Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of Uncontrolled Wear in the Area of a Belleville Spring of a Friction Torsional Vibration Damper in a Motor Vehicle Clutch

Formela Michał Tomasz, Łubiński Jacek Igor

Tribologia

|

2024

|

nr 1

31--41

EN

The article describes the problem of excessive tribological wear of a torsional vibration damper built into a single-disc friction clutch of a truck vehicle. In contrast to the controlled, design-based wear of damper’s friction rings, i.e., wear whose kinetics are known and predictable, uncontrolled wear at Belleville spring contact surfaces effects in a premature decrease in the damper’s friction torque and, consequently, loss of durability. As a result of the analyses and experimental work, the causes of accelerated wear were identified. Sets of springs and friction rings from the 10 used vibration dampers that worked under similar operating conditions but with different operating periods were used as the basic research material. The influence of abrasive wear of Belleville springs on their load-deflection characteristic was identified. A comparative analysis of the characteristics of the new spring and the used springs is also presented to illustrate changes in the axial load in the assemblies of the analyzed dampers.

PL

W artykule opisano problem nadmiernej intensywności zużycia ściernego tłumika drgań skrętnych, wbudowanego w jednotarczowe sprzęgło cierne pojazdu ciężarowego. W przeciwieństwie do kontrolowanego konstrukcyjnie przewidzianego zużywania się pierścieni ciernych tłumika, tj. zużycia, którego kinetyka jest znana i przewidywalna, niekontrolowane zużycie powierzchni oporowych talerzowej sprężyny dociskowej skutkuje przedwczesnym spadkiem momentu tarcia tłumika, a co za tym idzie, utratą jego trwałości. W wyniku przeprowadzonych analiz i prac doświadczalnych zidentyfikowano przyczyny przyspieszonego zużycia. Jako podstawowy materiał badawczy wykorzystano zestawy sprężyn oraz pierścieni pochodzących z 10 używanych tłumików drgań, które pracowały w podobnych warunkach eksploatacyjnych, ale różniących się okresem eksploatacji. Zidentyfikowano wpływ zużycia ściernego sprężyn dociskowych na charakterystyki siły w funkcji ugięcia. Przedstawiono również analizę porównawczą charakterystyki nowej sprężyny i sprężyn używanych w celu pokazania zmian wartości sił osiowych w złożeniach analizowanych tłumików.

2

Protection of water resources in recreational areas in urban space

Ruman Marek, Dąbrowska Dominika, Rykała Wojciech

Polish Hyperbaric Research

|

2024

|

nr 1(86)

51--60

EN

Access to recreational areas is particularly important in the context of improving the quality of life in cities. One of the valuable elements of such areas may be water reservoirs and their accompanying springs. An example of such a recreational area is the so-called Palowice Lake District (southern Poland), which includes three water reservoirs, ten breeding ponds and two springs from which water is taken. Water from the springs is considered to be of very good quality and is regularly consumed by residents of nearby towns as well as tourists. The quality of these waters is influenced by natural factors such as weathering of rocks, evapotranspiration, atmospheric deposition, climate change, but also by anthropogenic factors such as industrial effluents, domestic activities, tourist traffic and agricultural activities. However, the results of research conducted in the area of the springs indicate the presence of E. coli and enterococci in the water. The latter are characterized by longer survival in water. Consuming such water may lead to the development of numerous digestive system diseases, hence the issue of protecting water resources in urbanized areas, including conducting representative monitoring of the quality of these waters, is extremely important.

