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Assessment of the Vulnerability of Zygmunt Spring Water to Pollution (southern Poland)

Dąbrowska Dominika, Ruman Marek

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2025

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Vol. 41, iss. 1

197--218

EN

Karst aquifers are among the most widely used drinking water resources worldwide. However, their water quality can deteriorate due to negative anthropogenic impacts. Monitoring the quality of spring water is crucial, both in terms of physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. In this study, 34 parameters of the Zygmunt Spring in Złoty Potok (southern Poland) were analyzed across three measurement series. The average water conductivity was 370 μS/cm, with a pH of approximately 7 and a flow rate of about 17 L/s. The Backman Pollution Index (average value: -13) and the Water Quality Index (average value: 94) were calculated, indicating that bacterial contamination poses the greatest risk to water quality. Additionally, geochemical modeling was conducted to identify minerals undergoing dissolution and precipitation. The results confirmed the dissolution of calcite and dolomite, as well as the precipitation of goethite and hematite.

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Systemy krasowe należą do najbardziej niejednorodnych i anizotropowych ze względu na system kanałów krasowych i szczelin powstałych w wyniku nierównomiernego przepływu wód podziemnych, co tworzy złożone warunki hydrogeologiczne. Należą również do najczęściej wykorzystywanych zasobów wody pitnej na świecie. Jednak ze względu na negatywne oddziaływanie antropogeniczne jakość ich wody może się pogorszyć. Monitorowanie jakości wody w źródłach jest niezwykle ważne, zarówno pod względem parametrów fizykochemicznych, jak i bakteriologicznych. W trzech seriach pomiarowych zbadano 34 parametry w źródle Zygmunta w Złotym Potoku (południowa Polska). Średnia przewodność wody w tym źródle wynosi 370 μS/cm, pH wynosi około 7, a natężenie przepływu około 17 l/s. Pierwszym elementem badań nad jakością wody w źródle Zygmunta było wypełnienie formularza - tzw. znormalizowanej metody Howarda, która ma na celu określenie ryzyka dla źródła. W ramach badań obliczono Backman Pollution Index (średnia wartość -13) i Water Quality Index (średnia wartość 94). Wyniki obliczeń wskazują, że bakterie stanowią największe zagrożenie dla wody. Bliskie sąsiedztwo szlaków transportowych, pól uprawnych lub obszarów niesanitarnych może stanowić zagrożenie dla substancji nieorganicznych lub bakterii. Przeprowadzono również modelowanie geochemiczne w celu zidentyfikowania minerałów rozpuszczonych i wytrąconych w wodzie. W wyniku modelowania potwierdzono rozpuszczenie kalcytu i dolomitu oraz wytrącanie się getytu i hematytu.

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Incidence of the Leachates from the Quevedo Emerging Cell on the Water Quality of the Limón Stream, San Cristóbal Parish, Quevedo Canton

Guime Baldión Karla Yanick, Mendoza Cedeño Laura Gema

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

65--73

EN

The present study aimed to assess the impact of leachates from the emerging cell on the water quality of the Limón stream in Ecuador. Five sampling points were selected as references using the NTE INEN 2176:2013 standard. Subsequently, these samples were analyzed in a laboratory using the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater for the respective physicochemical analysis. The analysis results were compared with the Unified Text of Secondary Legislation of the Ministry of the Environment, and the water quality index (WQI) was determined according to the National Sanitary Foundation (NSF). Additionally, an environmental diagnosis was conducted based on the cause-effect matrix by Leopold to propose a strategy for the restoration and ecological recovery of the affected components. According to the obtained results, the sampling points closer to the leachate discharge showed high concentrations of dissolved oxygen, iron, fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS), which exceeded the maximum permissible limits according to legislation. This resulted in a “fair” water quality index classification according to the WQI classification. These findings highlight the importance of considering and assessing the environmental impacts. A total of 24 impacts were identified on physical, biotic, and anthropic components, with 4.76% being highly significant, 42.86% significant, and 52.38% negligible. In conclusion, the results indicate a scenario of environmental deterioration at the leachate discharge stations, urging the urgent implementation of corrective measures to address the detected high contamination.

