The Suchedniów water reservoir is located in the central section of the River Kamionka in the northern part of the Holy Cross Mountains of central Poland. This area once belonged to the Old Polish Industrial District that, during the Middle Ages, was very intensively developed by iron metallurgy. Many forges and mills along the rivers used water power, which led to the construction of an anthropogenic, small-scale water retention system. At the beginning of the twentieth century many of these reservoirs were drained after the collapse of metallurgical activities. The present-day reservoir was built in 1974 and drained in 2017. Research into the drained basin has documented various forms and sediments, some of which record present-day depositional processes (fire proof clay layer, inland fan delta), while others represent the historical period (lacustrine sediments of older reservoirs). Traces of catastrophic events have been preserved as well; an assemblage of megaripples marks the sudden drainage caused by a dam break in 1974.
The fine-grained autochthonous sedimentation in the deep part of a Late Triassic lake was frequently interrupted by gravity-induced mass flows. Some of these mass flows were so rich in water that they must have represented slurries. This can be deduced from the soft-sediment deformation structures that abound in cores from these lacustrine deposits which constitute the Yanchang Fm., which is present in the Ordos Basin (central China). The flows and the resulting SSDS were probably triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, shear stress of gravity flows, and/or the sudden release of overburden-induced excess pore-fluid pressure. The tectonically active setting, the depositional slope and the high sedimentation rate facilitated the development of soft-sediment deformations, which consist mainly of load casts and associated structures such as pseudonodules and flame structures. Sediments with such deformations were occasionally eroded by slurries and became embedded in their deposits.
The present paper discusses the influence of geochemical properties on biogenic deposits in the Wilkostowo mire near Toruń, central Poland. The analysed core has allowed the documentation of environmental changes between the older part of the Atlantic Period and the present day (probably interrupted at the turn of the Meso- and Neoholocene). In order to reconstruct the main stages in the sedimentation of biogenic deposits, we have used stratigraphic variability of selected litho-geochemical elements (organic matter, calcium carbonate, biogenic and terrigenous silica, macro- and micro-elements: Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Ni). The main litho-geochemical component is CaCO3; its content ranges from 4.1 per cent to 92 per cent. The variability of CaCO3 content reflects mainly changes in hydrological and geomorphological conditions within the catchment area. The effects of prehistoric anthropogenic activities in the catchment of the River Tążyna, e.g., the use of saline water for economic purposes, are recorded in a change from calcareous gyttja into detritus-calcareous gyttja sedimentation and an increased content of lithophilous elements (Na, K, Mg and Ni) in the sediments. Principal component analysis (PCA) has enabled the distinction the most important factors that affected the chemical composition of sediments at the Wilkostowo site, i.e., mechanical and chemical denudation processes in the catchment, changes in redox conditions, bioaccumulation of selected elements and human activity. Sediments of the Wilkostowo mire are located in the direct vicinity of an archaeological site, where traces of intensive settlement dating back to the Neolithic have been documented. The settlement phase is recorded both in lithology and geochemical properties of biogenic deposits which fill the reservoir formed at the bottom of the Parchania Canal Valley.
The wooden structures unearthed in 2012 during archaeological excavation in the courtyard of the Museum of Archaeology and History in Elbląg have been dated using the dendrochronological method to the period between 1245 and 1302, which allows them to be considered to be parts of a Teutonic fortress. The remains of the wooden building located directly on the prehistoric lacustrine sediments created a unique opportunity to reconstruct the near-shore sedimentation of the Drużno Lake. Geological, malacological and palynological methods were applied during the investigation. The results, compared with the ranges of both the Drużno Lake and the Vistula Lagoon, known from previous studies of the region, allowed the correlation of a phase of a deep lake with the “Roman Period”. Rapid shallowing of the lake occurred in the “Migration Period”. The final disappearance of the lake in the area of modern Elbląg occurred in the early Middle Ages.
Lacustrine deposits, e.g. gyttja and lcustrine chalk, in natural conditions are weak soils from the engineering point of view. These soils under loading have large and long-lasting consolidation settlement. In the last years, these soils have been more often used as a subsoil, mainly for road and hydraulic engineering embankments. To predict the settlement, we have to know the strain and filtration parameters of the subsoil. The paper presents the results of coefficient permeability tests of gyttja and lacustrine chalk, performed in oedometer tests after following loading steps. The results have allowed obtaining downward but various trends of coefficient permeability changes in the consolidation process due to a decrease of void ratio. In general, the differences of trends are related to different types of gyttja. In the case of mineral-organic high-carbonate gyttja, three different decreasing trends were obtained. For these different trends, the causal relation was determined to the lithological impact factor. The lithological impact factor in the paper is proposed as the combination of main lithological characteristics.
