Several studies have been conducted to identify the potential impact of landfills on groundwater resources. This study evaluates the impact of landfills on groundwater resources in Mohammedia prefecture, Morocco. The groundwater was analysed from 2015 to 2022. The groundwater quality was evaluated based on electrical conductivity, pH, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphate, suspended solids, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and total hydrocarbon, aluminium, iron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron-nickel, zing, and mercury. The assessment was based on the water quality index, leachate pollution index, non-carcinogenic risk assessment, and carcinogenic risk assessment. A leachate pollution index <5 indicates that it poses a severe risk to groundwater resources. The non-carcinogenic risk HQ was determined to be <1, which infers no potential risk. The carcinogenic risk index value of 10-4 indicated that it is within the threshold of acceptable limit. The current study concludes that leachate from the analysed landfills does not infiltrate the groundwater resources of Mohammedia prefecture. However, the leachate pollution, even though it varies, is increasing over time. This is validated by the fact that the landfill is protected with a membrane covering the ground, which inhibits any possible infiltration of soil or water resources. Hence, this study calls for continuous monitoring of groundwater resources in the region. Future studies are required to investigate the groundwater in Mohammedia prefecture in terms of emerging pollutants to identify any potential risk.
In June 2022, the Most Important Karst Aquifer Springs (MIKAS) project was launched at the EUROKARST conference, aimed at creating a list of the most important karst springs and outcrops (on a global scale). Basedon the recommendations and methodology established by the Project Advisory Board, scientists from around the world presented proposals for springs, from which 200 will be ultimately selected. 14 karst springs and outcrops were proposed in Poland. We describe the basic criteria and principles that guided the selection, and the current state of progress of the project.
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The presence of natural groundwater outflows depends on many factors, such as lithology, geological structure, and climate. Areas with particularly poor crenological recognition are arid and semi-arid regions, primarily due to rarity of groundwater outflows in these locations. The article presents the hydrographic and hydrochemical characteristics of selected groundwater outflows in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to hydrographic mapping, basic physical parameters of water were measured in selected springs, such as temperature (T, °C), electrolytic conductivity (EC, μS∙cm-1), and reaction (pH, –). Laboratory analyses determined the major cations and anions in water: Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-, Br-, PO43-. The analyses were performed using an ion chromatograph Metrohm 850 Professional IC. Twenty-four natural groundwater outflows in South America, Africa, and Asia were selected for research. It was found that the vast majority of outflows are transit sources. Their supply area may be far from discharge points. The supply source is rainwater or meltwater from high mountain massifs. Other types of outflow are springs of alluvial fans and braided rivers. They are fed by waters from glacial rivers, which infiltrate alluvial deposits and flow back to the surface. Hydrochemical analysis has shown that the physicochemical properties of water in dry areas vary significantly. Still in the hydrochemical type, there is a predominance of sulphate, chloride, and sodium ions. This distinguishes the spring waters from these areas in temperate latitudes, which are dominated by bicarbonate and calcium ions.
An electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) investigation was conducted across four drought-prone districts in the Buriram Province, Thailand. The primary objective was to evaluate and map the potential of groundwater reservoirs as sources of water for household and agricultural purposes during the dry season. It was accomplished through the implementation of the Schlumberger array configuration. An electrical resistivity survey instrument was used to generate a 2D resistivity model of the electrical resistance profiles, or pseudo section profiles. The survey instrument included more than 50 electrodes, enabling the investigation of the profile to a depth of up to 50 m from the ground surface. The resistivity values obtained from the field data were recorded and converted or interpreted using RES2DINV software. The data were analysed by comparing them with the geological information about the site and referencing the geological borehole data as at 50 m depth from the surface. The results of the ERT survey indicated that groundwater in the arid areas of the Buriram Province can be found at shallow depths around 10-20 m from the surface and it is deposited in sedimentary and clay layers, and it has remained relatively stable over a 2-year period with the water level measured by an electric probe in the summer, winter and rainy seasons in Thailand.
