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1

Analysis of parameters affecting fuel consumption based on statistical modelling

Burdzik Rafał, Simiński Dawid

Transport Samochodowy

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2023

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z. 1

23--28

EN

Fluctuating fuel prices and the importance of road transport in the context of the environmental impact of transport make the research related to fuel consumption analyses still up‑ to‑ date and socially important. The article presents the methodology for determining the statistical model of fuel consumption based on the analysis of the significance of driving parameters. The fleet of trucks (sets of tractor truck and semi‑ trailer) was selected as the research object due to their dominant share in the road commercial transport sector in the transport of goods. In order to calculate determinants of fuel consumption, the classic method of least squares was used, as a result of which an optimal statistical model of fuel consumption was developed using the elimination method. The model developed was also verified based on the real data.

PL

Zmienne ceny paliw oraz znaczenie transportu drogowego w kontekście oddziaływania środowiskowego transportu powodują, że badania związane z analizami zużycia paliwa są ciągle aktualne i istotne społecznie. W artykule przedstawiono metodologię wyznaczania modelu statystycznego zużycia paliwa na podstawie analizy istotności parametrów jazdy. Jako obiekt badań wybrano flotę samochodów ciężarowych (zastawów ciągnik siodłowy i naczepa) z uwagi na ich dominujący udział w sektorze drogowego transportu zarobkowego w przewozie ładunków. W celu wyznaczenia determinant zużycia paliwa zastosowano klasyczną metodę najmniejszych kwadratów, w efekcie której opracowano, metodą eliminacji, optymalny model statystyczny zużycia paliwa. Przeprowadzono także weryfikację opracowanego modelu na podstawie danych rzeczywistych

2

Precision diagnostics of a diesel engine under agricultural tractor operating conditions

Vrublevskyi Oleksandr, Gonera Jarosław, Napiórkowski Jerzy

Transport Problems

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2023

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T. 18, z. 2

181--194

EN

This paper presents a method for the precise diagnosis of a diesel engine in an agricultural tractor based on the analysis of efficiency changes and parameters characterizing the process of fuel-air mixture preparation. We proposed that the technical condition be identified based on available data from the engine controller, as this enables the implementation of precise online diagnostics of an agricultural tractor. The method was verified using the original cycle, during which we simulated several engine defects leading to a change in conditions and quality of the processes of creating and burning the fuel/air/flue gas mixture. In the paper, we justified the selection of the points at which the engine parameters were measured, as they provide the most information and allow for efficient identification of damage. These results indicate the possibility of damage identification without the use of the diagnostic cycle in the operation of operator-driven vehicles and autonomous vehicles.

3

Diagnosing the thermostat using vehicle on-board diagnostic (OBD) data

Witaszek Kazimierz, Witaszek Mirosław

Diagnostyka

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2023

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Vol. 24, No. 4

art. no. 2023402

EN

The thermostat is a crucial component of a car's internal combustion engine's cooling system. Failure of the thermostat can result in undercooling or overheating of the engine. Undercooling may increase wear of engine components due to poor lubrication and lead to higher fuel consumption. Conversely, overheating can damage the engine. The engine coolant temperature is one of the fundamental parameters for the proper functioning of the engine. The vehicle's onboard diagnostics system was unable to detect the malfunction of the thermostat. As a consequence, fuel consumption increased, which was especially noticeable in winter. This paper evaluates the possibility of carrying out thermostat diagnostics using data obtained from the OBD system through a diagnostic interface ELM327, which is connected to the OBD-II connector and interfaced with Torque Pro software on a smartphone. Analysis of the data confirmed that the proposed diagnostic method was appropriate. Furthermore, the impact of the thermostat malfunction on different factors such as coolant temperature, cold engine warm-up time, parameters characterising thermostat cycling, and fuel consumption of the car were studied. It was found that, apart from the already mentioned decrease in coolant temperature, the thermostat hysteresis also decreased and the thermostat cycle time increased.

4

Modeling the fuel consumption by a HEV vehicle - a case study

Lisowski Maciej, Gołębiewski Wawrzyniec, Prajwowski Konrad, Danilecki Krzysztof, Radwan Mirosław

Combustion Engines

|

2023

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R. 62, nr 2

71--83

EN

The article presents a mathematical model demonstrating the synergy of HEV energetic machines in accordance with the model predictive control. Then the results of road tests are presented. They were based on the factory control of the above-mentioned system. The results of the operating parameters of the system according to the factory control and the results of the operating parameters according to the model predictive control were compared. On their basis, it could be concluded that the model predictive control contributed to changes in the power and electrochemical charge level of the energy storage system from 50.1% (the beginning) to 56.1% (the end of course) and for MPC from 50.1% (the beginning) to 59.9% (the end of the course). The applied MPC with 13 reference trajectories (LQT) of power machines of the series-parallel HEV allowed for fuel savings on the level of 4%.