A sediment core from Lake Veetka, southeast Estonia, 1077 cm in length and covering 10,500 calibrated years, was examined using loss-on-ignition, grain-size distribution and AMS 14C dating to reconstruct depositional dynamics. The studied core, recovered from the northern part of the lake, shows a cyclic pattern of organic and mineral matter concentration with cycle durations of 100-400 years. Cyclicity is displayed better in sediments laid down between 9,200 and 5,600 cal BP. Within two time windows (5,600–5,100 cal BP and from 1,200 cal BP to the present), sediment composition changed drastically on account of a high and fluctuating mineral matter content, obviously driven by different factors. Little Ice Age cooling is characterised by the highest proportion of mineral matter, and the Medieval Warm Period is typified by high organic matter content. The cyclic change of organic and mineral matter has been related to climate dynamics, most likely an alternation of wet and dry conditions, changes in the water level of the lake and differences in bioproduction.
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The photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton (in pelagial) and macrophytes (in littoral) is considered to be one of the main factors affecting the carbon cycle in lakes. This concerns in particular hardwater ecosystems, where most of the carbon is available in the form of Ca- or Mg-bicarbonates. In such ecosystems charophytes (macroscopic green algae, forming dense meadows) are regarded as the most effective carbonate producer due to the HCO3 — utilization and the formation of thick CaCO3/sub> encrustations. Calcium carbonate and biomass production of charophytes were studied in a small and shallow charophyte-dominated Lake Jasne (Western Poland). Fresh and dry weight of plants, percentage contribution of calcium carbonate and production of CaCO3 per 1 m2 were studied at three depths (1, 3 and 5 m) in three sample sites (each sampled area − 0.04 m2). Additionally, physical-chemical parameters of water samples were studied. It was found that the dry weight of charophytes and the values of calcium carbonate were similar for all sites but varied for depth of sampling. The dry weight exceeded 2000 g m-2 (average 1165 g m-2) at the most shallow sample sites. CaCO3 encrustations constituted from 39.5% at the depth of 5m, to over 82% of the charophyte dry weight at the depth of 1m. The maximum and average values of carbonates precipitated by charophytes were 1696 g m-2 and 891 g m-2, respectively, and exceeded results reported so far. The results of physical-chemical analyses revealed no statistically significant differences between all the sample sites. Nevertheless, distinct correlations were found between dry weight of charophytes, carbonates precipitated by charophytes and some physical-chemical properties of water from the sample sites. The results highlight the habitat engineering role of charophytes, evidenced in particular by great amounts of biomass influencing sedimentary processes and biogeochemical cycle within littoral zone.
Z 30 jezior położonych na pojezierzach Pomorskim, Wielkopolsko-Kujawskim i Warmińsko-Mazurskim pobrano po 2 próbki osadów (ze strefy litoralnej i profundalnej). Do badań wytypowano jeziora położone na podłożu o jednorodnej budowie geologicznej. Połowa z nich leży na podłożu o małej przepuszczalności (gliny, iły) i połowa na obszarach o dużej przepuszczalności (piaski, żwiry). Po roztworzeniu w wodzie królewskiej w próbkach osadów jeziornych oznaczono zawartość REE (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu) metodą ICP-MS oraz As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, W, Zn metodą ICP-OES. Osady jezior położonych na glinach i iłach charakteryzowały się większą zawartością pierwiastków REE, metali ciężkich i arsenu w stosunku do osadów jezior położonych na piaskach i żwirach. Większe zawartości REE występują w strefie litoralnej w porównaniu ze strefą profundalną, co wskazuje, że na ich zawartość wpływa głównie skład chemiczny podłoża zlewni, czynnik antropogeniczny odgrywa mniejszą rolę. Dystrybucja metali ciężkich i arsenu zależy od rodzaju podłoża, na którym powstała misa jeziorna i głębokości sedymentacji – gromadzą się one głównie w strefie profundalnej.