3

Spring water resources in the Tatra Mountains

Bojarczuk Anna, Rajwa-Kuligiewicz Agnieszka, Siwek Janusz, Żelazny Mirosław, Szubert-Pufelska Marta

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2024

|

no. 62

166--173

EN

The Tatra Mountains stand out as the wettest and most water-rich region in Poland. Despite this, limited studies addressed this issue, and current knowledge largely relies on data obtained in the mid-20th century, with a substantial lack of current estimates. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the contemporary water resources of springs in the Tatra Mountains. The study bases on the most recent hydrological mapping of 1,018 springs. The spring resources were evaluated using parameters such as the number of springs, specific runoff, and crenological index, analysed across different physiographic regions, tectonic units, and altitudinal zones. Our studies showed that the highest number of springs occurs in the Western Tatras (66%) between 1000 and 1400 m a.s.l., especially within the Sub-Tatric unit. Springs with discharges ranging from 0.1-1.0 dm3 ∙s-1 constitute approximately 70% of all springs but they contribute to only 8.1% of spring water resources. Total spring discharge amounted to 2726 dm3 ∙s-1 and was higher in the Western Tatras (1982.5 dm3 ∙s-1) than in the High Tatras (743.5 dm3 ∙s-1). The specific runoff amounted to 12.9 dm3 ∙s-1 ∙km-2 with the highest total runoff at altitudes occupied by the most abundant karst springs (1000-1100 m a.s.l.). The crenological index amounted to 4.8 springs∙km-2 and was higher in the Western Tatras (6.5 springs∙km-2) than in the High Tatras (4.9 springs∙km-2). The analysis revealed that the only five largest karst springs, constituting a mere 0.5% of all springs, account for 65% of spring water resources in the Tatras.

4

Hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of selected groundwater outflows in desert and semi-desert areas

Molenda Tadeusz

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2024

|

no. 62

157--165

EN

The presence of natural groundwater outflows depends on many factors, such as lithology, geological structure, and climate. Areas with particularly poor crenological recognition are arid and semi-arid regions, primarily due to rarity of groundwater outflows in these locations. The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of selected groundwater outflows in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to hydrographic mapping, basic physical parameters of water were measured in selected springs, such as temperature (T, °C), electrolytic conductivity (EC, μS∙cm-1), and reaction (pH, –). Laboratory analyses determined the major cations and anions in water: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Br-, PO43-. The analyses were performed using an ion chromatograph Metrohm 850 Professional IC. Twenty-four natural groundwater outflows in South America, Africa, and Asia were selected for research. It was found that the vast majority of outflows are transit sources. Their supply area may be far from discharge points. The supply source is rainwater or meltwater from high mountain massifs. Other types of outflow are springs of alluvial fans and braided rivers. They are fed by waters from glacial rivers, which infiltrate alluvial deposits and flow back to the surface. Hydrochemical analysis has shown that the physicochemical properties of water in dry areas vary significantly. Still in the hydrochemical type, there is a predominance of sulphate, chloride, and sodium ions. This distinguishes the spring waters from these areas in temperate latitudes, which are dominated by bicarbonate and calcium ions.

5

Ecohydrological role of groundwater outflows in the functioning of the ecotone zone in Lake Jaczno, Poland

Jekatierynczuk-Rudczyk Elżbieta, Puczko Katarzyna

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2024

|

no. 62

185--192

EN

The research determined the influence of natural groundwater outflows from the spring peat bog on the water supply and its quality in Lake Jaczno. Lake Jaczno is located in the Suwalski Landscape Park (SLP) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, north-east Poland. The research was conducted from April 2009 to October 2010 and from September 2022 to September 2023. Water samples were collected from spring areas, shallow groundwater, and from Lake Jaczno. Fieldwork involved measuring flow, temperature, water electrolytic conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, water oxygen saturation (WS), and water reaction (pH). Chemical analyses of water samples were carried out in the laboratory. Findings indicate that groundwater, spring water, and lake water in the SLP maintain high quality, with no significant changes in chemical composition over the past decades. Additionally, the physical water parameters display low temporal variability. The EC in the tested waters oscillates around 500 μS∙cm-1. Both spring and lake waters are well oxygenated (97-100%). Biogenic element concentrations exhibit higher variability, influenced by flora development in areas with natural groundwater outflows. High oxygenation of water contributes to increased concentrations of nitrates. The analysed waters exhibited similarity in the concentration and structure of phosphorus forms. Additionally, sediment chemical parameters at Lake Jaczno suggests a buffering capacity in the transitional zones between water and land. Despite similarities in chemical composition, sediment granulometry suggests low permeability, potentially restricting exchange between groundwater and surface waters. Monitoring springs in these environments is important due to their impact on quantity and quality of water in the analysed areas.