5

Fuel consumption and CO2 emission analysis of hybrid and conventional vehicles in urban driving conditions

Skuza Adriana, Szumska Emilia, Jurecki Rafał

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

48--55

EN

Hybrid vehicles are a good solution for a smooth transition towards electromobility. The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between route parameters and fuel consumption and emissions of harmful exhaust components of vehicles with a conventional and hybrid drive system. As a result of simulation tests, values for fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for HEV and ICEV vehicles were obtained in 28 trips in urban conditions. The average fuel consumption achieved by the hybrid was 53% lower than that of a conventional vehicle. When analysing the average value of CO2 emissions, the hybrid showed a 54% lower value than a conventional vehicle. Using statistical methods, the relationship between the route parameters and the operational parameters of the vehicle was determined. It has been shown that the route parameters strongly correlate with the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a conventional vehicle. In the case of hybrid vehicles, there was a weaker relationship between these parameters.

6

Estimation of fuel consumption in a jet engine based on vibration signal parameters

Szymański Grzegorz M., Cywka Bartłomiej, Mokrzan Daniel, Prokopowicz Wojciech

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

13--20

EN

This paper proposes the use of vibroacoustic signal parameters to estimate the fuel consumption of a miniature GTM-400 engine. The method for testing engine vibrations is presented, followed by an analysis of the results obtained. Two vibration point measures were selected to build a fuel consumption model. The models obtained were verified, after which those that best describe the real fuel consumption of the engine were selected. The paper proves that the vibration signal, in addition to its applications in jet engine diagnostics, can be used to determine engine performance, which can contribute to reducing the complexity of construction and increasing the economics of engine operation.

7

Analysis of lubricating oil degradation and its influence on brake specific fuel consumption of a light-duty compression-ignition engine running a durability cycle on a test stand

Sala Rafał, Węglarz Kamil, Suchecki Andrzej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

109--115

EN

The Euro 6 emission standard requires compliance with tough legal exhaust emissions limits for newly registered vehicles and obligates light-duty vehicle manufacturers to respect the 160,000 km durability requirements for in-service conformity. Although there is no legal limit set for fuel consumption, manufacturers are obligated to decrease the carbon footprint of vehicle fleets in order to obtain carbon neutral mobility beyond 2035. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of various oils’ and viscosity grades’ degradation on the change in break specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measured over a standardized durability test cycle. Each oil candidate underwent 300 h of durability test running performed on a test bed without any oil changes. The purpose of the laboratory test was to reproduce the worst-case operating conditions and degradation process of the long-life engine oil type that can be experienced during extreme real life driving of a vehicle. In order to define the influence of the engine oil deterioration on the BSFC profile, the engine operation parameters were continually monitored throughout the test run. Additionally, chemical analysis of the oil was performed and the solid deposits formed on the turbocharger’s compressor side were evaluated. The test results revealed differences up to 5% in the BSFC values between the oil candidates tested over the durability cycle. The observed BSFC increase was directly related to the decrease in engine efficiency and can cause higher fuel consumption of the engine, which in turn has an adverse effect on environmental protection goals.

8

Evaluation of the operating parameters of selfpropelled forage harvesters during maize silage harvest

Krzyżaniak Krzysztof, Kowalik Ireneusz, Rybacki Piotr

Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

229--239

EN

This study aims to determine and evaluate the operating parameters of three modern self-propelled forage harvesters during maize silage harvest. The machines were equipped with operator assistance systems. Field tests were conducted for three self-propelled forage harvesters: Claas Jaguar 870, Claas Jaguar 950, KroneBiG X 650. The tests were conducted in large-scale farms located in Wielkopolskie and Pomorskie voivodeships. Maize was harvested at the beginning of the full-grain maturity stage. A complete time study covering four control shifts in accordance with BN-76/9195-01 was performed to determine operating ratios and indicators. Fuel consumption was determined using the full tank method. The Claas Jaguar 950 forage harvester had the highest effective mass performance: 141.3 Mg⸱h-1. The same machine also achieved the lowest fuel consumption per tonne of fresh matter (FM) harvested: 0.51 kg⸱Mg-1 . Labour expenditure for the self-propelled forage harvesters tested during the total time of change ranged from 0.38 to 0.62 labour hour per hectare. The tested machines also had very high technical and technological reliability.

