mikroskopowej wraz z analizą EDS i analizą rentgenowską wykorzystano do określenia właściwości chemicznych i fizycznych badanych substratów i produktów obróbki popiołu lotnego. Przeprowadzono analizę możliwości wydzielania koncentratów tytanu z popiołów lotnych powstających w procesie spalania w kotłach pyłowych z wybranych krajowych elektrowni. Stwierdzono zależność stężenia tytanu w otrzymanym koncentracie od temperatury prowadzenia procesu aktywacji oraz od rodzaju kwasu w procesie obróbki hydrometalurgicznej. Zawartość tytanu w otrzymanych koncentratach wynosiła od 39,3% do 60,8%, co odpowiada zawartości tego pierwiastka w eksploatowanych obecnie rudach tytanu.

EN

The purpose of the study was to highlight the possibility of using fly ash from coal combustion as a source of titanium concentrates. The research work carried out was aimed at determining the conditions for pretreatment of fly ash by alkaline thermal activation with sodium carbonate and their effect on the release of titanium compounds in the hydrometallurgical process. The process was carried out for mixtures of ash and sodium carbonate in a weight ratio of 1 to 1.1. The resulting mixtures were heated for 1 hour at temperatures of 973K, 1023K and 1083K. After cooling and grinding, the resulting reaction residue was washed with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (V). The results of chemical analysis and scanning microscopic analysis, together with EDS and X-ray analysis, were used to determine the chemical and physical properties of the tested substrates and fly ash treatment products. An analysis of the possibility of separating titanium concentrates from fly ash generated during the combustion process in pulverized fuel boilers of selected domestic power plants was carried out. The dependence of titanium concentration in the obtained concentrate on the temperature of the activation process and on the type of acid in the hydrometallurgical treatment process was found. The content of titanium in the obtained concentrates ranged from 39.3% to 60.8%, which corresponds to the content of this element in currently exploited titanium ores.

16

Unique trace element geochemistry of pyrometamorphic apatite-supergroup minerals : a case study of fluorellestadite from burnt coal (Poland) and shale (France) post-mining waste heaps, with emphasis on boron, germanium, aluminium and titanium

Kruszewski Łukasz Sewweryn, Sláma Jiří, Deput Ewa

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 7

EN

Apatite-type structure is known for its flexibility towards accommodating numerous ions of different crystallographic affinities. Two samples of fluorellestadite from two pyrometamorphic rocks (slags) from burned waste heaps (BWH) from France (LdS) and Poland (RDT) were studied in terms of their trace element composition using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Boron shows an evident, persistent enrichment in both the samples, with average/maximum levels of 497/1040 and 49/106 ppm, respectively. So is true for magnesium (884/16766 and 404/6251 ppm, i.e., respectively) and sodium (512/697 and 249/370 ppm, respectively). Germanium is clearly enriched in the first sample (29/40 ppm) and, to a lesser degree, in the second one (34 ppm on average). The LdS sample is also clearly enriched in Al (888/1238 ppm), K (385/697 ppm), Ti (515/943 ppm), V (172/347 ppm), and Cu (16/1369 ppm). The RDT sample is also rich in As (105/120 ppm) and Sr (1072/6592 ppm). An interesting feature of both samples concerns their REE pattern: Nd is the dominant element of the group, with the respective Nd/ΣLREE and Nd/(Ce+La) values of 0.43 and 0.90; and 0.37 and 0.66. In order from highest to lower average concentrations, aluminium, magnesium, titanium, boron, potassium, and germanium may be essential substituents in the BWH apatites.

17

Additive manufacturing of metallic biomaterials: a concise review

Mahajan Amit, Singh Gurcharan, Devgan Sandeep

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 23, no. 3

art. no. e187, 2023

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM) is one of the critical techniques of novel medical devices which is capable of processing complicated or customized structures to best match the human’s bones and tissues. AM allows for the fabrication of devices with optimal architectures, complicated morphologies, surface integrity, and regulated porosity and chemical composition. Various AM methods can now consistently fabricate dense products for a range of metallic, nonmetallic, composites, and nanocomposites. Different studies are available that describe the microstructure and various properties of 3D-printed biomedical alloys. However, there are limited research on the wear characteristics, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility of 3D-printed technology-constructed biomedical alloys. In this article, AM metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, magnesium, cobalt–chromium, and titanium are reviewed along with their alloys. The helicopter view of essential characteristics of these additively manufactured biomaterials is comprised. The review will have a significant impact on fabricating metallic surgical equipment and its sturdiness in the biomedical field.