3

Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater in Ludhiana and Amritsar Districts of Punjab and Identification of Fluoride Hotspots using GIS

Khusulio Kaikho, Sharma Neeta Raj, Kumar Rohan, Das Iswar Chandra, Setia Raj

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 5

41--73

EN

High fluoride concentrations in soil, water, or air can pose serious environmental and health risks to plants, and animals. Along with other hydrochemical parameters, this study investigates fluoride concentrations in the groundwater in the Ludhiana and Amritsar districts of Punjab, India. A total of 222 water samples were uniformly collected at approximately five-kilometer intervals for hydrochemical analyses. Statistical methods such as inverse distance weighting (IDW) and correlation matrices were used to assess the fluoride distribution and its relationships with other parameters. According to WHO guidelines, most fluoride concentrations were below 0.6 ppm in Ludhiana (84.30%) and Amritsar (77.23%). Fluoride levels that were within the permissible range (0.6–1.5 ppm) were found in 15.70% of Ludhiana’s samples and 21.78% of Amritsar’s samples; only 1% of Amritsar’s samples exceeded the permissible limit (>1.5 ppm). The water quality index (WQI) analysis indicated that 0.83% of the groundwater samples from the Ludhiana district and 4.95% from the Amritsar district were unfit for consumption. This study demonstrates the importance of standardized sample collection and the use of GIS technology for comprehensive hydrochemical assessments, raising awareness and reducing health risks.

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Water Quality Monitoring System for Temperature, pH, Turbidity, DO, BOD, and COD Parameters Based on Internet of Things in the Garang Watershed

Syafrudin, Sarminingsih Anik, Juliani Henny, Budihardjo Mochamad Arief, Puspita Annisa Sila, Mirhan Shafa Auliya Arlin

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 2

1--16

EN

Water has recently become a final disposal site for wastewater. Land use has evolved with the global population growth and is generally transformed into settlements and industrial areas. These land use changes could potentially increase wastewater generation from both domestic and non-domestic activities. The Garang watershed, one of the watersheds in Central Java, flows through the Semarang Regency, Kendal Regency, and Semarang City. This study analyzed the water quality conditions in the Garang watershed and designed a real-time water quality monitoring system. The methods used in this study included SWMM modeling, the national sanitation foundation water quality index (NSF-WQI), and the internet of things. Samples were collected from 10 points in the Garang Watershed, with a sampling frequency of five times at each point. The results of the data analysis demonstrated that the differences in land use resulted in varying water parameter levels. The results of the SWMM modeling demonstrated an acceptable model value (NOF between 0 and 1). On the other hand, the WQI analysis results demonstrated that the quality status at the Garang watershed is "medium" at nearly all location points. The designed real-time water quality sensor tool successfully transmitted water quality data online and in real-time, particularly for temperature, pH, turbidity, and DO. This water quality monitoring system offers a variable percentage error value, with the pH sensor ranging between 0.16% and 9.86% and the temperature sensor ranging between 0.64% and 1.72%.

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Water Quality Index and Life Cycle Assessment of Al-Hashimiyah Water Treatment Plant

Abulameer Mustafa, Al-Khalaf Safaa K. Hashim, Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

297--310

EN

Drinking water treatment reduces or eliminates certain health risks and ensures appropriate water quality by removing physical, chemical, and biological pollutants. The treatment process’s increased need for energy, chemicals, and technological inputs raises the expense of producing water as well as its secondary environmental effects. The goal of this research is to use the water quality index (WQI) and life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine and assess the environmental effects of the Al-Hashimiyah water treatment plant (WTP) in Babylon City, Iraq. The water quality index was employed as a criterion for categorizing and treating water in accordance with fundamental water characterization variables using a weighted arithmetic index technique. The LCA was supported by the EcoIndicator 99 database and SimaPro 7.0 software. What makes this study unusual is the identification of two extra functional units related to decontamination, beyond the usual one cubic meter treated water. Samples of treated and raw water were gathered during a 25-month period, from March 2022 to March 2023, and were regularly tested. The results demonstrated that all chemical and physical characteristics (for both raw and processed water) met Iraqi criteria, with the exception of total suspended particles and electrical conductivity. According to LCA studies, certain environmental consequences grow as pollutant concentrations drop. Due to this, a more thorough analysis of the environmental performance of water treatment facilities is now required.