PL

Niniejsze badanie ma na celu określenie i ocenę parametrów operacyjnych trzech nowoczesnych samojezdnych sieczkarni podczas zbioru kukurydzy na kiszonkę. Maszyny były wyposażone w systemy wspomagania operatora. Badania polowe zostały przeprowadzone dla trzech samojezdnych sieczkarni: Claas Jaguar 870, Class Jaguar 950, Krone BiG X 650. Badania przeprowadzono w dużych gospodarstwach na terenie województwa Wielkopolskiego i Pomorskiego. Kukurydzę zbierano na początku etapu pełnej dojrzałości ziarna. Przeprowadzono pełne badania czasu w celu określenia wskaźników operacyjnych, które objęło cztery zmiany kontrolne zgodne z normą BN-76/9195-01. Zużycie paliwa określono przy użyciu metody pełnego zbiornika. Sieczkarnia Class Jaguar 950 miała najwyższą wydajność masy efektywnej: 141.3 Mg⸱h-1. Ta sama maszyna osiągnęła także najniższe zużycie paliwa na tonę świeżej zebranej masy 0.51 kg⸱Mg-1 . Nakład pracy samojezdnych sieczkarni zbadanych podczas całego czasu zmiany wahał się między 0.38 do 0.62 roboczogodzin na hektar. Badane maszyny posiadały także wysoką niezawodność techniczną oraz technologiczną.

9

Tests of a SI engine powered by gaseous fuels blends of LPG + DME of various proportions with variable load

Marzec Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

23--26

EN

The article presents the test stand and the test results of a vehicle with an SI engine, fueled by a blends of LPG and DME gaseous fuels. During the tests, a chassis dynamometer was used, which reproducibly reflected road conditions. The tests were carried out for various shares of DME in the mixture, thus determining the maximum possible share of this fuel. The measuring points have been extended with different engine loads and different rotational speeds. The analysis of the pressure inside the engine cylinder made it possible to compare the operation of the engine powered by mixtures of different proportions to the reference fuel - LPG.

10

Experiments on compression ignition engine powered by nano-fuels

Cieśliński Janusz T., Krzyżak Jan, Kropiwnicki Jacek, Kneba Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

55--59

EN

The use of nanoparticles in fuels provides new opportunities for modification of fuel properties, which may affect the operational parameters of engines, in particular the efficiency and fuel consumption. The paper presents comparison of compression ignition engine performance fuelled with neat diesel and nano-diesel. Alumina (Al2O3) was used as nanoparticles. Surface-active substances, including Span 80 surfactant, as well as water admixture were used to improve the stability of the produced fuel. Measurements of the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the produced mixtures were conducted. In this study was used naturally aspirated, water cooled, four-stroke diesel engine. Addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles result in 4% reduced fuel consumption, addition of TiO2 nanoparticles result in 10% reduced fuel consumption with respect to neat diesel fuel.

11

Effect of compression ignition engine preheating on its performance under cold start conditions

Gęca Michał Jan, Radica Gojmir

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 1

67--74

EN

This paper examines the effect of an external preheating system for an internal combustion engine on fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and cabin temperature of a Euro4 vehicle. A 1 kW electric system powered by 220 V was installed in series in the cooling system of a vehicle with a compression-ignition engine of 2.5 dm3 capacity. The tests were carried out in simulated urban driving conditions (distance of 4.2 km), extra-urban driving conditions (distance of 17 km), and during idling at cold-start temperatures ranging from -10oC to 2oC. Preheating the engine under simulated city conditions reduces fuel consumption by 2.64 dm3/100 km and increases the supply air temperature immediately after engine start-up. Due to the preheater being powered from an external power grid, the cost per trip and total CO2 emissions are increased. Assuming renewable energy sources, CO2 emissions would be reduced the most for the stationary tests after engine preheating. In contrast, emissions would be reduced the least for extra-urban driving.