6

Influence of the suspension shape on the dynamic characteristics of the electrodynamic shakers

Augustyn Damian, Fidali Marek

Vibrations in Physical Systems

|

2023

|

Vol. 34, nr 2

art. no. 2023227

EN

Electrodynamic shakers are being used for years in dynamic tests of machines and devices. One of the main components of electrodynamic shakers is the armature suspension. Suspension is one of the factors responsible for the dynamic characteristics of the shaker. Various types of suspensions are used in shakers [1, 2]. Their role is to ensure the correct stroke of the armature and to keep the coil concentrically in the magnetic gap. As part of the research, the influence of the shape of the suspension springs of the electrodynamic shaker on its dynamic characteristics was evaluated. During the research, self-designed electrodynamic shaker was used, in which a suspension consisting of two-disc springs made of glass fiber with a thickness of 0.5 mm was used. Eight different spring types were prepared for the study. The tests were carried out in laboratory conditions on a previously prepared test bench. For each of the springs tested, dynamic frequency characteristics were determined for three frequency ranges: 10 - 100 Hz with a step of 10 Hz, 100 Hz - 1000 Hz and 1000 Hz - 10000 Hz with a step of 100 Hz. Studies show a significant influence of the shape of the springs used on the dynamic characteristics of the modal shaker. For the preselected springs, tests were carried out without and with a load. The characteristics determined during the research were analyzed, which allowed to indicate the optimal shape of the spring, due to the values of the generated force and the linearity of the dynamic characteristics [3, 4].

7

Assessment of water suitability for drinking in the spring in Leśniów (southern Poland)

Dąbrowska Dominika, Ruman Marek, Rykała Wojciech

Polish Hyperbaric Research

|

2023

|

nr 4(85)

83--96

EN

Natural springs are one of the potential sources of water supply. Increasing anthropogenic activity, inadequate sanitary conditions and intense rainfall are important factors that threaten the maintenance of adequate water quality in springs. Physicochemical and microbiological tests were performed in two measurement series for water from the spring in Leśniów (southern Poland). The test results were compared with the permissible limits for drinking water and the Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) value was calculated for these parameters. The average conductivity of water in this spring is approximately 390 μS/cm, pH is about 7 and due to its alkalinity, water can be classified as hard. The NPI values varied, i.e. from about 33 to about 3, which was due to the high mercury content measured in the first sample. Additionally, the number of coliform bacteria reached 35 cfu/100 ml, and the total number of microorganisms at 22±2°C reached 27 cfu/ml in the first measurement series. Such values indicate water contamination, which may pose a significant threat to human health when consuming such water. The second series of measurements showed lower pollution values, but the previously obtained results suggest that it is necessary to control the water quality in the springs and control nearby pollutant emitters.