EN
Sixty sediment samples were collected from 30 glacial lakes of Pomerania, Wielkopolska-Kujawy and Warmia-Masuria Lakelands. The influence of the lake basin lithology and sedimentation zone on the contents of the elements in sediment was investigated. The samples were digested in Aqua Regia and analysed by ICP-MS methods and ICP-OES techniques for REE contents (La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, W, Zn contents were determined by ICP-OES method. The sediments show higher contents of REE in the littoral zone than in the profundal zone. The sediments from the lakes located on low-permeable glacial sediments are more abundant in heavy metals and REE in relation to the sediments from the lakes located on highly permeable glacial sediments. Distribution of the trace elements in lake sediments is strongly dependent on the type of geological formations on which the lake is developed and on the sedimentation zone of the lake. REE are preferentially accumulated in the littoral zone contrary to the heavy metals that are accumulated in the deepest zone of the lake. Factor analysis proves that the presence of REE and heavy metals in the lake sediment is associated with the type of geological formation.
W 300 próbkach osadów rzecznych i 150 próbkach osadów jeziornych pobranych z obszaru Polski oznaczono zawartość p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD metodą chromatografii gazowej z detekcją wychwytu elektronów (GC-ECD). W osadach rzecznych maksymalna zawartość p,p’-DDT wynosiła 2780 μg/kg, p,p’-DDD – 913 μg/kg, a p,p’-DDE – 298 μg/kg. Obecność p,p’-DDT stwierdzono w 38,9%, p,p’-DDE – 90,0%, a p,p’-DDD – 78,4% próbek. Stosunek p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT w osadach rzecznych wahał się od 0,08 do 46,3, a stosunek p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT mieścił się w zakresie 0,04–24,7. W osadach jeziornych zawartość p,p’-DDT odnotowano do 4,7 μg/kg, p,p’-DDE – 63,5 μg/kg, a p,p’-DDD – 70,1 μg/kg. Obecność p,p’-DDT stwierdzono w 36% próbek, p,p’-DDD w 96,67%, a metabolit p,p’-DDE we wszystkich próbkach. Stosunek p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT w osadach jeziornych wahał się od 0,4 do 112,2, a stosunek p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT – od 0,2 do 163,8. W osadach jeziornych stwierdzono wysoką korelację zawartości związków z grupy DDT z zawartością Cd, Hg, Zn i Pb oraz znaczącą korelację z zawartością fosforu i siarki, podczas gdy w osadach rzecznych stwierdzono tylko bardzo słabą korelację z TOC.
EN
The contents of p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD were determined in 300 samples of river sediments and 150 samples of lake sediments, collected from the whole area of Poland, by using the GC-ECD method. In river sediments the maximum contents were as follows: p,p’-DDT – 2780 μg/kg, p,p’-DDD – 913 μg/kg, and p,p’-DDE – 298 μg/kg. The presence of p,p’-DDT was detected in 38.9% of the samples, p,p’-DDE – in 90.0%, and p,p’-DDD – in 78.4%. The ratio of p,p’-DDD/p, p’-DDT in river sediments ranged from 0.08 to 46.3, and the ratio of p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT was in the range of 0.04–24.7. In the lake sediments the contents of p,p’-DDT ranged up to 4.7 μg/kg, p,p’-DDE – up to 63.5 μg/kg, and p,p’-DDD – up to 70.1 μg/kg. The presence of p,p’-DDT was detected in 36% of the samples, p,p’-DDD – in 96.67%, and the metabolite p,p’-DDE – in all samples. The ratio of p,p’-DDD/p,p’-DDT in lake sediments ranged from 0.4 to 112.2, and the ratio of p,p’-DDE/p,p’-DDT was in the range of 0.2–163.8. In the lake sediments, a high correlation of the contents of DDTs with the concentrations of Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn, and a significant correlation with the phosphorus and sulphur content were found. In the river sediments, a weak correlation with the TOC content is the only one noticed.