12

Analysis of emissions and fuel consumption from forklifts by location of operation

Ziółkowski Andrzej, Fuć Paweł, Jagielski Aleks, Bednarek Maciej

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 2

30--35

EN

The share of road transport accounts for more than 85% of the total structure of freight transportation. In this process, mainly motor vehicles are used to carry out the freight work. In addition to them, forklifts are also used, whose task is to load and unload goods. These vehicles are categorized as NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Forklift trucks have internal combustion or electric drive. The paper presents an analysis of the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption from forklift trucks equipped with diesel and LPG power. The study uses the author's test taking into account the raising/lowering of a pallet, a loaded and unloaded run. The measurements were made in the warehouse and outside the warehouse using the Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The aim was to show the influence of loading conditions on the emission of pollutants and fuel consumption.

13

Fuel saving index assessment on driving behavior control system of prototype model using neural network

Munahar Suroto, Triwiyatno Aris, Munadi M., Setiavan Joga Dharma

Archives of Transport

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2022

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Vol. 63, iss. 3

123--141

EN

Efficient fuel consumption in the world is essential in automotive technology development due to the increase in vehicle usage and the decrease in global oil production. Several studies have been conducted to increase fuel consumption savings, Fuel Cells (FCs), the application of alternative energy vehicles and the Engine Control Unit (ECU) system. FCs do not require oil energy to propel the vehicle, so this technology promises to reduce energy consumption and emissions. However, this research still leaves problems. FCs are susceptible to short circuit hazards, and ownership costs are very high. Alternative energy applications produce less power, less responsive acceleration, and insufficient energy sources to enter mass production. The ECU application still has an orientation toward achieving stoichiometry values, so the increase in fuel efficiency has the potential to be improved. Driving behavior is a variable that has a close relationship with fuel consumption efficiency. However, research on driving behavior is only studied for implementation in autonomous car-following technologies, safety systems, charging needs characteristic of electric vehicles, emission controls, and display images on invehicle information systems. Meanwhile, research on driving behavior as a control system to improve fuel efficiency has not been carried out. To that end, this study proposes the use of driving behavior for a newly designed control system to improve fuel efficiency. The control system in this research is a prototype model to be assessed using the Fuel Saving Index (FSI) analysis. An artificial neural network is used to help the recognition of driving behavior. The results showed that the newly designed control system was categorized on scale IV of FSI. On this scale, the power generated by the engine is quite optimal when it is in the eco-scheme driving behavior. The driving behavior control system can significantly improve the efficiency of fuel consumption. Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) is achieved above the stoichiometric value.

14

Study on the relationship between vehicle maintenance and fuel consumption

Sakno Olha, Medvediev Ievgen, Kolesnikova Tatiana

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2021

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z. 113

163--172

EN

A contemporary road vehicle (RV) is a rather complex system, consisting of a large number of subsystems, assemblies, units, and elements (parts). While operating, an RV interacts with the environment, and its elements interact with each other. Consequently, the properties (parameters) of these elements change in the process - hardness, roughness, size, relative position, gapping, etc. A partial solution to the presented problems can be the search for a technique for assessing the RV technical condition by a generalised criterion, which is quite sensitive to changes in the technical state. One of these criteria may be fuel consumption in litres per 100 kilometres. This paper investigates the possibilities of using the fuel consumption indicator as a criterion for assessing the technical condition of the vehicle and the vehicle maintenance and repair technologies have been generalised to obtain a given technical solution. Thus, the possibility of using the fuel consumption indicator as a criterion for assessing the technical condition of the vehicles was explored using the Volkswagen Touran 1.9 TDI operating in urban conditions using a driving cycle. A clear correlation between the fuel consumption and the service lifetime of the vehicle has been established; therefore, it depends on the frequency and quality of the maintenance and repair (MR). The vehicle MR technology has been generalised to obtain a specified technical solution. The process of creating an RV MR Technology model is implemented based on an iterative approach (repetition) with the possibility to specify their features.

15

SI engine fuel mixture type indicator and an assessment of its suitability of an economic driving style

Wołczyński Zbigniew, Żak Mikołaj

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 4

69--76

EN

The article presents the structure and a principle of operation of a simple indicator of the type of a fuel-air mixture supplying a spark-ignition engine with a direct fuel injection. The designed indicator was tested, as a result of which its correct operation was verified. By using information from the indicator, it was possible to assess its usefulness for assisting the driver in an economical driving style. Preliminary studies show that thanks to the use of the developed indicator, it is possible to save about 10% of fuel as a result of the correction of the economic driving style on the route selected for the purpose of this research paper. The target of this study was to confirm a noticeable reduction in fuel consumption when supplying the engine with a stratified mixture. In order to obtain more accurate data, the research should be extended to include a greater number of routes and its division into urban and non-urban areas.

