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Integracja technologii geoinformatycznych w analizie uszkodzeń lasu spowodowanych przez huragan w Puszczy Piskiej

Wężyk P.

Archiwum Fotogrametrii, Kartografii i Teledetekcji

2006

Vol. 16

547--556

W dniu 4 lipca 2002 roku, w północno-wschodniej Polsce huragan zniszczył 330 km² drzewostanów, w tym kompletnie 17 000 ha (straty 3.6 mln m³ drewna). Na zniszczonym fragmencie obszaru w Puszczy Piskiej utworzono Las Ochronny „SZAST” (445 ha). Nalot fotogrametryczny wykonano dnia 14.11.2002 r. z zastosowaniem zdjęć spektrostrefowych w skali 1:15 000. Użycie technologii geoinformatycznych w projekcie polegało na jednoczesnym wykorzystywaniu: odbiorników GPS, cyfrowej stacji fotogrametrycznej, oprogramowania do przetwarzania obrazów oraz narzędzi GIS. Te ostatnie integrowały wyniki pomiarów fotogrametrycznych z bazami danych geometrycznych i atrybutowych. W terenie stworzono klucz interpretacyjny obejmujący 8 klas uszkodzeń drzewostanów. Digitalizacja 10 modeli pozwoliła na wydzielenie 1 576 poligonów na obszarze 1965.60 ha, które na drodze analiz przestrzennych porównano z 726 poligonami pododdziałów z Leśnej Mapy Numerycznej. Analizowano warstwę wynikową 4 973 poligonów o atrybutach przejętych ze stereodigitalizacji oraz z bazy danych SILP\LAS. Największe nasilenie szkód (klasa 4.2) zanotowano na obszarze 533.6 ha poza lasem ochronnym „SZAST” (las administrowany przez PG LP). Na obszarze „SZAST” znalazło się 87.51 ha drzewostanów w tej klasie uszkodzeń, przy czym największe powierzchnie zajęła klasa 4.1 (125.81 ha). NMT obszaru pozwolił na wygenerowanie ortofotografii cyfrowych, które po mozaikowaniu i wyrównaniu tonalnym skompresowano (algorytm ECW) do wielkości 123 MB. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły konieczność stosowania technologii geoinformatycznych zapewniających: szybkie pozyskanie, przetworzenie i generowanie obiektywnych i weryfikowalnych geodanych. Wspierają one procesy podejmowania decyzji na obszarach klęsk żywiołowych.

July 4th 2002 saw the biggest storm disaster in Polish State Forest (PG LP) history, located in northeastern Poland. It caused huge losses in forest areas in the Puszcza Piska Primeval Forest, across an area of 330 km² (130 km long and several km wide). The area of completely destroyed forest area was about 170 km2. An initial estimation of the stand volume damage was ca. 3.6 mln m³. The PG LP administration immediately decided to make a forest inventory supported by CIR aerial images (Kodak Aerochrom Infrared 1443; scale 1:15 000, date: Nov. 14, 2002). At the same time, for scientific purposes, a decision was made to establish an observation area (“SZAST”) of the natural forest regeneration process in the totally destroyed parts of the forests. The precision inventory of the “SZAST” area and surrounding buffer zone was based on geoinformation technologies. The CIR aerial images were elaborated on the “DEPHOS” digital photogrammetric station. The GCP points for the aerotriangulation process were collected using DGPS receivers. Following the standards of the IBL (specially prepared by Dr. Glaz) classification, the 3D digitizing was done covering four main Levels 0-4 with 6 sub-levels (detailed description). 1 576 polygons collected, covering an area of 1 965.60 ha. The training areas for the photointerpretation team were collected using DGPS and GIS based on the Digital Forest Map (with a SILP/LAS description database). The digital orthophotomap mosaic (color balanced 3.15 GB GeoTIFF) was generated based on the CIR aerial photos and the DSM (Digital Surface Model). After the wavelet compression (ratio 1:26) to ECW format (123.05 MB) the CIR-orthophotomap can be used, not only in Desktop- or Mobile-GIS, but also in every office (like MS Word, Power Point) application. The study confirmed the necessity of using of GI-T for: quick retrieval, processing and generating objective geodata which can be verified and support decision processes in areas of natural disasters.

Wykorzystanie fotogrametrii cyfrowej, GPS i GIS w procesie kartowania szaty roślinnej Babiogórskiego Parku Narodowego

Wężyk P., Sztremer M.

Roczniki Geomatyki

2005

T. 3, z. 2

173-180

The aim of this paper is to comparethe results of the vegetation mapping based on using GI technology (e.g. photogrammetric workout of CIR stereomodels and DGPS survey) with the traditional methods supported only by archival B&W aerial photos. Within the framework of the project .Temporal and spatial scales of dynamics of Norway spruce stands in West Carpathians. (granted by KBN 6 P04 F03021) flight mission was taken over The Babia Gora National Park on 30 Th September 2002, using CIR (Kodak Aerochrome III Infrared Film 1443) for aerial photos (scale 1: 10.000). Images were scanned at 1800 dpi resolution (pixel size 14 ?m; 14 by 14 cm ground resolution). There were 19 signalized GCP; their positions were gained with DGPS measurements (base station TPN, Zakopane) taken by cartographic receivers Trimble. Due to the delay of flight mission (expectation date: July/Aug. 2002) part of signalized GCP were damaged or impossible to identify. It was necessary to restore and add some new .natural. GCP. Results of aerotriangulation executed by OPGK Krakow were satisfactory for project requirements (?X = 0,49 m; ?Y = 0,47 and ?Z = 1,08 m). Mapping of vegetation of the Babia Gora National Park was realized through stereodigitalization of 17 models and covered 2,232.8 hectares. During the workout on the DEPHOS digital photogrammetric station, specified fragments of plant cover were separated and identified according to photointerpretation key (description of plant community, situation sketch, digital photos, DGPS position). The mapped objects were classified into 23 polygon classes (hierarchy code included forest and no-forest areas). In sum, there were 372 digitalized polygon objects (the mean area of a single polygon was 4.78 hectares). Topology correctness of this layer was obtained with ArcInfo ver. 8.2 ESRI software. Map compositions were created with ArcView 3.2a software. While creating BgNP Protection Plan in 1999, the map of vegetation was made based on .traditional. techniques of mapping and archival cartographic sources, including contact prints of B&W aerial photos from 1993. GPS receivers were not used at that time, but only altimeter and topographic map in the scale of 1: 10.000. The map created by this traditional method was compared with photogrammetric workout of CIR aerial photos from Sept. 2002. At the area of 2519.13 hectares the map of vegetation includes 1743 objects, while .CIR map. Had only 400 one of them. During detailed analyzing of 10 pairs of homologous objects generalizing of object borders at plant cover map was ascertained (perimeters were on average shorter by 10.04 %). Position errors at the plant cover map compared with the .CIR map. were at the level from 4 m to 19.4 m (11.48 m on average). This work shows a very good example of mutual support in a scientific project of geomatic techniques (digital photogrammetry, GIS and GPS) and the character of nature researches. The integration of GI tools enables verification of archived data and updating of geometric and attribute GIS databases.