W 150 próbkach osadów jeziornych pobranych z głęboczków jezior oznaczono zawartości 17 WWA metodą GC-MSD. Średnia zawartość WWA w osadach wynosiła 4424 mg/kg, średnia geometryczna – 2687 mg/kg, a mediana – 3150 mg/kg. W spektrum oznaczonych WWA dominują: fluoranten, benzo(b)fluoranten i piren. W osadach 12 jezior odnotowano przekroczenie dopuszczalnych zawartości WWA wg Rozporządzenia (2002). Zawartość WWA w osadach jeziornych wykazuje wysoką korelację z zawartością pierwiastków śladowych: kadmu, rtęci, cynku i ołowiu. Stwierdzono także istotną korelację między zawartością fosforu i siarki. Wśród zbadanych związków WWA zwraca uwagę dodatnia korelacja zawartości perylenu z zawartością żelaza oraz węgla organicznego i ujemna korelacja zawartości tego związku z zawartością wapnia. Stwierdzono zróżnicowanie regionalne w występowaniu WWA; osady Jezior Łęczyńsko-Włodawskich charakteryzują się znacznie niższą zawartością tych związków w porównaniu do osadów jezior innych pojezierzy, zwłaszcza Pojezierzy Pomorskich.
EN
Contents of 17 PAHs were determined using a GC-MSD method in 150 samples of lake sediments taken from lake profundal zones. The average PAH content in the sediments was 4424 µg/kg, the geometric mean – 2687 µg/kg, and the median – 3150 µg/kg. The PAH spectrum is dominated by fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and pyrene. Exceeded permissible levels of PAHs, according to the Regulations of the Ministry of the Environment, were recorded in 12 lakes (Rozporządzenie, 2002). The content of PAHs in lake sediments shows a high correlation with the contents of trace elements: cadmium, mercury, lead and zinc. There is also a significant correlation between the contents of phosphorus and sulphur. Among the tested PAH compounds, there is a positive correlation of the perylene content with the iron and organic carbon contents, and a negative correlation of this compound with the calcium content. Regional differences were found in the occurrence of PAHs. The sediments of the Łęczna–Włodawa lakes are characterized by significantly lower contents of these compounds compared to lakes from other lake districts, especially the Pomeranian Lakeland.
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Recent history of numerous lakes is, among others, a consequence of anthropogenic activity that led to water eutrophication and excessive phytoplankton development. In nutrient-rich lakes both biomass of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, that may have a substantial impact on aquatic biocenoses, are present not only in water column but also in the bottom sediments. This study demonstrates vertical distribution of microcystins (MC) traces in sediments of two eutrophic lakes - one phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated and the other phytoplankton-dominated. The sediments (1-40/50 cm depth) were sampled from central part of lakes and content of MC traces was determined by means of GC-MS in 1cm core slices. In the sediment profile (1-40 cm depth) of the phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated lake the MC contents ranged from 0.011 in deep layer (35 cm) to 0.910 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w. in the surface layer (1 cm) and indicated gradual increase in eutrophication . connected with mass development of cyanobacteria over time. In phytoplanktondominated lake, MC contents (0.0-0.335 [mu]g equival. MC-LR g[^-1] d.w.) oscillated through the core (1-50 cm depth) and were relatively similar in older, deeper (20-50 cm) and younger (1-20 cm) layers what suggests long-lasting but variable intensity of cyanobacteria mass development. The obtained results indicate that traces of microcystins persist and are detectable for several dozens years not only in surface but also in deep sediment layers of lakes affected by former cyanobacterial blooms. They seem to be a reliable tool to follow eutrophication and its consequence - excessive development of cyanobacteria in the past time.
Na obwodzie doliny Rio Colca (uformowanej w osadach jeziornych) w Andach Środkowych (Peru) znajdują się uskoki, których bieg jest zgodny z kształtem tej doliny. Zbadano je w miejscowościach Madrigal, Coporaque, Chivay i Maca, gdzie mają cechy uskoków zrzutowych, zarówno normalnych, jak i odwróconych. Ich geometryczne parametry wskazują, że dolina jest tektonicznym zapadliskiem, a uskoki są jego brzegiem. Porównano ich układ z teoretycznymi modelami geotektonicznymi (ryc. 10A-C). Widoczna krzywizna i nachylenie powierzchni uskoków są obecnie tylko fragmentami pełnego kształtu uskoków, co nie pozwala jednoznacznie ustalić jaką formę ma całe zapadlisko i który z modeli jest właściwy. Stwierdzono natomiast, że są to uskoki młode, ponieważ deformują osady czwartorzędowe. Ich powstanie jest związane z intensywnym wypiętrzaniem Andów. Jest możliwe, że nawiązują do układu uskoków starszych i są ich przedłużeniem w młodszym piętrze strukturalnym.