16

Emissions of a Euro 5 motorcycle over the world harmonized motorcycle test cycle (WMTC)

Giechaskiel Barouch, Melas Anastasios

Combustion Engines

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2021

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R. 60, nr 2

21--25

EN

The Euro 5 limits for L-category vehicles are applicable since 2020 and for this reason there is lack of studies examining the emissions of this category. In this study we tested a 1000 cm3 Euro 5 motorcycle over the World Harmonized Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC). The gaseous pollutants were approximately half of their respective limits. The cold start (first 2 minutes) contributed to the majority of the emissions. The solid particle number emissions were also 6.5 times below the limit for passenger cars, but the particles not counted with the current methodology were around 2 times higher. High concentrations of volatiles were emitted at the high speed part of the cycle.

17

Charakterystyka rud żelaza i koncentratów z zastosowaniem laboratoryjnych prób spiekania na półprzemysłowej misie spiekalniczej

Stecko Janusz, Niesler Marian, Różański Piotr

Journal of Metallic Materials

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2020

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Vol. 72, no. 2

39--52

PL

W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę rud żelaza i koncentratów pod kątem oceny ich wpływu na proces spiekania oraz na właściwości fizykochemiczne spieku. Opisano metodykę prowadzenia laboratoryjnych prób spiekania na misie z wykorzystaniem istniejącej w Zespole Procesów Surowcowych Łukasiewicz - Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza linii do półprzemysłowej symulacji procesu spiekania rud żelaza i odpadów jak i innych urządzeń pomocniczych. Zamieszczono również wyniki dotyczące wpływu udziału różnych składników pylastych (koncentratów), drobnoziarnistych rud żelaza (aglorud) i dodatku wapna palonego do mieszanki na podstawowe parametry procesu spiekania. Zaprezentowano również wyniki badań właściwości wyprodukowanego spieku z różnych mieszanek spiekalniczych.

EN

The article presents the characteristics of iron ores and concentrates in terms of assessing their impact on the sintering process and on the physicochemical properties of the sinter. The article describes the methodology for conducting laboratory sintering tests on a pan using the line for semi-industrial simulation of sintering of iron ore and waste as well as other auxiliary devices at the Primary Processes Unit of the Łukasiewicz - Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy. The results of the influence of various dusty components (concentrates), fine-grained iron ores (sinter ores) and addition of quicklime to the mixture on the basic parameters of the sintering process are also included. The results of tests on the properties of sinters made from various sintering mixtures are also presented.

18

Evaluation of the use of hybrid electric powertrain system in urban traffic conditions

Szumska Emilia, Jurecki Rafał, Pawełczyk Marek

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 1

154--160

EN

The conditions of use of the vehicle significantly affect the performance results. Traffic conditions in a specific city directly affect the consumption of energy, fuel and emissions of harmful compounds in exhaust fumes. Conduction of the measurements of a vehicle’s performance parameters in operating conditions is very troublesome and is often not possible to realize. An alternative is to use the simulation programs. Vehicle simulation programs offer options related to vehicle models or drive unit components and allow development of new models. Based on the results of simulation testing, it is possible to analyse the level of fuel and energy consumption as well as emissions of harmful compounds in exhaust gases and the operating effectiveness of the drive system in the speed profile. The paper presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of using hybrid electric drive system in passenger cars in medium-sized city traffic conditions using the Kielce example. The simulation tests were based on the speed profiles recorded during real-world test drives in various times of the day. The simulation results were used to conduct an analysis of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions recorded by conventional and hybrid vehicles.

PL

Warunki użytkowania pojazdu mają znaczący wpływ na parametry eksploatacyjne pojazdu. Warunki ruchu w określonym mieście bezpośrednio wpływają na zużycie energii, paliwa i poziom emisji szkodliwych związków zawartych w spalinach. Przeprowadzenie pomiarów parametrów eksploatacyjnych pojazdu w warunkach rzeczywistych jest kłopotliwe i często niemożliwe do zrealizowania. Alternatywą jest wykorzystanie symulacji komputerowych. Programy do symulacji pojazdów oferują, między innymi, modele pojazdów lub komponentów układu napędowego oraz pozwalają na opracowanie nowych modeli. Na podstawie wyników badań symulacyjnych możliwa jest analiza poziomu zużycia paliwa, energii, emisji szkodliwych związków zawartych w spalinach oraz efektywności pracy układu napędowego w profilu prędkości. W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono ocenę efektywności zastosowania napędów hybrydowych w samochodach osobowych w warunkach ruchu miasta średniej wielkości na przykładzie Kielc. Do badań symulacyjnych wykorzystano profile prędkości, zarejestrowane podczas rzeczywistych przejazdów w różnych porach dnia. Na podstawie wyników symulacji przeprowadzono analizę zużycia paliwa oraz emisji zanieczyszczeń, zarejestrowanych dla pojazd z napędem konwencjonalnym oraz pojazdów z napędem hybrydowym.