The research determined the influence of natural groundwater outflows from the spring peat bog on the water supply and its quality in Lake Jaczno. Lake Jaczno is located in the Suwalski Landscape Park (SLP) in the Podlaskie Voivodeship, north-east Poland. The research was conducted from April 2009 to October 2010 and from September 2022 to September 2023. Water samples were collected from spring areas, shallow groundwater, and from Lake Jaczno. Fieldwork involved measuring flow, temperature, water electrolytic conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, water oxygen saturation (WS), and water reaction (pH). Chemical analyses of water samples were carried out in the laboratory. Findings indicate that groundwater, spring water, and lake water in the SLP maintain high quality, with no significant changes in chemical composition over the past decades. Additionally, the physical water parameters display low temporal variability. The EC in the tested waters oscillates around 500 μS∙cm-1. Both spring and lake waters are well oxygenated (97-100%). Biogenic element concentrations exhibit higher variability, influenced by flora development in areas with natural groundwater outflows. High oxygenation of water contributes to increased concentrations of nitrates. The analysed waters exhibited similarity in the concentration and structure of phosphorus forms. Additionally, sediment chemical parameters at Lake Jaczno suggests a buffering capacity in the transitional zones between water and land. Despite similarities in chemical composition, sediment granulometry suggests low permeability, potentially restricting exchange between groundwater and surface waters. Monitoring springs in these environments is important due to their impact on quantity and quality of water in the analysed areas.
The current study aims to assess underground water pollution using an integrated approach that combines statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and water quality diagrams (Piper diagram, Schoeller-Berkalov diagram). A total of twenty water samples were collected from the Tiflet region in the Sebou basin and analysed for various physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, and heavy metal concentrations (Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Pb2+). The average concentrations of Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ in the water samples were found to be 41.9, 14.8, 20.1, and 8.1 mg∙dm-3, respectively. These concentrations indicate a significant presence of heavy metals in the groundwater samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that the groundwater in this area is heavily polluted with heavy metals and other pollutants. This finding raises concerns regarding the use of this water for irrigation and agricultural activities in the region. This suggests that these four components play a crucial role in determining the overall water quality. The distribution patterns of the metals Pb2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ in the well water within the study area are of particular environmental concern. It is recommended to establish a monitoring network to ensure the sustainable management of water resources in order to address this issue effectively.
A statistical analysis of nitrate contamination in the groundwater at the Thuckalay area of Padmanabhapuram town, South India, is conducted using data collected from 2000 to 2019 that includes rainfall, groundwater level, and groundwater quality. The findings indicate that there was a rise in nitrate contamination in the groundwater between 2001 and 2011. This increase can be attributed directly to the 6.69% increase in population and the corresponding increase of 108.79 hectares in residential areas, which accounts for the 17% expansion. The elevated concentrations of EC (1830 µS/cm), Cl (511 mg/L), Na (210 mg/L), NO3 (150 mg/L), TH (420 mg/L), and precipitation (1,184) in 2011 may have an impact on the non-point source contamination in the subject area, which is caused by flowing water bodies. An investigation was conducted into the sources and regulating factors of elevated nitrate levels through the utilisation of cross plots and fitted line plots of NO3 in conjunction with other chosen hydrochemical parameters. Nitrate contamination of the groundwater is indicated by a positive Pearson correlation coefficient between NO3 and Ca, Cl, EC, Na, SAR, SO4, TH, TA, and WL. Furthermore, a nitrate pollution index greater than three signifies a higher degree of pollution during the years 2005, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The primary sources of nitrate contamination in the vicinity of the study area were human and animal refuse that was disposed of in open areas. This may be the result of increased fertiliser application on agricultural land. Restoring groundwater quality in the studied area is possible through periodic monitoring, regulation of polluting sources, and implementation of a natural, cost-effective redevelopment technique.
Agricultural by-products such as rice husks are very popular in Vietnam, which are often burned in the fields, causing an increase in dust smoke and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To study the effects of different irrigation methods, quality of irrigation water and additive biochar from rice husk (BFRH) on leaching nitrate from paddy fields into shallow groundwater and methane (CH4) emissions, we investigated a two-season experiment (2021–2023) under two irrigation methods: water-saving irrigation and flood irrigation with 120 kg N/ha. The results illustrated that seasonal CH4 emissions and leaching nitrate were affected by irrigation practices and significantly correlated with the quality of irrigation and the amount of BFRH added. To compare of control, the flood irrigation water increased the leaching of GHG and NO3- into shallow groundwater from 27.3–32.4% and 16.4–31.25%, respectively. Meanwhile, the saving water irrigation reduced CH4 and leaching of NO3- into shallow groundwater from 13.3–17.8% and 15.63–18.9%, respectively. Applying biochar with controlling fertilizer reduces CH4 and NO3- content in surface field water, contributing to the decreased leaching of NO3- into groundwater. Reducing 20% fertilizer rate of N (96 kg N/ha) with application biochar of 5% without a change in yield reduces NO3- content into shallow groundwater from 13.7–14.3%. We conclude that water-saving irrigation combined with biochar from rice husk incorporation simultaneously mitigates CH4 emissions, improves yield, and reduces leaching nitrate into groundwater, making it a suitable environment-friendly nitrogen management practice for sustainable farming in northern Vietnam.