EN
Tectonic faults run along the margins of the Río Colca valley (incised in lacustrine sediments) in the Central Andes of Peru. The faults were studied at localities Madrigal, Coporaque, Chivay and Maca, where they have characteristics of normal and reverse dip-slip faults. Their geometrical parameters indicate that the valley is a graben bounded by the studied faults. The fault pattern has been compared with theoretical geotectonic models (Fig. 10A- C). As the visible curvatures and slopes of the fault surfaces are representative only for their exposed fragments, they are not sufficient for unanimous recognition of the graben form and for the selection of the proper model. It has been ascertained that the faults are young, because they deform Quaternary sediments. It is possible that they are linked to the older faults and are their continuation in the younger structural stage.
Badania stosunków izotopów tlenu i węgla w kopalnych osadach zbiornikowych kompleksu augustowskiego, w stanowiskach Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha w północno-wschodniej Polsce, pokazują złożony obraz zmian klimatu, w którym występują przynajmniej dwa ocieplenia. Detrytyczny kalcyt występujący w obrębie kopalnych osadów jeziornych utrudnia interpretację stosunków izotopowych. Zaznaczający się w osadach wzrost zawartości kalcytu pochodzenia morskiego, ze starszych formacji, jest charakterystyczny dla zimnych okresów interglacjału augustowskiego, w którym następowało rozrzedzenie pokrywy roślinnej ułatwiające spłukiwanie osadów, co jest wyrażone w postaci wysokich wartości δ. Tam, gdzie przeważa kalcyt autochtoniczny powstały w zbiorniku czwartorzędowym, wartości δ maleją. Stwierdzenie obecności okrzemek słonawowodnych we wszystkich profilach osadów może wskazywać na okresowe przesuszenia jezior. W takich warunkach dochodziło do koncentracji izotopów cięższych, co objawia się wysokimi wartościami δ.
EN
Investigations of the O/C ratio in ancient deposits of the Augustovian complex of the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sites, northern Poland, indicate a complicated image of climate changes with at least two warmings. Detrital calcite, found in the ancient lacustrine deposits, makes it difficult to interpret the isotope ratio. An increase in content of marine calcite derived from older formations is characteristic of cool periods of the Augustovian when the vegetation was sparse, favouring washout of the particles, as evidenced by high δ values. If there is apredominance of autochthonous calcite deposited in the Quaternary basin, then the δ values are lower. The presence of saline-water diatoms in all the sections can indicate a periodic drying up of the lakes when heavier isotopes were being concentrated resulting in high δ values.
Przedmiotem badań paleomagnetycznych było 51 fragmentów rdzenia z otworu wiertniczego Czarnucha. Badane osady jeziorne zostały w głównej swej masie przemagnesowane w wyniku procesów diagenetycznych, prowadzących do powstania wtórnych nośników namagnesowania. Pojedyncze próbki o inklinacji ujemnej, znajdujące się głównie w dolnej części profilu, reprezentują najprawdopodobniej pierwotny zapis paleomagnetyczny. Ich obecność może wskazywać, że co najmniej ta część profilu powstawała w chronie odwrotnego namagnesowania Matuyama.
EN
Paleomagnetic analysis was performed on 51 core samples from the Czarnucha borehole. The lacustrine deposits were mostly remagnetized as a results of diagenetic processes leading to the formation of secondary magnetization carries. Single samples of negative inclination, found mainly in the lower portion of the section, most likely represents the original palaeomagnetic record. Their presence can indicate that at least part of the sequence was deposited during the Matuyama chrone of reverse magnetization.
