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1

Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite board based on palm frond fibers and feather clam shells

Zahar Intan, Hasanah Moraida, Pane Ali Hasimi, Fahrizar Nur Esa, Mirabel Nini Dea, Marlina Hilda Ayu

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 4

59--70

EN

Research on natural composite boards with polyester has been completed. In this study, composite boards were fabricated using palm frond fiber (PFF) and feather clam shell (FCS) combined with polyester. The mass ratios (%) of PFF:FCS:polyester investigated were 55:20:25, 45:30:25, 35:40:25, 25:50:25, and 15:60:25. The composite board manufacturing process involved pressing for 20 minutes at a pressure of 30 kg/m2 and a temperature of 70 °C. Physical parameters observed included density, porosity, and water absorption, while mechanical properties assessed comprised compressive strength, impact resistance, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Additionally, microstructural analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal properties were evaluated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results indicated that the optimum composition of 15% PFF, 60% FCS, and 25% polyester (Sample 5) produced composite boards with a density of 1.511 g/cm3 and a DSC value of 55.03 mW. The mechanical properties at this composition showed a compressive strength of 0.133 kgf/mm2, a tensile strength of 0.032 kgf/mm2, and an impact resistance of 1.6 J/mm2. SEM analysis revealed that the composite board with the 15:60:25 ratio (Sample 5) exhibited the highest distribution and homogeneity of its components. Compared to conventional wood-based materials, the composite boards demonstrated superior strength-to-weight ratios, resistance to water absorption, and thermal stability, making them highly durable and cost-effective. Additionally, the use of PFF and FCS provides a sustainable alternative by utilizing agricultural and marine waste, contributing to environmental conservation. According to JIS A 5905:2003 standards, the fabricated composite board from PFF and FCS combined with polyester in this study are categorized as “Hard Boards,” making them a viable alternative to wood for furniture applications such as tables and chairs.

2

Wood-based composite materials in the aspect of structural new generation materials. Recognition research

Czajkowska Anna, Rydzkowski Tomasz, Laskowska Dorota

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

|

Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e146618

EN

Composite materials are a constantly evolving group of engineering materials, which has significantly changed their current, and potential role as structural materials over the past decades. Composites offer greater strength, stiffness, and less deformation to structural designers than previously available engineering materials. Resin matrix composites are widely used in the transportation, marine, aerospace, energy, and even sports industries. The manufacturing stage has a profound influence on the quality of the final product. This paper presents the production of composite materials by gravity casting in silicone moulds, using an epoxy/polyester resin matrix reinforced with wood chips and shredded glass fiber reinforced composite from recycled wind turbine blades. Some of the fabricated samples were degassed in a reduced-pressure chamber. The mechanical properties of the produced material were then examined. It was noted that the silicone moulds did not affect the resin self-degassing due to the large surface area to weight ratio, and the remaining small air bubbles had a limited effect on the mechanical properties of the samples. The filler used also played a significant role. Composites filled with crushed GFRC showed better strength properties than composites filled with wood chips. The conducted research is aimed at selecting materials for further testing with a view to their use in the manufacture of next-generation wood-based composite structural materials.

3

The improvement in properties of polyester resin-based composites using a new type of silane coupling agent

Urbaniak Włodzimierz, Bednarek Wojciech Hubert, Paukszta Dominik, Szostak Marek, Szymańska Joanna

Polimery

|

2023

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Vol. 68, nr 4

221--225

EN

Adhesion between the polymer matrix and fillers is an important factor influencing the properties of the obtained composites. One way to improve interactions at the interface is to modify the filler with coupling agents, e.g., silanes. The article presents the effect of modifying the surface of the mineral filler with a new type of silane [triethoxy(ketoimino)silane] on the mechanical properties of polyester resin based composites. Composites with triethoxy(ketoimino)silane-modified filler had similar mechanical properties to composites obtained with commercial silanes, with slightly lower water absorption.

PL

Adhezja między osnową polimerową i napełniaczami jest istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na właściwości otrzymanych kompozytów. Jednym ze sposobów poprawy oddziaływań na granicy faz jest modyfikacja napełniacza środkami sprzęgającymi, np. silanami. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ modyfikacji powierzchni napełniacza mineralnego przy użyciu nowego typu silanu [triethoksy(ketoimino)silan] na właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów na bazie żywicy poliestrowej. Kompozyty z udziałem napełniacza modyfikowanego triethoksy(ketoimino)silanem miały podobne właściwości mechaniczne do kompozytów otrzymanych z udziałem silanów handlowych, przy nieco mniejszej chłonności wody.