19

Monitoring and control of energy management system for fuel cell hybrid in electrical vehicle using fuzzy approach

Tifour Benali, Boukhnifer Moussa, Hafaifa Ahmed, Tanougast Camel

Diagnostyka

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2020

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Vol. 21, No. 3

15--29

EN

Recently, the reduction of fuels consumption is a global challenge, in particular for significant investments in the automotive sector, in order to optimize and control the parameters involved for the partial or total electrification of vehicles. Thereby, the energy management system remains the axis of progress for the development of fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles. The fuzzy controller has been widely adopted for energy monitoring, where the determination of its parameters is still challenging. In this work, this problem is investigated through a secondary development of a fuzzy energy monitoring system based on the Advisor platform and particle swarm optimization. The latter is used to determine, for different driving conditions, the best parameters that increase the fuel economy and reduce the battery energy use. As a result, five tuned fuzzy energy monitoring system models with five sets of parameters are obtained. Evaluation results confirm the effectiveness of this strategy, they also show slight differences between them in terms of fuel economy, battery state of charge variations, and overall system efficiency. However, the fuzzy energy monitoring system tuned under multiple conditions is the only one that can guarantee the minimum of the state of charge variations, no matter the driving conditions.

20

Modeling of fuel consumption using artificial neural networks

Witaszek Kazimierz

Diagnostyka

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2020

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Vol. 21, No. 4

103--113

EN

The article presents a model of operational fuel consumption by a passenger car from the B segment, powered by a spark ignition engine. The model was developed using artificial neural networks simulated in the Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (SNNS) package. The data for the model was obtained from longterm operational tests, during which data from the engine control unit were recorded via the OBDII diagnostic interface. The model is based on neural networks with two hidden layers, the size of which was selected using an original iterative algorithm. During the structure selection process, a total of 576 different networks were tested. The analysis of the obtained test errors made it possible to select the optimal structure of the 6-19-17-1 model. The network input values were: vehicle speed and acceleration, road slope, throttle opening degree, selected gear number and engine speed. The networks were trained using the efficient RPROP method. A correctly trained network, based on the set parameters, was able to forecast the instantaneous fuel consumption. These forecasts showed a high correlation with the measured values. Average fuel consumption calculated on their basis was close to the real value, which was calculated on the basis of two consecutive fuelings of the vehicle.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono model eksploatacyjnego zużycia paliwa przez samochód osobowy z segmentu B, zasilany silnikiem o zapłonie iskrowym. Model opracowano przy wykorzystaniu sztucznych sieci neuronowych, których działanie symulowano w pakiecie Stuttgart Neural Network Simulator (SNNS). Dane do modelu pozyskano z długotrwałych badań eksploatacyjnych, podczas których rejestrowano przez interfejs diagnostyczny OBDII dane pochodzące z jednostki sterującej silnikiem. Model oparto na sieciach neuronowych o dwu warstwach ukrytych, których wielkość dobrano przy pomocy autorskiego, iteracyjnego algorytmu. Podczas procesu doboru struktury przebadano łącznie 576 różnych sieci. Analiza uzyskanych błędów testowania pozwoliła na wybór optymalnej struktury modelu 6-19-17-1. Wielkościami wejściowymi sieci były: prędkość i przyspieszenie pojazdu, nachylenie drogi, stopień otwarcia przepustnicy, numer wybranego biegu oraz prędkość obrotowa silnika. Sieci uczono przy użyciu wydajnej metody RPROP. Poprawnie nauczona sieć na podstawie zadanych parametrów była w stanie prognozować chwilowe zużycie paliwa. Prognozy te wykazywały wysoką korelację ze zmierzonymi wartościami. Obliczone na ich podstawie średnie zużycie paliwa było zbliżone do rzeczywistej wartości, którą obliczono na podstawie dwu kolejnych tankowań pojazdu.