W artykule przedstawiono wstępne wyniki analizy diatomologicznej (w nawiązaniu do badań palinologicznych) osadów jeziornych interglacjału augustowskiego (podlaskiego) z profili Sucha Wieś (Pojezierze Ełckie) i Czarnucha (Równina Augustowska) w północno-wschodniej Polsce. Osady te leżą na utworach lodowcowych zlodowacenia narwi i są przykryte utworami lodowcowymi zlodowacenia nidy. Na podstawie zmian składu gatunkowego i liczebności okrzemek w tych profilach wyróżniono pięć lokalnych poziomów okrzemkowych L DAZ (Local Diatom Assemblage Zones) z dolnej części osadów profilu Sucha Wieś (DSW-1 do DSW-5) i profilu Czarnucha (DCz-1 do DCz-5). Poziomy te reprezentują pięć etapów sukcesji okrzemek, które są pełniej wyrażone w profilu z Czarnuchy. W pierwszym etapie obok okrzemek peryfitonowych, litoralnych, liczne są również okrzemki planktonowe (Aulacoseira i Stephanodiscus). W drugim etapie znacznie wzrasta udział okrzemek peryfitonowych, słonawowodnych (Fragilaria s.l. ), wskazujących na niski poziom wody w ówczesnym jeziorze. W trzecim i czwartym etapie stopniowy wzrost znaczenia okrzemek planktonowych (głównie Stephanodiscus spp.) świadczy o pogłębieniu jeziora. Etap piąty charakteryzuje się wzrostem liczebności okrzemek peryfitonowych i okrzemek planktonowych, typowych dla jezior eutroficznych. Sukcesja okrzemek z profilu Czarnucha wykazuje duże podobieństwo do okrzemek z profilu Sucha Wieś oraz w mniejszym stopniu do sukcesji okrzemek znanej ze stanowisk osadów jeziornych interglacjału ferdynandowskiego w Polsce i interglacjału białowieskiego na Białorusi.
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The paper shows preliminary results of diatom analysis of Augustovian (Podlasian) Interglacial lacustrine-marsh deposits from the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sections located in the Augustów Plain, northeastern Poland, in connection with the results of palynological investigations. The deposits overlie Narevian glacial sediments and are overlain by Nidanian glacial deposits. On the basis of changes in taxa composition and the frequency of diatoms in the sections, five Local Diatom Assemblage Zones (L DAZ) have been distinguished in the lower portion of the Sucha Wieś section (DSW-1 to DS W-5) and in the Czarnucha section (DCz-1 to DCz-5). These zones represent 5 stages of the diatom succession, more fully pronounced in the Czarnucha section. During the first stage, apart from littoral periphytic diatoms, also planktonic diatoms are abundant (Aulacoseira and Stephanodiscus). During the second stage, the content of saline-water periphytic diatoms significantly increased (Fragilaria s.l.) indicating a lower water level in the lake. In the third and fourth stages, a gradual increase in the amount of planktonic diatoms (mainly Stephanodiscus spp.) indicates a deepening of the lake. The fifth stage is characterized by a renewed increase in the amount of periphytic diatoms typical of eutrophic lakes. The diatom succession from the Czarnucha section is similar to that from Sucha Wieś and, to a lesser extent, to the diatom succession known from lacustrine deposits of the Ferdynandovian Interglacial in Poland and the Belovezhian Interglacial in Belarus.
W odwierconych w latach 1988-1989 profilach otworów badawczych Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha, napotkano na organiczne i mineralne oraz rzeczne osady interglacjalne. Badania palinologiczne i litologiczno-petrograficzne tych osadów oraz datowania paleomagnetyczne określiły ich wiek na interglacjał augustowski (Augustovian), korelowany z Cromerianem I (Waardenburg). Przedstawiono stratygrafię i wiek osadów dolnego plejstocenu występujących w profilach Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha w nawiązaniu do innych profili położonych w obrębie Równiny Augustowskiej, Pojezierza Suwalskiego, Pojezierza Ełckiego oraz obszarów Rosji, Litwy i Białorusi.
EN
In the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha boreholes drilled in 1988-1989, interglacial lacustrine and fluvial organic organic and mineral deposits were encountered. Palynological and lithologic-petrographical analyses and palaeomagnetic datings indicate that these deposits are of Augustovian Interglacial age, compared to Cromerian I (Waardenburg). This report shows the stratigraphy and age of the Lower Pleistocene deposits from the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sections with a correlation to other sections located in the Augustów Plain, Suwałki Lakeland, Ełk Lakeland and Russia, Lithuania and Belarus.
Praca została wykonana na podstawie badań chemicznych i badań litologicznych osadów z profili Sucha Wieś i Czarnucha. Oba profile są bardzo zbliżone do siebie pod względem litologii i zmian środowiska depozycji osadów. Cykl zmian sedymentacji jest zapisany od osadów klimatu borealnego do osadów jeziornych klimatu ciepłego oraz ponownie do osadów rzecznych i jeziornych klimatu borealnego.