PL

Naturalne źródła są jednym z potencjalnych źródeł zaopatrzenia w wodę. Rosnąca działalność antropogeniczna, nieodpowiednie warunki sanitarne oraz intensywne opady deszczu to istotne czynniki zagrażające utrzymaniu odpowiedniej jakości wody w źródłach. Badania fizykochemiczne i mikrobiologiczne przeprowadzono w dwóch seriach pomiarowych wody ze źródła w Leśniowie (Polska południowa). Wyniki badań porównano z dopuszczalnymi wartościami dla wody pitnej i dla tych parametrów obliczono wartość wskaźnika zanieczyszczenia Nemerowa (NPI). Średnia przewodność wody w tym źródle wynosi ok. 390 μS/cm, pH ok. 7, a ze względu na zasadowość wodę można zaklasyfikować jako twardą. Wartości NPI wahały się od około 33 do około 3, co wynikało z dużej zawartości rtęci zmierzonej w pierwszej próbce. Dodatkowo w pierwszej serii pomiarowej liczba bakterii z grupy coli osiągnęła 35 jtk/100 ml, a całkowita liczba drobnoustrojów w temperaturze 22±2°C osiągnęła 27 jtk/ml. Wartości te wskazują na zanieczyszczenie wody, które w przypadku spożycia może stanowić istotne zagrożenie dla zdrowia ludzi. Druga seria pomiarów wykazała mniejsze wartości zanieczyszczeń, jednak uzyskane wcześniej wyniki sugerują, że konieczna jest kontrola jakości wody w źródłach oraz kontrola pobliskich źródeł zanieczyszczeń.

8

Monitoring of Water Flow in the Springs of the Golesh Massif, Kosovo

Çadraku Hazir S.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, iss. 5

109--123

EN

Water spring are vital to all human activities. The integration of hydrological, geological, hydrogeological and ecological characteristics of resource ecosystems provides a much needed tool for recognizing the characteristics and their distribution. The objective of this study was to identify springs in the study area, in order to evaluate their hydrogeological characteristics and parameters. Eight springs have been identified in the Golesh Massif area. They are mainly of lithological contact. Water flow ranging from 0.03 to 5 l/s, the temperature, pH and total hardness in the water of spring Curreli range within 11.1 to 15.7 °C, 5.51 to 8.03 °C and 18.8 to 21.67 °dH, respectively. Their recharge mainly depends on the amount of precipitations that falls in the area.

9

Diagnostics of stress and strained state of leaf springs of special purpose off-road vehicles

Bazhanova Anastasiia, Nemchuk Oleksii, Lymarenko Oleksandr, Piterska Varvara, Sherstiuk Olha, Khamrai Vadym

Diagnostyka

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, No. 1

art. no. 2022111

EN

The work is devoted to the diagnostics of the stress state of systems that soften the shock load on the vehicle body, the elastic element of the car suspension such as a multi-leaf spring. The construction of a mathematical model taking into account the geometric nonlinearity according to the finite element method theory is considered. Mathematical modelling was carried out to take into account the change in the stiffness matrix of the system when changing its shape. For research, a symmetrical semi-elliptical spring consisting of five leaves is used. All numerous numerical experiments were performed in two computer-aided design (CAD) systems: ANSYS, a heavy multipurpose package and SolidWorks, a middle-level multipurpose package. Computeraided design algorithms have been developed to expand the capabilities of CAD. The analysis of the results obtained allows to conclude that the traditional models of nonlinearity in ANSYS and SolidWorks give approximately the same results, which at the maximum point differ by 20.6% from the data of a full-scale experiment. When using the proposed model, this difference is reduced to 7.95%.

10

Temperatura wód podziemnych i jej znaczenie w badaniach hydrogeologicznych

Staśko Stanisław, Buczyński Sebastian, Błachowicz Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2021

|

Vol. 69, nr 4

224--233

EN

Groundwater temperature is the basic physical parameter that determines the state and energy measure of the physical system while being an important indicator of the status of groundwater and aquifers. This article presents considerations on the temperature of fresh groundwater of the active exchange zone and their importance for the recognition of hydrogeological conditions. Review of groundwater temperature results application to analyze groundwater recharge process, flow and depth of circulation has been presented. It has been showed also how the water temperature supports evaluation of the groundwater chemical composition changes, the extension of contaminants, the hydraulic conductivity evaluation and the application in groundwater flow modelling study. A wide range of temperature variation in shallow waters of up to 20.3°C has been demonstrated based on measurements in the Quaternary aquifer in the Wrocław City infiltration intake and deep waters from the Neogen aquifer. Up to a depth of 10-17 m, significant seasonal temperature changes with depth have been documented. It was recommended to establish a neutral depth for the correct interpretation of the groundwater thermal field. Opposite spring water from a deeper aquifer of Cretaceous formations in the Stołowe Mts. documented an almost constant temperature higher by 4.6°C from the average air temperature. This indicates the range of groundwater flow depth of 170m below the land surface. A simple formula based on the density value of the heat flux, taking into account the average air temperature proposal, allows to calculating the depth of water flow. The methodical conditions for temperature measuring and the depth of location of temperature recording probesas well as their limitations, have been identified.