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Water Quality Index and Health Risks in a Peruvian High Andean River

Sánchez-Araujo Víctor, Portuguez-Maurtua Marcelo, Palomino-Pastrana Pedro, Escobar-Soldevilla Mabel, Sáez-Huamán Wilfredo, Chávez-Araujo Elmer, Llahuilla-Quea Jose Antonio, López-Alvarado Rommel Luis, Chávez-Juanito Yuli Anabel, Contreras-López Eliana

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 6

301--315

EN

Water quality in rivers is affected as it passes through urban areas; this situation can be improved with good management of water resources. High Andean rivers require further studies to indicate their quality status. In addition, it is important to estimate the health risks associated with exposure to contaminants in the river water. Therefore, it is proposed to assess the water quality index (WQI) using the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) model and the health risks in the urban section of the Ichu River in Peru. Six monitoring points were selected in the section of the Ichu River that includes the urbanized part of the city of Huancavelica. The sample was taken during the months of February to April 2021. Critical parameters were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis as principal components and cluster test. In addition, Pearson’s correlation test was performed, and the water quality status was evaluated using the WQI-NSF model. The Ichu River was of “bad” quality, unfit for human consumption, and confirming the impact of the population on water quality. The WQI-NSF model could be useful for high Andean watercourses suffering from anthropogenic deterioration of quality, with illegal effluent discharges and poor sanitation. There is a high health risk due to fecal coliform contamination from sewage discharges into the river. In addition, the total hazard index indicated that contaminants are causing negative health effects in adult males at a low risk level (risk 2), adult females at a moderate risk level (risk 3), and children at a negligible risk level (risk 1). With the help of this study, an appropriate management plan can be put in place to restore the ecological integrity of the Ichu River.

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Study of the Physico-Chemical Parameters of Surface Water Resources in the Oued Ansegmir Watershed Area (Morocco)

Rahoui Hassan, Kessou Hind Ait, Bejjaji Zohra, Chakiri Said

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

179--189

EN

This study aims to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of 11 water samples to establish a qualitative description of water resources and assess their suitability for agricultural irrigation in the Oued Ansegmir (OAW) catchment area (1060 km2). The study involved the collection and analysis of water samples, focusing on cations and anions. Hydrogeochemical classification diagrams, including trilinear Piper and Scholler-Berkaloff diagrams, were modeled using Diagrammes software. A multivariate statistical method, principal component analysis (PCA), was employed to evaluate the physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated for all samples to provide a comprehensive assessment of water quality. The Schöeller Berkaloff diagram indicated the presence of a sodium chloride facies (S1, S4) and a calcium bicarbonate facies for the remaining samples. The Piper diagram revealed a potassium sulphate-chloride facies and a calcium and magnesium bicarbonate facies. PCA identified two main factors: salinity and ion concentration (PC1), and the distinction between geochemical influences and potential human impacts (PC2). The WQI results showed that 36.4% of the water samples were of good quality, while 63.6% were of poor quality. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that examined water quality of OAW for agricultural purposes. Our results clearly indicate the suitability of OAW water resources for agricultural irrigation, while providing essential and relevant information for agricultural practices along Oued Ansegmir.

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Spatiotemporal Interpolation of Water Quality Index and Nitrates Using ArcGIS Pro for Surface Water Quality Modeling in the Oum Er-Rabia Watershed

Ouhakki Hicham, El Fallah Kamal, El Mejdoub Nouredine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 5

312--323

EN

This study aims to create complete surface water quality maps for the Oum Er Rabia watershed by predicting nitrate (NO3 - ) and water quality index (WQI) values at unsampled locations. Utilizing a combination of NO3 - , IQE data, and ArcGIS Pro software. Water samples were collected from 40 stations across the basin during twelve campaigns conducted in the winter and summer of 2021 and 2022. The database contains the analysis results of 12 parameters measured in 480 samples. The method used to model water quality is interpolation with ArcGIS Pro. The distribution map of nitrate values for all samples shows concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 38.89 mg/L. These values are lower than the admissible level recommended by the Moroccan standard for drinking water (50 mg/L). The resulting map of the modeling shows higher NO3 - concentrations in summur than in winter. The resulting map of the WQI modeling shows that water quality is excellent in most of the Oum Er-Rbia watershed, with the majority of the area falling into the “good” and “excellent” categories. The water quality deterio-rates in certain parts, especially at stations SS3, SS4, SS5, SS8, and PS9, where the water is of poor quality. In the central and eastern parts, the presence of excessively high ammonium concentrations has significantly compromised the water quality, leading to heavy pollution. Exceeding Moroccan drinking water standards, these observed levels likely stem from human activities. Accurate water quality predictions with ArcGIS Pro require considering data quality, historical trends, and spatiotemporal variations. Understanding these limitations ensures responsible and effective tool use. The study concluded that water pollution could be due to proximity to industrial and urban areas. This study’s uniqueness lies in integrating the WQI, NO3 -, and ArcGIS-Pro into maps. This approach makes information accessible to the public and useful for decision-makers to take action at all watershed points.