4

The influence of metallurgical industry waste on the physical properties of composites based on polyester resin

Mrówka Maciej, Kowalczyk Łukasz, Korol Jerzy, Chmielnicki Błażej, Ošlejšek Martin, Sławski Sebastian

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 121, nr 2

238--246

EN

The purpose of the research was to find an answer to whether the waste materials of the processes are suitable for use as fillers in composite materials and whether the composite materials will show better physical properties thanks to their use. Design/methodology/approach The materials produced based on polyester resin were subjected to static tensile tests, hardness tests, and abrasive wear tests. Findings The publication's authors investigated the influence of four inorganic fillers on the properties of composite materials in which a polyester resin played the matrix. Two fillers (zinc dust and manganese (II) oxide) were used as raw materials in metallurgical processes. Two other materials (zinc ash and manganese residue) were waste materials from the processes. Practical implications In the face of challenges related to the growing amount of waste from the food industry, joint materials engineering tries to answer whether this waste can be used in the production of composite materials. In several publications from recent years, it has been postulated that used food industry products can be used as fillers for composite materials, as they can, on the one hand, improve specific physicochemical properties of new materials and manage food waste. Originality/value The research showed that from among the waste materials, only zinc ash in the 2.5% mass fraction of the composite provides the highest abrasion resistance (over 50%) compared to the unmodified resin with slight changes in other physical properties.

5

Influence of surface-modified nanoclay on the flexural strength of unsaturated polyester resin

Stępka Dominik

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 5

5--10

EN

This study delves into the influence of surface-modified nanoclay on the flexural strength of Unsaturated Polyester Resins (UPRs). UPRs, known for their robust mechanical properties, find extensive applications across various industries. With the aim of further enhancing these properties, nanofillers, specifically surface-modified nanoclay, were incorporated into the resin matrix. Our research revealed a significant improvement in flexural strength with an optimal nanoclay addition of 0.1% by weight. However, the morphological analysis identified the presence of nanoclay agglomerates, indicating potential areas for optimization in the dispersion process. The findings present a promising direction for developing advanced UPR-based materials, emphasizing the pivotal role of nanofillers in achieving superior mechanical performance.

PL

Analizowano wpływ nanoglinki o modyfikowanej powierzchni na wytrzymałość na zginanie nienasyconych żywic poliestrowych (UPR). UPR, znane ze swoich solidnych właściwości mechanicznych, znajdują szerokie zastosowanie w różnych gałęziach przemysłu. W celu dalszej poprawy tych właściwości do matrycy żywicznej wprowadzono nanonapełniacz, a dokładnie nanoglinkę z modyfikowaną powierzchnią. Badania wykazały znaczną poprawę wytrzymałości na zginanie przy optymalnym dodatku nanoglinki w ilości 0,1% mas. Analiza morfologiczna wykazała obecność aglomeratów nanoglinki, wskazując potencjalne obszary optymalizacji w procesie dyspersji. Odkrycia wyznaczają obiecujący kierunek rozwoju zaawansowanych materiałów na bazie UPR, podkreślając kluczową rolę nanonapełniaczy w osiąganiu doskonałych parametrów mechanicznych.

6

Abrasive wear resistance of matrix composites carbon fiber reinforced polymers

Olejniczak Klaudia, Napiórkowski Jerzy

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2022

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nr 25(1)

139--147

EN

The paper presents the results of the abrasive wear resistance test of composites based on polymers reinforced with carbon fibers. Two types of fiber composites obtained from a yacht manufacturer were used for the tests. The tests were carried out using the ball-cratering method without abrasive suspension. On the basis of the specific wear rate Kc, better tribological properties of the polyester matrix reinforced with glass fabric were observed compared to the polyester matrix reinforced with a glass emulsion mat. The composite material reinforced with glass cloth was characterized by smaller crater diameters, which may cause plastic deformation due to the low hardness of the material.