11

Stanowisko do badania trwałości zmęczeniowej sprężyn naciskowych

Swacha Piotr, Kotyk Maciej, Ziółkowski Wojciech, Stachowiak Radosław

Developments in Mechanical Engineering

|

2021

|

nr 17(9)

73--85

PL

W pracy omówiono wykonanie oraz realizację projektu stanowiska do badania trwałości zmęczeniowej sprężyn naciskowych stosowanych w układach zawieszenia pojazdów szynowych. Przedstawiono także warunki pracy badanych sprężyn. Wyznaczono ich charakterystyki oraz sztywności. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych oraz znajomości warunków eksploatacyjnych opracowano plan badawczy. Określono założenia konstrukcyjne stanowiska badawczego, które powinny być spełnione, aby w jak największym stopniu odzwierciedlać warunki eksploatacyjne. Przedstawiono najważniejsze cechy konstrukcyjne zaprojektowanego stanowiska. Zaprezentowano wykonane stanowisko oraz określono jego potencjał badawczy.

EN

The main purpose of the work was to prepare and implement the design of the stand for testing the fatigue life of compression springs used in the suspension systems of rail vehicles. The work conditions of the tested springs are discussed. Their characteristics and stiffness were determined. Based on the data obtained and knowledge of the operating conditions, a research plan was developed. The constructional assumptions were determined that should be met by the test stand in order to reflect the operating conditions as much as possible. The most important structural features of the designed stand are presented. The performed stand was presented and its research potential determined.

12

Physicochemical and isotopical characterization of groundwater in the basin of Guelma, North-East of Algeria

Benmarce Kaddour, Khanchoul Kamel

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2019

|

no. 42

33--41

EN

Water quality is an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking and domestic purpose. The main objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization of groundwater for drinking water consumption. Ten captured sources were selected from three aquifers including the Guelma Mio-Plio-Quaternary alluvial basin; the Senonian Heliopolis Neritic limestone aquifer, and the Eocene limestones of Ras El Agba-Sellaoua aquifer. The analyses concerned the periods of high water in May 2017 and low water in August 2017. Twelve parameters were determined for the water samples: pH, T (°C), EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, HCO3 –, SO4 2–, NO3 –, TH (hydrotimetric degree), TAT (total alkalinity titration). The interpretation of the various analytical results allowed the determination of the chemical facies and the classification of the groundwater aquifers as follows: (i) in the alluvial layer, the gypsiferous marl substratum and the clays of the three terraces (high, medium and low) have given the water a chlorinated calcium chemical facies in the east part of the study area and travertines feeding partly alluvial layer, and have given a bicarbonated calcium water facies in the west, (ii) in the Senonian of Heliopolis limestone and Eocene carbonate formations of Ras El Agba- -Sellaoua, the chemical facies are calcium bicarbonate. Water isotopes (δ18O and δD) helped to determine the origin of groundwater. Overall, the groundwater in the area is hard and has significant to excessive mineralization. It is progressively degraded in the direction of flow, especially in the Guelma alluvial aquifer.