The present article assesses, for the first time, the level of heavy metal pollution, determines possible sources and evaluates the health risks associated with groundwater in the Angads plain in Morocco, by employing a combination of tools including indices, statistical multivariate techniques and models for health risk assessment. The findings revealed that the concentrations of several heavy metals (95.83% for As and 41.66% for Pb) were above the WHO limit values. The heavy metal pollution index (HPI) and the heavy metal evaluation index (HEI) revealed that all samples were fit for consumption. Health risks revealed that the hazard index (HI) values for dermal exposure were below the limit, while for oral exposure, 95.83% of samples were above the limit. In addition, the carcinogenic risk (CR) results revealed that there is a possibility of cancer development due to lifetime exposure to this groundwater.
Water is at the core for achieving all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The current study was performed for the appraisal and modeling of the vulnerability of regional aquifers to anthropogenic perturbations. Samples of water were examined to determine their physical and chemical properties. pH of groundwater varied from a value of 7.08 to a value of 8.46. Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 1048‒1580 mg·L-1. Results revealed that 79% of Ca2+, 47.3 % of Mg2+, and 100% of Na+ and Cl‒ in water samples exceeded the standard permissible limits. The aquifer vulnerability index (AVI) revealed that Neogene aquifer was categorized as high vulnerability to extremely high vulnerability class of risk of contamination. AVI index method was also performed for the other major aquifers demonstrating that Dammam aquifer was categorized in the high vulnerability class, whereas Er Radhuma and Aruma categorized as moderately vulnerable to contamination. This study demonstrated an integrated model to help investigate the vulnerability of regional aquifers and highlighted the need for continuous monitoring campaigns to investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on aquifers to make timely and effective decisions.
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Woda podziemna, będąca źródłem zaopatrzenia ludzi w wodę przeznaczoną do spożycia wymaga wieloaspektowej analizy w kontekście oceny i zarządzania jej jakością. Szczególnym wyzwaniem jest monitorowanie i analiza właściwości wód podziemnych ujęć trzeciorzędowych, które charakteryzują się wysoką zawartością substancji organicznych, co przekłada się na intensywną barwę i znaczący potencjał tworzenia produktów ubocznych podczas procesów dezynfekcji. W ramach niniejszego artykułu zaprezentowano analizę wybranych przypadków oraz wyniki badań jakości wody podziemnej w trzeciorzędowym ujęciu dla miasta Środa Wielkopolska. Kompleks trzeciorzędowych wód podziemnych zalega w warstwach o skomplikowanej budowie geologicznej, charakteryzującej się złożonymi stosunkami hydrogeologicznymi. Kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na stan użytkowy wody w średzkim ujęciu jest struktura geologiczna terenu. Dominują tu przede wszystkim warstwy węgla brunatnego, bezpośrednio zalegające nad warstwą wodonośną, a także gliny i iły. W przeprowadzonych badaniach szczególną uwagę poświęcono analizie wpływu miąższości tych warstw geologicznych na jakość wody pozyskiwanej z poszczególnych studni. Integralnym elementem badań była ocena wpływu warunków hydrogeologicznych na jakość ujmowanej wody, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wydajności ujęć. Korelację ustalono na podstawie przekrojów geologicznych 17 eksploatowanych studni głębinowych, jak również danych hydraulicznych determinujących warunki operacyjne pracy systemu zaopatrzenia w wodę (SZW) Środy Wielkopolskiej. W analizach korelacji zawartości materii organicznej oprócz typowych wskaźników, takich jak: barwa, ogólny węgiel organiczny (OWO), rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny (RWO), indeks nadmanganianowy, absorbancja UV, przyjęto również biodegradowalny rozpuszczony węgiel organiczny (BRWO). W przeprowadzonych badaniach uwzględniono BRWO, z uwagi na fakt, iż jest on przydatny w ustaleniu ilości związków organicznych, stanowiących potencjalnie źródło węgla i energii, które wspomagają wzrost i rozwój bakterii w sieci wodociągowej. Sprawdzono wzajemne korelacje poszczególnych wskaźników, ustalając jednocześnie przydatność prostych analiz (absorbancja UV czy indeks nadmanganianowy) w ocenie poziomu substancji oznaczanych jako OWO, czy RWO.