7

Innowacyjne materiały typu solid surface

Langer Ewa, Gajlewicz Izabela, Lenartowicz-Klik Marta, Kłosek Krystian

Polimery dla Biznesu

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2022

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nr 4

17--21

PL

Tworzywa typu solid surface wyróżniają się spośród innych rodzajów tworzyw wyjątkowymi właściwościami, które pozwalają na niemal nieograniczone ich zastosowanie. Dzięki podstawowym składnikom jakimi są żywica, napełniacze mineralne i pigmenty możliwe jest otrzymanie różnorodnej gamy produktów zarówno pod kątem kolorystyki jak i struktury. Opracowane w ramach projektu kompozycje na bazie żywicy poliestrowej, obok bardzo dobrych właściwości mechanicznych i odpornościowych charakteryzowały się właściwościami antybakteryjnymi i grzybostatycznymi. Kompozycje te posłużą do produkcji umywalek i blatów, które obok estetycznego wyglądu i wyjątkowej odporności, będą posiadały udogodnienia dla osób niepełnosprawnych.

EN

Solid surface plastics stand out from other types of plastics with their unique properties that allow their almost unlimited use. Thanks to the basic components, which are resin, mineral fillers, and pigments, it is possible to obtain a wide range of products, both in terms of colour and structure. The compositions based on polyester resin developed as part of the project, apart from very good mechanical and resistance properties, were characterized by antibacterial and fungistatic properties. These compositions will be used to produce washbasins and countertops, which, apart from their aesthetic appearance and exceptional resistance, will have facilities for the disabled people.

8

Modyfikowanie nienasyconych żywic poliestrowych nanododatkami

Stępka Dominik

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2022

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Vol. 43, nr 4

10--12

PL

W pracy przedstawiono różnego rodzaju podejście do kwestii modyfikacji żywic poliestrowych przy użyciu nanododatków. Poruszono zagadnienia nasiąkliwości kompozytów na bazie żywic, ich ognioodporności, a także udarności i wytrzymałości na zginanie. Zwrócono szczególną uwagę na metody z którymi wiąże się najbardziej korzystne rokowania.

EN

The paper presents a different approach to the modification of polyester resins with the use of nano-additives. The issues of absorbability of resinbased composites, their fire resistance, as well as impact strength and flexural strength were discussed. Particular attention was paid to the methods with the most favorable prognosis.

9

Thermal characterization of curing process in unsaturated polyester resin based polymer concrete

Smoleń Jakub, Tomaszewska Klaudia, Desisa Debela Geneti

Composites Theory and Practice

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2022

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R. 22, nr 3

166--171

EN

This paper presents a description of the temperature changes that take place in the curing system of polymer concrete. The research used polymer concrete composed of 30% by volume unsaturated polyester resin acting as a binder for powder fillers. Among the powder fillers, ground glass waste and sand in a volume ratio of 1:1 were used. The investigations were carried out for three volumes, 10, 100 and 1000 cm3, respectively. The temperature in the central point of the volume (the highest temperature) was measured by the ATD method using a NiCr-NiAl thermocouple, and the temperature on the polymer concrete surface was measured using a thermal imaging camera. The temperature-time course recorded for both the measuring points allowed evaluation of the curing system parameters (gelation time, maximum curing temperature, time to maximum temperature), important for the processing of polymer concrete. Additionally, the knowledge of the temperature curves enabled a mathematical description of the heat flow between the measuring points. The conducted studies proved that the volume of the mold is important for the maximum temperature and curing time. The work is a continuation of previous research focused on polymer concrete and is an extension of information oriented to the industrial aspect. Knowledge of the temperaturę peaks and curing time will allow adjustments to be made to the manufacturing processes.

10

Natural filler based composite materials

Nayeeif A.A., Hamdan Z.K., Metteb Z.W., Abdulla F.A., Jebur N.A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 116, nr 1

5--13

EN

Purpose: The first goal is to get rid of waste and reduce environmental pollution, and the other goal is to investigate the effect of these fibres on properties (resistance of composite materials for bending and tensile testing) of polyester and use them in applications. Also, The moisture environment effect on the properties of composite materials was studied. Design/methodology/approach: It uses natural fibres, which are considered waste, namely eggshell and sawdust with polyester. Several samples were prepared with different weight percentages (30% and 40%), and their mechanical properties were studied and immersed in water for 15 days. And studying the effect of water on these properties. It was found that it is possible to use these fibres (waste) with polyester and benefit from them. It was found that when adding fibres to polyester, the tensile strength decreases, but the bending increases the strength. Finally, it was found that when the samples are immersed in water, the material weakens, and its mechanical properties decrease. Findings: It can be noticed that adding natural fibres by 40% and 30% improved the mechanical properties of polyester in the bending test, where the bending test increased with increased volume fraction of fibre. It can be noticed that adding natural fibres by 40% and 30% decreased the mechanical properties (tensile strength) of polyester in a tensile test. When the natural composite materials were treated with water for 15 days, water decreased the mechanical properties in bending and tensile test. Research limitations/implications: One of the limitations of this research that was found through the work is that when increasing the weight ratios of the fibres added to polyester leads to the failure of polyester, so we recommend using lower weight ratios of fibre. Practical implications: One of the limitations of this research that was found through the work is that when increasing the weight ratios of the fibres added to polyester leads to the failure of polyester, so we recommend using lower weight ratios of fibre. Originality/value: The original value of this research is the use of fibres that are considered waste, their reuse, and utilization in some applications that do not require composite materials with high mechanical properties.