EN
The work deals with chemical analyses and lithological studies of deposits from the Sucha Wieś and Czarnucha sections. Both these sections show much similarity in terms of lithologies and changes in sedimentary environments. The sedimentary record reveals a cycle of changes from a boreal climate to a temperate climate represented by lacustrine sediments and again towards a boreal climate with fluvial and lacustrine deposition.
Based on documented examples, distinguishing the penultimate interglacial located at 7 OIS (251.000–195.000 years BP) has been proved correct in the Pleistocene of Europe. In Poland this interglacial is documented by lacustrine deposits of the Lubavian Interglacial (the sites: Grabówka, Losy), a mid-loess soil complex of the Tomaszów type (the sites: Odonów, Tomaszów, Nieledew, Branice, Łopatki) of the Lublinian Interglacial and marine deposits of the so-called Sztum Sea (the site Nowiny). Out of Poland it is characterized by marine deposits of the Grřdeland Interglacial, as well as by lacustrine deposits of the Le Buchet, Uecker, Snaigupélé, Shklov, Cherepet Interglacial, and the Korshev, Kaydaki mid-loess soil complex. It is also possible that part of the sites in the Polish Lowlands that previously have been, solely on the basis of palynologic experts, attributed to the last interglacial (Eemian), in fact represent the penultimate interglacial (Lubavian, Lublinian), separating the Krznanian Glaciation (8 OIS) from the Odranian Glaciation (6 OIS).
Wykorzystując wcześniej opublikowane prace oraz materiały jeszcze nieopublikowane, autorzy przeprowadzili ocenę danych geologicznych i paleobiologicznych zebranych w rynnie jeziora Jasień z punktu widzenia paleogeograficznego, a przede wszystkim paleohydrologicznego. Analiza ta wykazała trafność większości uwag zawartych we wcześniejszych pracach W. Florka i jego współpracowników traktujących o zmianach poziomu jezior występujących na dnie rynny jeziora Jasień. Nowsze dane paleobiologiczne i geologiczne pozwoliły na uściślenie wcześniejszych danych i ich korektę.
EN
The paper focuses on palaeogeography and, dominantly, palaeohydrology of the Jasień lake trough. The analysis is based on re-assessment ofpreviously published geological and palaeobiological data, as well as on new, yet unpublished materials. Geomorphic evidence for lake level changes within the trough includes lake shore terraces, relict cliffs from earlier stages of higher lake stands, small and flattened coastal bars, plains built of limnic and palustrine deposits, and deltas formed by tributary streams (mainly by Obrówka). The current appearance ofall these landforms is the outcome ofprocesses acting since the stabilization of lake level in the Atlantic period. The following deposits of late Pleistocene age have been recognized in the Jasień lake trough: outwash sand and gravel, varved clays, calcareous gytja, lake marl with malacofauna, detrital gytja, and moss peat. The Holocene is represented by calcareous, calcareous-detrital and detrital gytja, variously decomposed peat and charcoal. The origin oflake sedimentary sequences was connected with lake level changes. In the late Vistulian the lake stands were considerably higher than today, whereas in the early Holocene the lake level dropped below the present one. Since the middle ofthe Atlantic period lake stands in the Jasień trough have fluctuated very little because the main lake is open at the downstream end, whereas dry periods have resulted in minor oscillations, up to 1 m. Recent drainage and channelization works have contributed to the lake level drop by a similar value.
This study presents some remarks about coring and sectioning cores of recent lake sediments. Effective coring of such sediments is not easy because they are very loose (water content usually exceeds 90%]. Precisely taken core should consist of near-bottom water and undisturbed sediment column. The most widely used are gravity corers which are simple in construction and operation. The gravity corer presented here is additionally equipped with percussion system to improve penetration into the sediment. It enables to take cores 94 mm in diameter and up to 90 cm in length. The corer with rubber stopper blocked is lowered through the water and pushed into the sediment. While retrieving the core, the stopper settles into the top of the core tube. At the surface, the plug is inserted into the bottom of the core tube. After collecting, the core should be extruded and sectioned. A device presented here enables to divide the core into short intervals [0.5-1 cm]. The core is extruded upwards and samples can be collected from the tray placed on top of the tube. Both the corer and the extruder are relatively small and light. This equipment have been used in the Department of Geomorphology & Quaternary Geology at Gdańsk University for several years. So far, cores from more than 60 lakes of various depths [up to 50 m] have been successfully taken.
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