EN
Groundwater, as a source of supply for residents, requires a multifaceted analysis in the context of assessing and managing its quality. A particular challenge is the monitoring and analysis of the properties of tertiary groundwater intakes, which are characterized by high content of organic substances. This translates into intense coloration and a significant potential for forming by-products during disinfection processes. This article presents a review of the literature, analysis of selected cases, and results of groundwater quality research in a tertiary intake for the city of Środa Wielkopolska. The tertiary groundwater complex is located in layers with a complex geological structure and is characterized by complicated hydrogeological relationships. A key factor influencing the usable state of water in the discussed intake is the geological structure of the area. Predominantly, layers of lignite directly overlying the aquifer, as well as clays and silts, dominate this area. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of the impact of the thickness of these geological layers on the quality of water obtained from individual wells and the hydrogeological conditions of the exploited deep wells, with special consideration of their efficiency. The correlation was established based on the geological cross-sections of 17 exploited deep wells as well as hydraulic data as part of the water supply system (SZW) of Środa Wielkopolska. For assessing the organic matter content, in addition to typical indicators such as colour, total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), permanganate index, and UV absorbance, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) was also used, which is helpful in determining the amount of organic compounds that could potentially be a source of carbon and energy, supporting the growth and development of bacteria in the water supply network. Mutual correlations of various indicators were checked, while also establishing the usefulness of simple analyses (UV absorbance or permanganate index) in assessing the level of substances designated as TOC or DOC.
In this study, 56 groundwater samples were taken from diverse sources in Bangalore Urban district during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons to measure the uranium concentration and its correlation with different waterquality parameters. The uranium concentration varied from 0.94–98.79 µg/L during the pre-monsoon season and from 1.38–96.52 µg/L during the postmonsoon season. Except for a few readings, all were within the safe limit of 60 µg/L as prescribed by India’s Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). Owing to its slightly higher concentration, a study on the radiological and chemical risks that are caused due to the ingestion of uranium was assessed. Based on the radiological aspect, cancer mortality and its risks were assessed, wherein all of the samples were well within the acceptable limit of 10−4; therefore, consuming these water samples was radiologically safe. However, when the risk that was caused by chemical toxicity was assessed, a few samples exceeded the hazard quotient (HQ) value of more than 1, thus illustrating that individuals were vulnerable to chemical risk. This paper features assessments of uranium and its risks to public health in groundwater samples if it exceeded the safe limit. Additionally, it recognizes the value of periodically assessing and treating the area’s drinking water sources.
Uncontrolled dumping of open landfills has been becoming a significant threat to developing countries. The areas where solid wastes are stored increase the risk of groundwater and environmental pollution. Groundwater pollution causes poisoning and even death in terms of public health. This study investigated the impact area of pollutants that pose environmental risks in the Hamamboğazı (Aksaray Turkey) landfill area. Six vertical electrical sounding (VES) measurements were made in the study area. The direction of the leakage water is southwest, and the penetration depth is 15 m. The electrical conductivity reaching high values such as 4160–7900 μS/cm shows the polluting effect of the leachate. Heavy metals detected in leachate were Cu (0.183 mg/dm3), Pb (0.234 mg/dm3), Zn (0.33 mg/dm3), and Fe (3.179 mg/dm3).
This study analyzes the effects of dry land salinity, climate severity, and pollution on groundwater quality in the Middle Moulouya basin. Our research provides insights into certain pollutants and their sources and discusses the impact of saline soil and dry weather. A comprehensive understanding of these factors is essential for managing water resources and promoting sustainable resource use in the area. In fact, the use of a database relating to the major elements, viz. potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na2+), magnesium (Mg2+), bicarbonates (HCO3-), sulfates (SO42-, nitrates (NO3-), chlorides (Cl-) has proved to be effective to assess the hydrochemical features of groundwaters and their suitability for both aims (i.e., irrigation and drinking). The Middle Moulouya basin’s subterranean water is slightly acidic to basic, with a pH range of 6.8 to 7.66 and mild to brackish water at specific sites. Furthermore, in line with the hydrochemistry diagrams, groundwater can be classified into three main types: Ca-Cl, Ca-HCO3, and Ca-Mg-Cl type. Moreover, the results pertaining to the overall quality of groundwater regarding Moroccan control standards guidelines indicate that: (i) 32.43% of the groundwater samples are of excellent quality, (ii) 24.32% of the collected water points are of good quality, (iii) 32.43% have medium quality, (iiii) and only 10.82% are of poor and very poor quality (i.e., 5.41% for each class). Finally, based on the Wilcox method, a significant percentage of groundwater sites are suitable for farming.