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Groundwater Quality Assessment in the Coastal Mediterranean Aquifer of Northeastern Morocco – A GIS-Based Approach

Bouhout Sara, Haboubi Khadija, El Hammoudani Yahya, El Abdouni Aouatif, Haboubi Chaimae, Dimane Fouad, Hanafi Issam, Elyoubi Mohamed Salahdine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

22--45

EN

Groundwater quality degradation is a pressing concern in semi-arid coastal regions, exemplified by the Ghiss-Nekor aquifer in northeastern Morocco, spanning 100 km2. This study adopts a comprehensive approach, utilizing chloro-alkaline indices, hydrochemical facies diagrams, the water quality index (WQI), and the synthetic pollution index (SPI) to assess the groundwater quality and its evolution. Key findings reveal that the Ghiss-Nekor ground-water is brackish, primarily suitable for irrigation due to high total dissolved solids (TDS). Salinization stems from reverse cation exchange, as indicated by hydrochemical analyses. WQI assessments highlight the inadequacy of this groundwater for drinking purposes, with SPI classifying 54% of wells as moderately polluted. Fine particles mitigate marine intrusion in the northwest. Overlaying land-use and electrical conductivity maps identifies the areas with poor-quality groundwater, notably near an unregulated landfill, a coastal tourist site, and a wastewater treatment facility. Ionic analysis identifies multiple saline sources, with nitrate and sulfate contributions standing out. While the study offers valuable insights, limitations include the need for ongoing data collection and source identification challenges. Nonetheless, the research underscores the urgency of effective water management, particularly around the landfill site situated above permeable deposits, offering an innovative approach with global applicability for addressing groundwater quality issues in semi-arid coastal areas.

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Examining Water Quality Indices Method in Varied Climatic Regions – Sutami Reservoir Case Study

Sholichin Moh, Prayogo Tri Budi, Wicaksono Kurniawan Sigit, Hidayati A.S. Dwi Saptati Nur, Rahardjo Seto Sugianto Prabowo

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

174--189

EN

Monitoring and analyzing reservoir water quality are crucial for ecological and environmental strategies. This study examines the differences between the water quality index (WQI) of Indonesia (WQI-INA), Malaysia (DOE-Malaysia), Oregon (WQI-Oregon), and Italy (PI-Prati), considering the tropical climate of Indonesia and Malaysia, and contrasting with the temperate climate of Oregon and the Mediterranean climate of Italy. Using data from the Sutami Reservoir in Indonesia from 2015 to 2021, the study assesses water quality parameters such as BOD, COD, DO, NH3 , NO3 , total suspended solids, total phosphorus (TP), and pH at various depths (0.3, 5, and 10 meters) across three sites (upstream, midstream, downstream). The results show varied classifications: WQI-INA rated the reservoir as “pretty good,” WQI-Oregon as “poor,” and both DOE-Malaysia and PI-Prati as “slightly polluted.” Spatial analysis of vertical distribution revealed “slightly polluted” (WQI-INA), “moderately polluted” (WQI-Oregon and PI-Prati), and “heavily polluted” (DOE-Malaysia). These discrepancies arise from differences in local environmental standards, regulatory requirements, and specific water quality concerns included in each index. The Sutami Reservoir water quality status was declared using WQI-INA, however, other methods were employed to simulate the worst-case scenarios and inform preventive actions. The Sutami Reservoir hyper-eutrophic conditions indicate a pollution load capacity of 65.22 tons per year. Critical parameters such as pH and TP highlight significant water quality and pollution issues. Recommendations for water quality treatment under heavy pollution conditions include applying 12.09–120.87 tons of lime, using 78.75–393.75 kg of chemical buffers, oxygen diffusion, controlling riparian vegetation over 2.37–23.7 hectares, dredging 37,100 m3 of sediment per year, and reducing nutrient sources through community involvement.