11

Zastosowanie kompozytów do wzmacniania zbiorników stalowych

Gacki Dawid

Materiały Budowlane

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2020

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nr 5

38--40

12

Effect of Gamma Radiation on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fabric Reinforced Polyester Composites

Motaleb K.Z.M. Abdul, Islam Md Shariful, Milašius Rimvydas

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

|

2019

|

Vol. 27, no. 4 (136)

88--93

EN

Two types of composites: (1) pineapple fabric reinforced polyester resin (pineapple/PR) and (2) jute fabric reinforced polyester resin (jute/PR) were prepared and the mechanical properties investigated for various gamma radiation doses ranging from 100-500 krad. Properties like tensile strength, Young’s modulus, elongation-at-break, bending strength, bending modulus and impact strength were increased significantly by 19%, 32%, 45%, 32%, 47% and 20%, respectively, at a dose of 300 krad for pineapple/PR, and by 47%, 49%, 42%, 45%, 52% and 65%, respectively, at a dose of 200 krad for the jute/PR composite in comparison to the non-irradiated composite. Gamma radiation improved the mechanical properties, but overdoses of radiation even caused a reduction in them.

PL

W pracy przygotowano dwa rodzaje kompozytów (1) żywica poliestrowa wzmocniona tkaniną ananasową (Pineapple/PR) i (2) żywica poliestrowa wzmocniona tkaniną jutową (Jute/PR), a następnie zbadano wpływ na właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów różnych dawek promieniowania gamma w zakresie od 100-500 krad. Właściwości takie jak wytrzymałość na rozciąganie, moduł Younga, wydłużenie przy zerwaniu, wytrzymałość na zginanie, moduł zginania i wytrzymałość na uderzenia zostały znacznie polepszone odpowiednio o 19%, 32%, 45%, 32%, 47% i 20% w dawce 300 krad dla Pineapple/PR, podczas gdy odpowiednio 47%, 49%, 42%, 45%, 52% i 65% w dawce 200 krad dla kompozytu Jute/PR w porównaniu z kompozytem nienapromieniowanym. Stwierdzono, że promieniowanie gamma poprawia właściwości mechaniczne kompozytów, ale przy zastosowaniu nadmiernych dawek promieniowania właściwości te ulegają pogorszeniu.

13

Kompozyty na bazie nienasyconej o-ftalowej żywicy poliestrowej napełnione kruszywem szklanym z wyeksploatowanych bocznych szyb samochodowych

Zegardło B., Drzymała T., Nitychoruk J.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2018

|

T. 97, nr 4

595--600

PL

Opracowano nowy sposób wytwarzania kompozytu żywicznego, który zawiera w swym składzie stłuczkę szklaną. Do wytworzenia recyklingowego kruszywa wykorzystano wyeksploatowane boczne szyby samochodowe. Odpady poddano procesowi kruszenia. Powstałe kruszywo dozowano do betonu w ilości 20, 50 i 100% mas. jako substytut kruszywa tradycyjnego. Substancją wiążącą była o-ftalowa żywica poliestrowa. Do utwardzenia żywicy zastosowano inicjator w postaci wodoronadtlenku metyloetyloketonu. Jako kompozyty porównawcze służyły betony o tym samym składzie ale zawierające piaskowe lub żwirowe kruszywo tradycyjne. Dla wszystkich kompozytów przeprowadzono podstawowe testy, jakie wykonuje się standardowo dla betonów stosowanych w konstrukcjach budowlanych. Zbadano gęstość utwardzonego betonu, nasiąkliwość, oraz wykonano podstawowe testy wytrzymałości na zginanie i ściskanie. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na nietypowy wygląd powstałych kompozytów. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wykazały, że odpadowe boczne szyby samochodowe mogą być rekomendowane jako napełniacze do betonów żywicznych. Kompozyt żywiczny wykonany z ich udziałem spełnia wymagania stawiane materiałom konstrukcyjnym stosowanym w budownictwie. Interesujący wygląd wyrobów może sprawić, że będzie on alternatywą dla dotychczas produkowanych kompozytów.