In the present study, descriptive and multivariate statistical techniques (principal component analysis) were used to investigate groundwater salinity in the area adjacent to Lake Dayet Erroumi. Nine groundwater samples were collected during September 2019 and analyzed for the following physicochemical variables: pH, EC, DO, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ , K+ , HCO3 - , Cl- , SO4 2- and NO3 - . On the basis of on concentration averages, cation abundance is Na+ >Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and anion abundance is Cl- > HCO3 - > SO4 2- > NO3 - . Two principal components were selected on the basis of eigenvalue, which explains 71.39% of the total variance. The first principal component (F1) accounts for 52.37% of total variance and indicates water salinization, which depends on abiotic factors. The second principal component (F2) explains 19.01% of the information and indicates parameters dependent on biotic factors (DO and pH). Projection of the observations revealed two groups of wells: the first group comprises the wells characterized by very high salinity, and the second group comprises the wells with lower salinity. These results show that the wells on the southern shore of the lake are more highly mineralized than other wells. The high mineralization of the groundwater is of natural origin, due to the leaching of Triassic evaporitic rocks.
The study is dedicated the dynamics of groundwater quality in the Mykolaiv region (Ukraine) during the period from 2021 to 2024. It was determined that the concentration of chlorides, sulfates and mineralization in water in 2022 increased by 2–3 times (1190 mg/dm3 ) compared to 2021 (453 mg/dm3 ), which is due to the use of sea water in the central water supply and the consequences of a man-made disaster that arose under the influence of military operations. Trends in changes in water quality depending on the season and the influence of various factors on the geochemical composition of underground water resources are analyzed. The results obtained indicate a change in groundwater quality. According to the water quality classification according to the water pollution index (WPI), the observed trend indicates a transition from water of quality class II, characterized as “clean water”, to water of quality class III, which reflects a moderate level of pollution.
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The study of groundwater samples from Patna, which is in the middle Ganga River basin in the state of Bihar, was done to evaluate the hydrogeochemical nature of groundwater and figure out the controlling factors that affect its ionic chemistry. This study’s groundwater samples were taken seasonally from 20 Patna, Bihar locations from 2019 to 2020 and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties using APHA’s standard methods. Multivariate statistical techniques, such as Correlation matrix, Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical cluster analysis, were carried out on the analytical variables, followed by interpreting the groundwater’s geochemical nature using Durov Plot, Piper plot, ion-scatter plots and Gibb’s diagram. The results obtained were compared with water quality standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The study revealed that groundwater’s alkaline nature and water’s total hardness varied from hard to very hard categories. Total dissolved solids range from 158 to 575 mg/l, where 31.66% of samples have exceeded the desirable TDS limit for drinking water. The abundance of anions was observed in decreasing order (HCO3- > Cl- > SO42-) during all seasons and cations as Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, whereas in monsoon season, it was observed as Mg2+ > Na+ > Ca2+ > K+. Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- type water was revealed as the significant hydrogeochemical facie, and the reverse ion exchange process was observed to be the governing factor in 77% of the total groundwater samples. Gibbs’s diagram showed rock-water dominance as a major factor in groundwater ionic composition during all seasons.
In the years 2020-2022, the authors conducted research on the activity concentration of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit. As a result, they found potentially medicinal radon waters in hornfelses of the eastern part of the Szklarska Poręba band. The value measured in one of the water samples appeared to be the highest activity concentration of 222Rn in groundwater of Poland so far - 3368 ±61 Bq/dm3. The authors also found that outflows of potentially medicinal radon waters account for almost 85.5% (47 out of 55) of all groundwater outflows in the study area. Thanks to the large amount of data obtained, the authors calculated a new value of the hydrogeochemical back-ground of 222 Rn in the groundwater of the Izera metamorphic unit. The background is currently 17-890 Bq/dm3. In Poland, higher values have only been reported of the Lądek-Śnieżnik metamorphic unit. The research results also open the way to the possible creation of a modern radon spa in Szklarska Poręba. It could operate in Biała Dolina on the basis of both previously found resources of radon waters of the Karkonosze granite and the radon waters forming within the eastern part of the Izera metamorphic unit.
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