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Evaluating Groundwater Potability and Health Risks from Nitrates in the Semi-Arid Region of Algeria

Houari Idir Menad, Bouselsal Boualem, Lakhdari Alia Sara

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 6

220--233

EN

In the semi-arid region of Ain Ouassera, Algeria, groundwater from the lower cretaceous aquifer (LC) serves as an essential resource for drinking and various other requirements. This study focuses on evaluating the suitability of water for domestic use and examining the non-carcinogenic health risks associated with consuming water containing high levels of nitrates. To explore these dimensions, the research utilizes the water quality index (WQI) method and the health risk assessment (HRA) model as formulated by the USEPA. The findings categorized the groundwater quality predominantly as “poor” for consumption purposes, with nitrate concentrations ranging from 14 to 112 mg/L, where 40% of the samples exceeded the World Health Organization’s (WHO) permissible limit (> 50 mg/L). Furthermore, the health risk analysis indicated that 76.67% of the samples for children and 70% for adults surpass the safety thresholds (QH > 1), signifying a significant risk to the local population. The study also uncovered that the hydrochemical characteristics of the groundwater reflect a mixed composition (CaMgCl) and that mineralization is mainly attributed to the dissolution of carbonates, sulfates, and halite, alongside inverse ion exchange processes and anthropogenic influences. These findings underscore the urgent need for improved groundwater management measures and risk mitigation strategies in the Ain Ouassera region.

12

Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Through Identification of Potential Contaminant

Sundarayamini K., Sivakumar Vidhya Lakshmi, Balamurugan P.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 4

185--206

EN

Groundwater, is crucial for human consumption and industrial purposes, demands continuous monitoring to assess quality standards. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of groundwater quality to assess its overall condition and identify potential contaminants. The research predicts the presence and levels of contaminants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants, and microbial agents using hydrogeological studies, chemical analysis, and statistical modelling. A covariance analysis identified places with low water quality. Analysis shows most samples satisfy drinking water requirements. A consolidated map illustrates a significant expanse suitable for domestic and drinking purposes, particularly in terms of drinking water quality. However, water quality in 2467.09 sq. km is deemed unacceptable. Further analysis, including correlation, ANOVA, and t-tests such as One Sample Test, Bayesian Statistics, and Power Analysis, identifies 836.87 sq. km under the category of maximum permissible water quality and 9.19 sq. km as highly desirable for drinking and domestic use.

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The Assessment of Health Risk from Heavy Metals with Water Indices for Irrigation and the Portability of Munzur Stream: A Case Study of the Ovacık Area (Ramsar Site), Türkiye

Kutlu Banu, Sarıgül Ali

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 1

111--123

EN

Surface water samples from the area of Munzur Stream in Türkiye (a Ramsar site) were evaluated for their suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes using different water quality indices. The human health risks were assessed as well. The study was conducted over a period of 24 months from January 2019 to December 2021 by taking samples from nine stations every month in order to determine the water quality of Munzur Stream, located in Tunceli. According to the results, Munzur Stream is in good condition in terms of the quality of drinking water and irrigation water. The concentrations of heavy metals such as Cu, Ni, Fe and Hg were high, though the water quality parameter according to Türkiye Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Surface Water Quality Regulations (TSWQR) was significantly lower than the permitted limits. In Munzur Stream, the irrigation water for all stations was reported to be excellent, good and suitable in terms of SAR, Na% and MH, respectively. The principal component analysis data formed the four principal components, explaining 98.22% of the total variance. The sources of pollution in this area include the rock types of the basin, soil erosion, domestic waste water discharge and agricultural flow of inorganic fertilisers.