EN

Waste car side windows were crushed to grain size 4-8 mm and used as fillers (76.28% by mass) in polyester resin-matrix composites (polymeric concretes). The composites were cured with (MeEtCOOH)2O2 and studied for d., water absorbability and permeability as well as for bending and compressive strengths. The composites showed higher quality than the analogous composites filled with sand or gravel.

14

An alternative and indirect statistical modeling method for viscosity estimation and its experimental validation for low styrene content polyester resin

Nawaz A., Islam B., Ijaz M. Z., Saleem U., Khattak M. S., Ahmad S. N., Maqsood N., Ali L.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2018

|

Vol. 20, nr 4

60--65

EN

We propose an indirect method of ASTM D-1200 for measurement of viscosity from 0.1 to 30 stokes (St) using Ford cup 5 (range 2~ 12 St) by developing a statistical relation. General purpose low styrene content polyester resin (without adding initiator, hardener and accelerator) was used for viscosity measurement. In existing ASTM D 1200 standard, ford cups (1-4) are used to measure the viscosity up to 2 St, while fifth cup is used for measurement from 2 to 12 St. Viscosity above 12 St is not estimated using existing ASTM D- 1200 method. In contrast, our method and statistical relation proposed in this paper estimates viscosity in the flexible range of 0.1 to 30 St by using Ford cup 5 only. The estimated values were confirmed by existing ASTM D-1200 (0.1 to 12 St) and by using Ubbelohde viscometer (12 to 30 St). Values estimated above 12 St are from the proposed model are also in good conformance (percentage error ~ 5% or less) with experimental results. The satisfaction level of the estimated values with the experiments suggests that the model has also the potential for application to paints, polymer and oil industry.

15

Badania właściwości kompozytów poliestrowych napełnionych włóknami szklanymi i naturalnymi

Jaszewski J., Zajchowski S., Tomaszewska J., Mirowski J.

Polimery

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2018

|

T. 63, nr 2

109--114

PL

Oceniano możliwość zastosowania żywicy poliestrowej na bazie surowców pochodzenia roślinnego do wytwarzania laminatów wzmacnianych matą szklaną i tkaniną lnianą. Porównano właściwości mechaniczne i fizyczne kompozytów wytworzonych na osnowie takiej żywicy z właściwościami kompozytów na osnowie żywicy poliestrowej zsyntetyzowanej z surowców pochodzenia petrochemicznego. Zbadano też zmianę właściwości mechanicznych przy statycznym rozciąganiu i zginaniu oraz gęstość laminatów poddanych 24-godzinnemu działaniu wody. Stwierdzono, że rodzaj żywicy ma niewielki wpływ na charakterystykę wytworzonych laminatów, dzięki temu żywicę otrzymaną z surowców pochodzenia petrochemicznego można zastąpić żywicą syntetyzowaną z udziałem surowców pochodzenia roślinnego.

EN

The aim of this study was to verify the possibility of using polyester resin made from plant-based resources for the preparation of laminates reinforced by glass mat and flax fabric. The mechanical and physical properties of the composites based on this resin matrix were compared to those of the composites with polyester resin synthesized from petrochemical raw materials. Also, the changes in the static tensile properties and density of the laminates exposed to water for 24 h were investigated. It was found that the type of resin used had a negligible impact on the differences in the properties of produced laminates. Owing to this, the resin derived from petrochemical sources can be replaced by the resin obtained partially from the raw materials of plant origin in the production of laminates.

16

Podstawy technologii farb i lakierów – surowce - baza błonotwórcza: część 2 - Bazy błonotwórcze pochodzenia syntetycznego - żywice poliestrowe

Suchoń K.