PL

Jakość wody jest ważnym kryterium oceny jej przydatności do picia i potrzeb domowych. Celem pracy było zbadanie fizycznych i chemicznych właściwości wody przeznaczonej do konsumpcji. Do badań wybrano dziesięć ujęć wody zlokalizowanych w trzech poziomach wodonośnych: aluwialny basen mioceńsko-plioceńsko-czwartorzędowy Guelma, wapienny poziom z okresu późnej kredy i poziom eoceńskich wapieni w Ras El Agba-Sellaoua. Analizy prowadzono w okresie wysokiej wody w maju 2017 r. i niskiej wody w sierpniu 2017 r. W próbkach wody oznaczono 12 parametrów: pH, T (°C), EC (przewodnictwo), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–3 –, SO4 2–, NO3 –, TH (całkowita twardość), TAC (całkowita alkaliczność). Interpretacja uzyskanych wyników umożliwiła wydzielenie grup chemicznych i klasyfikację poziomów wodonośnych w następujący sposób: (i) strefa aluwialna, gipsowo-wapienne podłoże i iły trzech tarasów (wysoki, średni i niski) – wody grupy chlorkowo-wapniowej we wschodniej części badanego obszaru i wody wodorowęglanowo-wapniowe w zachodniej części, (ii) wapienie późnej kredy i eoceńskie utwory węglanowe w Ras El Agba-Sellaoua – wody o charakterze wodorowęglanowo-wapniowym. Analiza izotopowa (δO18 i δD) pozwoliła ustalić pochodzenie wód gruntowych. Generalnie wody gruntowe badanego obszaru są twarde i charakteryzują się wysoką bądź nadmierną mineralizacją. Wody ulegają stopniowej degradacji w kierunku przepływu, szczególnie w aluwialnym poziomie wodonośnym Guelma.

13

Problems in assessing the durability of a selected vehicle component based on the accelerated proving ground test

Kosobudzki Mariusz, Stańco Mariusz

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

|

2019

|

Vol. 21, no. 4

592--598

EN

The paper presents the results of the analysis of the durability of elastic elements occurring in the special-purpose 4x4 off-road truck suspension using data obtained during an accelerated proving ground test conducted during off-road driving. The limitations in access to material data present at the stage of the initial selection of the component (lack of fatigue strength data) are indicated and an alternative analytical method for fatigue strength estimation is given. The differences in the obtained results and their most important sources are pointed out. A method for using a generalized durability index d as a parameter independent of the subassembly material data is also described. The indicator can be used to assess the influence of resultant loads (recorded) appearing during the vehicle operation in the determined road conditions on the durability of the subassembly under study and to associate their value with the type of the test road section.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy trwałości elementów sprężystych występujących w zawieszeniu specjalnego terenowego pojazdu ciężarowego 4x4 wykorzystując dane uzyskane podczas przyspieszonego testu drogowego przeprowadzonego podczas jazdy off-road. Wskazano na występujące ograniczenia w dostępie do danych materiałowych jakie są obecne na etapie wstępnego doboru podzespołu (brak danych wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej) oraz podano alternatywną analityczną metodę szacowania wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej. Wskazano na powstające różnice w uzyskanych wynikach oraz na najważniejsze ich źródła. Przedstawiono również sposób wykorzystania uogólnionego wskaźnika trwałości d jako parametru niezależnego od danych materiałowych podzespołu, który można wykorzystać do oceny wpływu obciążeń wynikowych (rejestrowanych) powstających podczas ruchu pojazdu w ustalonych warunkach drogowych na trwałość analizowanego podzespołu i powiązać ich wartość z rodzajem testowego odcinka drogowego.