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Evaluation of groundwater in aluminium slag disposal area

Putranto Thomas Triadi, Febriane Wenny

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 57

78--90

EN

Aluminium slag waste is a residue from aluminium recycling activities, classified as hazardous waste so its disposal into the environment without processing can cause environmental problems, including groundwater pollution. There are 90 illegal dumping areas for aluminium slag waste spread in the Sumobito District, Jombang Regency. This study aims to evaluate the quality of shallow groundwater surrounding aluminium slag disposal in the Sumobito District for drinking water. The methods applied an integrated water quality index (WQI) and heavy metal pollution index (HPI), multivariate analysis (principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA)), and geospatial analysis for assessing groundwater quality. The field campaign conducted 40 groundwater samples of the dug wells for measuring the groundwater level and 30 of them were analysed for the chemical contents. The results showed that some locations exceeded the quality standards for total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and Al2+. The WQI shows that 7% of dug well samples are in poor drinking water condition, 73% are in good condition, and 20% are in excellent condition. The level of heavy metal contamination based on HPI is below the standard limit, but 13.3% of the water samples are classified as high contamination. The multivariate analysis shows that anthropogenic factors and natural sources/geogenic factors contributed to shallow groundwater quality in the study area. The geospatial map shows that the distribution of poor groundwater quality is in the northern area, following the direction of groundwater flow, and is a downstream area of aluminium slag waste contaminants.

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Evaluation of the Drinking and Irrigation Quality of Groundwater in Basrah, Iraq

Mohammed Ahmed Ihsan, Naimi Sepanta, Dawood Ammar Salman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

260--271

EN

This study assessed the quality of groundwater in south of Basrah governorate from three regions (Zubair, Safwan and um-Qaser), as well as its expediency for drinking purposes and irrigation. Fifty groundwater specimens from various locations were, whereas their physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The WQI was used to measure overall water quality, and the results were displayed using GIS. The calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) took twelve physiochemical parameters into account, including pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4-2, Cl-, HCO3- and NO3-. The groundwater in Basrah was found to be of generally low quality, with significant levels of salinity, hardness, and TDS. The groundwater in the research region was not fit for human consumption, according to (WHO, 2011) standards for drinking water. Applying WQI revealed that, with the exception of two wells, the ground water in the research area was classed as very poor-unsuitable type. The GIS analysis assisted in identifying the places with the best water quality and those with the most serious issues. The groundwater of research region was used for irrigation purposes. The indices considered included SAR, SSP AND MH%. The groundwater from the study area is generally in good condition and may be utilized for irrigation, as shown by the estimated water indices when compared to the accepted standards.

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Evaluation of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Water Quality in the Middle Section of the Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq

Moyel Mohammad Salim, Akbar Manal Mohammad, Hussain Najah Abood

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 4

297--311

EN

The Shatt al-Arab river is the main water source in the Basrah province, subjected to significant environmental and hydrological changes that have led to the complete degradation of its ecosystem, particularly the middle section. Nineteen water quality variables were selected to assess spatio-temporal changes in the middle section. Eight variables were chosen with the most significant impact on the Shatt al-Arab River water quality in calculating the water quality index (WQI). These variables were measured every month from December 2020 to November 2021 at five observation stations (Abu-Flous, Mhela, Baradeyea and Maqal) located on the main river and one on the Karmat Ali canal, which connects the Shatt al-Arab River with east Hammar marsh. The study was divided into two seasons of the year, the wet season (December 2020 – May 2021) and the dry season (July 2021 – November 2021), in the calculation of the WQI and its annual calculation. The results of the current study show deterioration in the values of most water quality variables, particularly those related to dissolved salts and organic and bacterial pollution. Water quality was also classified as poor on the WQI scale at all stations for the duration of the study. The results of the WQI indicated the deterioration in the quality of the water middle section, particularly during dry season. The degradation of the waters of the middle section of the Shatt al-Arab River is due to two main factors: increase salinity and organic pollution. In general, the Shatt al-Arab River and the middle section in particular, need comprehensive management, including a clear and expeditious plan to identify and address the degradation of the river’s environment, which has a great importance to all residents of the Basrah province.

17

Assessment Water Quality Indices of Surface Water for Drinking and Irrigation Applications – A Comparison Review

Al Yousif Mustafa A., Chabuk Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

40--55

EN

Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.