Farby i Lakiery

|

2018

|

nr 3

35--41

PL

W niniejszym artykule omówiono charakterystykę grupy baz błonotwórczych, jakimi są żywice poliestrowe. Żywice poliestrowe są produktami polikondensacji alkoholi wielowodorotlenowych z kwasami wielokarboksylowymi. Różnorodna budowa substratów i ich funkcyjność powodują, że na rynku dostępna jest szeroka gama żywic różniących się właściwościami. Zastosowanie poliestrów błonotwórczych to między innymi przemysł powłok ochronnych, przemysł samochodowy, przemysł chemiczny - wytwarzanie poliuretanowych baz błonotwórczych, plastyfikatorów.

EN

This article briefly discusses the characteristics of a group of film-forming materials such as polyester resins. Polyester resins are polycondensation products of polyhydric alcohols with polycarboxylic acids. A variety of substrates and their functionality make the market a wide range of resins with different properties. The use of film-forming polyesters is also wide. They are used by the furniture industry, the protective coating industry, the automotive industry, the chemical industry — the production of polyurethane film-forming bases, plasticizers. This article is next in a series of articles Chemistry and Technology of Paints and the second one focusing on raw materials for paints.

17

Influence of resin parameters on strength properties of polymer composite produced by vacuum mehod

Chatys R., Piernik K.

Composites Theory and Practice

|

2018

|

R. 18, nr 1

45--50

EN

The paper presents the process of producing composite material by the vacuum bag method and its numerical analysis. The composite is made of three layers of two-directional combimat with a [0.90] orientation. Then it is cut at angles and subjected to a tensile test in the Laboratory of Composite Materials, Kielce University of Technology. The data obtained from the tensile test were used to construct three tubular elements that were designed in the ABAQUS program using the finite element method. The tube was treated as a thin-walled shell component, at both ends infinitely rigid rod-shaped Rigid links are formed, at the center of their intersection the point of attachment is generated. On both sides of the rigid restraint, the element is subjected to a uniform internal pressure of a 10 MPa amplitude, which would be very difficult to obtain under laboratory conditions. The conducted experiment gives very precise information about the stresses created in the composite and the behavior of both the fibers and the matrix at different layup angles.

PL

Przedstawiono proces produkcji materiału kompozytowego metodą worka próżniowego oraz jego analizę numeryczną. Kompozyt jest zbudowany z trzech warstw matotkaniny dwukierunkowej o ułożeniu [0,90]. Następnie zostaje pocięty pod kątami i poddany próbie rozciągania w laboratorium materiałów kompozytowych Politechniki Świętokrzyskiej. Dane uzyskane z próby rozciągania posłużyły do budowy trzech elementów rurowych, które zostały zaprojektowane w programie ABAQUS, wykorzystującym metodę elementów skończonych. Rura została potraktowana jako element cienkościenny typu Shell (powłokowy), na obu końcach utworzone są nieskończenie sztywne elementy prętowe Rigid links, w centralnym punkcie ich przecięcia wygenerowany zostaje punkt zamocowania. Po obustronnym sztywnym utwierdzeniu element zostaje poddany od wewnątrz równomiernemu działaniu ciśnienia o amplitudzie 10 MPa, co byłoby bardzo trudne do uzyskania w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Przeprowadzony eksperyment daje bardzo precyzyjne informacje o naprężeniach powstających w kompozycie oraz o zachowaniu się zarówno włókien, jak i matrycy w różnych kątach ułożenia.

18

Dobór materiału osnowy na hybrydowe materiały kompozytowe z udziałem recyklatów

Pawłowska P., Gawdzińska K., Bryll K., Pijanowski M., Chybowski L.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2017

|

T. 23, Nr 5 (179)

411--416

PL

Wybór odpowiedniej osnowy w procesie wytwarzania laminatów jest bardzo ważnym elementem technologicznym. Prawidłowo dobrana osnowa najczęściej w rozpatrywanym typie kompozytów: żywica powinna spełniać założone cechy wytrzymałościowe, być odporna na działanie czynników zewnętrznych, doskonale pokrywać i scalać fazę umocnienia i być łatwą w przetwarzaniu. Z drugiej strony powinna również spełniać wymagania norm i wytycznych dotyczących środowiska oraz BHP, a jej cena powinna być dostosowana do założonego poziomu ekonomicznego. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono najpopularniejsze rodzaje żywic stosowane w technologiach kompozytów wraz z zestawianiem ich wad i zalet. Na podstawie analizy charakterystycznych cech żywic wytypowano różne materiały na osnowę laminatów polimerowych. Celem pracy było opisanie wyników badań dotyczących zagadnień związanych z wpływem materiału osnowy na właściwości kompozytów z recyklatów i hybrydowych kompozytów recyklatowych. Wytworzono kompozyt zawierający recyklatową piankę poliuretanową o osnowie z żywicy poliestrowej i epoksydowej oraz hybrydowy kompozyt wzmacniany recyklatową pianką poliuretanową i włóknem szklanym, o osnowie z żywicy poliestrowej i epoksydowej. Porównano również właściwości fizyko-chemiczne wytwarzanych materiałów.