14

Zmiany wydajności i cech fizyczno-chemicznych wody źródła w Pliszczynie koło Lublina

Michalczyk Zdzisław, Chmiel Stanisław, Głowacki Sławomir, Sposób Joanna, Zielińska Beata

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

|

2019

|

nr 476, Hydrogeologia z. 17

87--93

PL

W okolicy Lublina istnieją liczne wypływy wód podziemnych o wysokiej i dość regularnej wydajności. Szczegółowe informacje o ich występowaniu były zbierane w Zakładzie Hydrografii (obecnie Hydrologii i Klimatologii) UMCS w Lublinie od II połowy XX w. W wytypowanych źródłach prowadzono powtarzane pomiary ich wydajności oraz analizowano cechy fizyczne i chemiczne wypływającej wody. Źródło w Pliszczynie znajduje się w dolnej części zlewni Ciemięgi, która sąsiaduje z obszarem Lublina. Pierwsze pojedyncze pomiary wydajności przeprowadzono w latach 1964–1965. Od 1980 r. wykonywano corocznie przynajmniej jeden pomiar, natomiast w latach 1995–2005 prowadzono je niemal w każdym miesiącu oraz pobierano wodę do analiz własności fizycznych i chemicznych. Średnia łączna wydajność źródła obliczona ze 136 pomiarów wykonanych w latach 1964–2017 wynosiła 42,6 dm3·s–1, a skrajne wartości osiągnęły 20,9 i 78,5 dm3·s–1. W opracowaniu przeanalizowano zmiany wydajności źródła i cech fizyczno-chemicznych wody, zwrócono uwagę na relacje między opadem atmosferycznym, wydajnością źródła i stanem retencji wody podziemnej oraz przepływem rzeki Ciemięgi.

EN

There are many groundwater springs of high and regular discharge in the Lublin area. Particular information about their occurrence has been collected at the Department of Hydrography (currently Department of Hydrology and Climatology) of Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin since the second half of the 20th century. Discharge of the springs has been measured and analyses of physical and chemical properties of water have been conducted. The spring in Pliszczyn is located in the lower part of the Ciemięga River catchment, adjoining the city of Lublin. First individual measurements of spring discharge were conducted in 1964–1965. Since 1980, at least one measurement per year has been conducted. How ever, in 1995–2005, spring discharges were measured once a month and water samples for physical and chemical analyses were taken. The mean spring discharge, determined based on 136 measurements in 1964–2017, was 42.6 dm3 ·s–1 , and the extreme values were 20.9 and 78.5 dm3 ·s–1. The paper presents the changes of spring discharge and physical and chemical properties of water, as well as the relationship between catchment water resources, precipitation, and the Ciemięga River discharge.

15

Wiosenne drogowskazy

Domańska R.

Zieleń Miejska

|

2018

|

Nr 3

36--37

PL

Zimowe miesiące powoli się kończą. Dzień się wydłuża, zaś słońce coraz śmielej wychyla się zza chmur. Ludzie zaczynają zdejmować ciepłe okrycia, a promienie słoneczne rozpuszczają resztki śniegu. Powoli do życia budzi się przyroda.

16

Bezbłędna wiosna

Szymański A.

Zieleń Miejska

|

2018

|

Nr 2

20

PL

Choć mamy dopiero luty, już teraz zarządcy zieleni ustalają harmonogram wiosennych prac związanych z miejskimi trawnikami.

17

Zmiany wydajności źródeł, jako reakcja na okresowy niedobór opadów

Kubicz J., Sygidus K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

|

2018

|

Vol. 19, nr 6

26--32

PL

Według prowadzonych badań na skutek zmian klimatycznych, następuje zwiększanie się ilości obszarów dotkniętych suszą oraz wydłużanie się okresów suszy przy jednoczesnym wzroście jej intensywności. Skutkiem suszy jest niedostateczne tempo odnawiania zasobów wód podziemnych, a konsekwencją tego zjawiska jest zmniejszenie dopływu wody do źródeł i spadek i ich wydajności. Aby możliwa była ocena skutków zmian klimatu, w kontekście dostępności zasobów wodnych, konieczne jest zbadanie i opisanie zależności między czynnikami meteorologicznymi a warunkami hydrologicznymi. Dlatego w niniejszej pracy podjęto próbę opisania relacji między wydajnością źródeł w południowo-zachodniej Polsce a niedoborem opadów. Obliczono współczynniki korelacji między wydajnością źródeł a wskaźnikiem SPI w różnych skalach czasowych. Najwyższy poziom reakcji stwierdzono w przypadku wydajności i niedoborów opadów o okresie kumulowania 6 miesięcy (SPI-6).