18

Assessment of the Al-Abbasiyah River (Iraq) Water Quality for Drinking Purposes Using the Water Quality Index and GIS Software

Al Yousif Mustafa A., Chabuk Ali

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

157--174

EN

All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natural resources of water. However, this valuable resource is becoming increasingly threatened by the increasing population as well as the growing demand for quality water for domestic and economic purposes. Hence the requirement for ongoing river water quality monitoring and assessment. In this research, the water quality (WQ) of the Al-Abbasiyah River was assessed for drinking uses in the dry and wet seasons using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and GIS software. Eighteen physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured in 2022 (dry season) and 2023 (wet season) by collecting samples from eight locations along the river. These parameters are: Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD5, alkalinity, NO3-, HCO3-, Cl-, Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, K+, TH, and SO4-2. The average of the measured water parameters showed that some of these parameters exceeded the standards limit of the WHO in all locations such as (Alk, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4-2) and at some locations such as (TDS, Turbidity, and HCO3-). During the dry season, the WA-WQI values varied between 70.33 in (L4) within the category of “poor” and 119.87 in (L7) within the category of “unsuitable”, while in the wet season varied between 49.71 in (L5) within the category of “good”, and 79.35 in (L2) within the category of “poor”. Thus, the water of the Al-Abbasiyah River was unfit for drinking directly and must undergo treatment before use in both seasons.

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Surface water and groundwater quality assessment using the WQI method and human health risk assessment (HHR) in the lower seybouse (Annaba Plain), northeast Algeria

Fenazi Bilal, Boucenna Fatih, Zeddouri Aziez

Geomatics, Landmanagement and Landscape

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2023

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no. 4

7--25

EN

This study was carried out to investigate the current status of surface water and groundwater quality in Lower Seybouse and Annaba Plain, NE Algeria. 36 surface water and groundwater samples were collected in this area, and various physicochemical parameters were analysed. The quality of surface water and groundwater for drinking and the associated health risks were assessed using a Water Quality Index (WQI) and a Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) model. The results show that all samples are alkaline with the EC values ranging from 1139 to 5555 μS/cm. The ionic dominance pattern was in the order of Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ for cations and Cl– > HCO3 – > SO4 2 – > NO3 – for anions, respectively. The dominant water types are SO4-Cl-Ca-Mg and SO4-Cl-Na, formed by dissolution of evaporative and carbonate-rich material. All samples are unsuitable for drinking, with 1 sample classified as poor (rank = 4) and 35 samples as extremely poor (rank = 5). These samples are mainly located near the Seybouse Wadi, which is a natural outlet for wastewater from human activities. The assessment of non-carcinogenic risk showed that the Hazard Index (HI) for males ranged from 0.12 to 1.01 with a mean of 0.30 and only one sample exceeded value 1. For females, the HI was between 0.16 and 1.28 for females, with a mean of 0.39. The risk for children was even higher, ranging from 0.41 to 3.28, with a mean of 1.03, suggesting that children are more vulnerable to water contamination. The Carcinogenic Risk (CR) values for Pb ranged from 10–3 to 8.6 · 10–3, with a mean of 2.6 · 10–3 for males, and between 1.4 · 10–3 to 10–2, with a mean of 3.3 · 10–3 for females, while for children the CR values ranged from 3.5 · 10–3 to 2.7 · 10–3, with a mean of 8.4 · 10–3, indicating that no possible CR from water drinking

20

The Effect of Bentonite Utilization as a Chemical Coagulant on the Performance of a Water Treatment Plant

Al-Khalaf Safaa K. Hashim, Sabbar Huda Adil, Al-Husseiny Rasha A., Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

249--257

EN

In order to use alum in large numbers for the treatment of low turbidity water, a novel method has been used to treat low turbidity water using bentonite with a reduced amount of alum. Given that bentonite has a negative charge, it is added to the raw water to give the blocks weight. The weight is then added by joining the blocks together to create massive blocks that settle more quickly. In addition to providing a large surface for organic compound adsorption, it increases the suspension’s weight and particle density. There are between 10 and 50 mg/l of bentonite clay utilized.In the Karbala water treatment plant, the effectiveness of the water quality index (WQI) at turbidity 20NTU (national turbidity unit) using alum alone was subpar (71.16%). Under the same circumstances, the pilot plant’s WQI efficiency was equally low (72%). The turbidity of the water was increased to 120 NTUwhen bentonite was used in the pilot plant, increasing the efficiency of WQI to 97.2%. When bentonite was added to the water, the turbidity was increased to 200 NTU and the WQI efficiency was increased to 98.9%. The usage of bentonite produced a high level of WQI efficiency and a cheap substance free from infections or negative effects.