EN

The choice of proper resin in the manufacture of laminates critical. Properly selected resins should: comply with the assumed strength and fatigue related parameters; be resistant to external factors; perfectly cover the reinforcement phase; be suitable for easy processing. On the other hand, the composite resin should also meet requirements of standards and guidelines relating to the environment and occupational safety, and its price should not exceed an adopted range. This work presents the most common types of resins, indicating their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of various resins, those suitable for the matrix material are pointed out. This study aims at analyzing the results of research on the influence of matrix material on properties of recyclate composites and hybrid composites. One type of the manufactured composite contained recycled polyurethane foam with the matrix of polyester and epoxy resin, the other was a hybrid composite with recycled polyurethane foam and glass fiber and polyester and epoxy resin matrix. The physico-chemical properties of the materials have been compared.

19

Influence of repainting on the mechanical properties, surface topography and microstructure of polyester powder coatings

Szala M., Kot E. A.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2017

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Vol. 11, no. 2

159--165

EN

The literature does not provide a systematic analysis of the effect of electrostatic powder coating repainting of structural and constructional aluminum elements on their technological parameters. It is industrial practice that worn or damaged coatings be repainted. It is crucial to determine the effect of electrostatic sprayed coatings repainting on their microstructure, roughness and mechanical properties. The aim of the work is to determinate the influence of repainting of powder deposited polyester coatings on their mechanical properties, roughness and microstructure. This study examined three different electrostatic spray epoxy coatings with matt, silk gloss and fine structure-matt finish. Test panels were prepared as single- and double-layer paint coatings on the aluminum alloy 6060 substrate. Hence, six test sets of coatings were deposited. Each set contained six samples. The microstructure of the cross section of coating was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light optical microscopy (metallographic and stereoscopy microscope). The chemical composition of coating was analyzed by the SEM-EDS method. The 2D surface roughness of single- and double-layer coatings and 3D surface topography maps were examined using a profile measurement gauge. The mechanical properties of coatings were measured by cupping, bending, impact, adhesion to substrate tests run according to standard procedures. As a result, the influence of repainting of polyester powder coatings on their properties was determined. The results demonstrate that repainting has no effect on the microstructure and coating adhesion to substrate as well as the bending test results and roughness of matt and silk gloss coatings. It has been found that repainting affects the results of impact and cupping tests as well as the roughness of samples with fine structure surface finish.

20

Optimal design of a composite propellant formulation using response surface methodology

Hamed J. O., Ogunleye O. O., Osheku C. A.

Advances in Materials Science

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2017

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Vol. 17, nr 1(51)

44--57

EN

There is a continuous demand for high performance composite propellant formulations to meet mission requirements. The performance of composite propellant formulations can be enhanced by optimizing propellant formulation. However, the main objective of this study is to formulate a composition for composite propellant by optimizing the specific impulse which is the measure of propellant performance. A central composite design (ccd) consisting five ingredients (ammonium nitrate, powdered aluminum, polyester resin, ammonium dichromate and powdered charcoal) at five levels was used to formulate optimum propellant formulation from composite materials of ammonium nitrate based propellant verified for propellant characteristics using propellant performance evaluation programme (propep 3). The responses evaluated are specific impulse, characteristic velocity, density, temperature and molecular weight. Response surface methodology was used to analyze the results of the ccd of the composite formulations. The optimum values for specific impulse, characteristic velocity, density, temperature and molecular weight of the mixture from the surface plot are 212.178 s, 1335.81 m/s, 1640.6 k g/m3, 1968.73 k and 21.7722 g/mol respectively. The optimum predicted specific impulse was 212.178 s at composite composition of 73.61% ammonium nitrate, 4.36% powdered aluminum, 14.39% polyester resin, 5.10% ammonium dichromate and 2.54% powdered charcoal. The propellant optimum composition validated with propep 3 are in good agreement with each other in their accompany propellant characteristics. Therefore, the optimal propellant formulation enhanced the performance of solid propellants.