EN

As a result of climate change there is an increase in the number of the areas affected by drought and intensity of the drought. The effect of the drought is the insufficient rate of renewing groundwater resources. The consequence of this phenomenon is reduction groundwater inflow and decrease discharge of springs. Assess the effects of climate change, in the context of the availability of groundwater resources, it is necessary to describe the relationship between meteorological and hydrological conditions. This paper describe the relations between discharge of the springs in south-western Poland and periodic precipitation deficit. There were calculated correlation coefficients between discharge and SPI index in different time scales. The highest level of the reaction was found between and precipitation deficit in 6-month accumulation period (SPI-6).

18

Anomalia hydrogeochemiczna w Tatrach : źródło z wodami siarczanowymi

Wolanin A.., Chmiel S., Żelazny M., Jelonkiewicz Ł., Janusz J., Hałas S., Trembaczowski A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, nr 11/1

1025--1028

EN

The paper contains the results of analysis of chemical, isotopic and trace metal composition of anomalous spring water in the Tatra Mts. Obtained data were the basis for an attempt to determine the origin of this hydrogeochemical anomaly. The spring is located in the Tomanowa Valley in the Western Tatra Mts. The spring water is characterized by the mineralization (TDS) above 500 mg/dm3. As regards the chemical composition of the water, Ca2+ ions show the highest concentration among cations, while HCO- among anions. The spring water has been assigned to the: SO —HCO—Ca-Mg hydrochemical type. Among trace metals, Sr, Ba, B, Li and Al. reveal The highest concentrations. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition(δ18O and δ2H) indicates that this is infiltration water. Delta values of oxygen and sulphur isotopes (δ18OS and δ34S) of the sulphate ion indicate that SO4 of this spring water is likely derived from leaching of gypsum or anhydrite evaporites.

19

Insight into variability of spring and flash flood events in Lithuania

Meilutytė-Lukauskienė D., Akstinas V., Kriaučiūnienė J., Šarauskienė D., Jurgelėnaitė A.

Acta Geophysica

|

2017

|

Vol. 65, no. 1

89--102

EN

In this research, variability of spring (from 1 March to 30 May) and flash (from 1 June to 30 November) floods in rivers of different regions was analysed. The territory of Lithuania is divided into three regions according to hydrological regime of the rivers: Western, Central, and Southeastern. The maximum river discharge data of spring and flash floods [a total of 31 water gauging stations (WGS)] were analysed. Comparison of the data of four periods (1922–2013, 1941–2013, 1961–2013, and 1991–2013) with the data of the reference period (1961–1990) was performed. Analysis included the longest discharge data set of the Nemunas River at Smalininkai WGS (1812–2013) as well. Mixed patterns of flood changes in Lithuanian rivers were detected. The analysis of flood discharges of the Nemunas River indicated that both spring and flash floods in Lithuania were getting smaller.

20

Wpływ składu chemicznego stali i sposobu walcowania drutu na wymiary i właściwości taśm na sprężyny

Burdek M.

Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza

|

2016

|

T. 68, nr 3

27--30

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest walcowanie drutu na taśmy przeznaczone do wyrobu sprężyn płaskich. Przedstawiono sposób wyliczania wymaganej średnicy drutu oraz poszerzenia taśmy w procesie walcowania. Wykonano próby walcowania z zastosowaniem walców o zróżnicowanych średnicach i schematach odkształcania. Analizowano wymiary taśm i ich właściwości mechaniczne.

EN

The subject of this article is wire rolling for strips for the production of flat springs. The method of calculating the required wire diameter and strip widening during rolling was presented. Attempts to roll with rollers with various diameters and deformation models were made. The dimensions of strips and their mechanical properties were analysed.