18

Influence of Surface Laser Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Residual Stresses of Titanium and its Alloys

Jażdżewska Magdalena, Majkowska-Marzec Beata, Ostrowski Roman, Olive Jean-Marc

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 6

27--38

EN

Surface modification of the titanium and its alloys used in implantology with a long-pulse laser can change the surface topography, but it also leads to changes in the stress sign and magnitude in the resulting subsurface layer. The presented research was aimed at evaluating the state of stress after laser remelting with the Nd:YAG laser of pre-etched titanium alloys Ti6Al4V and Ti13Nb13Zr and pure titanium. The obtained surface layers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical profilography, and nanoindentation studies. Based on the results obtained after the nanoindentation tests, the character of the stresses generated in the melted layers was calculated and determined. Laser processing resulted in surface layer thicknesses between 191-320 µm and surface roughness Ra between 2.89-5.40 µm. Laser processing caused increasing hardness, and its highest value was observed for the titanium alloy Ti13Nb13Zr - 5.18 GPa. The tensile stresses appeared following laser treatment and increased with elevating laser power up to the highest value for titanium.

19

Shape accuracy in single point incremental forming of conical frustums from titanium CP2 sheets

Szpunar Marcin, Balcerzak Maciej, Żaba Krzysztof

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Rzeszowskiej. Mechanika

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2022

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z. 94

63--75

EN

This paper presents frustum cone drawpiece analysis made of titanium CP2 sheet by a single incremental sheet forming. Central composite design has been adopted to carry out an experiment containing 20 runs, then multi-criteria parameter optimization has been done. Optimal parameters have been validated and responses deviations do not exceed 4% compared to created models. For the drawpiece formed with optimal parameters, AGRUS optical measurement and X-ray tomography has been applied to check the obtained of the part wall thickness and general deviations compared to the CAD model. The wall angle discrepancy of the cone generatrix has also been analyzed. No gaps or ruptures have been confirmed by X-ray. The blank rolling direction has a significant effect on the drawpiece deviations. The measurement results showed deviations of the drawpiece wall angle +0.27°/- 0.06°, sheet thickness on the cone +0.012/-0.04 mm and +0.151/-0.096 mm from the reference CAD geometry.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono analizę wytłoczek w kształcie stożka ściętego wykonanego z blachy tytanowej CP2 metodą jednopunktowego przyrostowego kształtowania. Do przeprowadzenia eksperymentu obejmującego 20 przebiegów przyjęto centralny plan kompozycyjny, następnie dokonano wielokryterialnej optymalizacji parametrów. Dokonano walidacji optymalnych parametrów, a uzyskane wyniki nie przekraczają 4% w odniesieniu do stworzonych modeli. Dla wytłoczki uformowanej z optymalnymi parametrami zastosowano pomiar optyczny AGRUS oraz tomografię rentgenowską w celu sprawdzenia uzyskanej grubości ścianki wytłoczki i odchyłek w porównaniu z modelem CAD. Przeanalizowano również rozbieżność kątów ścian tworzących stożka. Za pomocą skanu rentgenowskiego potwierdzono brak szczelin i pęknięć wytłoczki. Kierunek walcowania półfabrykatu ma istotny wpływ na odchyłki. Wyniki pomiarów wykazały odchylenia kąta ścianki wytłoczki +0,27/-0,06°, grubości ścianki na stożku +0.012/-0.04 mm oraz +0.151/-0.096 mm od geometrii referencyjnej CAD.

20

Spawalnicze metody łączenia stopów tytanu. Cz. II

Szulc Tomasz

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2022

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nr 1-2

60--66

PL

Tytan, a dokładniej jego stopy, okazał się doskonałym potencjalnym zamiennikiem stali. Ich łączenie jest możliwe z zastosowaniem wielu znanych technologii spawalniczych, ale w każdym przypadku wymaga szczególnego przygotowania procesu. W cz. I omówiono pokrótce podstawowe grupy stopów tytanu pod kątem specyfiki ich łączenia. Cz. II skupia się na metodach łączenia stopów tytanu, poczynając od najbardziej rozpowszechnionych, takich jak GTA, GMA, wiązką elektronów, a na rzadko stosowanych, takich jak lutozgrzewanie, łączenie wybuchowe i dyfuzyjne kończąc.

EN

Joining of titanium and its alloys is possible with the use of a wide range of welding technologies but in any separate case it needs special care and preparation of the process. The main groups of titanium alloys are briefly described regarding their specific joining requirements. Methods of Ti welding are presented, ranging from most widespread, like GTA, GMA and EBW, to the most unusual, like spot-brazing, detonation and diffusion joining. Guidelines and recommendations concerning the specific requirements of titanium welding with the chosen methods are also included.