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2
Content available remote Zmiana zagospodarowania terenu a zalewanie nieruchomości
PL
Rekultywacja to proces przywracania funkcji i jakości zdegradowanych obszarów naturalnych lub zniszczonych terenów. W przypadku terenów zdegradowanych działalnością górniczą, podlegają one rekultywacji oraz zagospodarowaniu, których głównym celem jest nadanie lub przywrócenie wartości użytkowych lub przyrodniczych. Najpopularniejszą formą rekultywacji jest wypełnienie wyrobisk wodą lub - w przypadku zwałowisk i terenów przyległych - kierunek leśny lub rekreacyjny. Przed dokonaniem wyboru optymalnego kierunku rekultywacji, należy szczegółowo przeanalizować czynniki charakteryzujące zdegradowany obszar, a także wziąć pod uwagę m.in. czynniki ekonomiczne, społeczne, geologiczno-inżynierskie, formalno-prawne i środowiskowe. W niniejszej pracy wykazano, iż metody analizy wielokryterialnej do których można zaliczyć metody hierarchicznej analizy problemu (AHP) mogą być narzędziem, które z powodzeniem można zastosować do optymalnego wyboru kierunku rekultywacji terenów zdegradowanych działalnością górniczą.
EN
Reclamation is the process of restoring the function and quality of degraded natural areas or damaged land. In the case of areas degraded by mining activities, they are subject to reclamation and development, the main purpose of which is to impart or restore use or natural values. The most common form of reclamation is the filling of pits with water or, in the case of dumps and adjacent areas, a forest or recreational direction. Before choosing the optimal direction for reclamation, the factors characterising the degraded area should be analysed in detail and economic, social, geological-engineering, formal-legal and environmental factors, among others, should be taken into account. This paper demonstrates that methods of multi-criteria analysis, which include the hierarchical problem analysis (AHP) method, can be a tool that can be successfully applied to the optimal selection of the direction of reclamation of land degraded by mining activities.
PL
Głównym aktem prawnym wyznaczającym sposób zagospodarowania danego terenu i możliwość jego zabudowy jest miejscowy plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego, który stanowi akt prawa miejscowego i jest uchwalany przez organy właściwej gminy. Obejmować może całość terenu gminy lub – i zazwyczaj tak jest – jedynie jej część. W danej gminie może być wiele planów miejscowych dla różnych terenów.
PL
Centra handlowe stanowią stosunkowo nowy element przestrzeni polskich miast, który wpływa na kształtowanie tkanki urbanistycznej. Problemem badawczym niniejszego artykułu jest ustalenie, w jaki sposób są zagospodarowywane tereny krakowskich centrów handlowych i jakie przyjmuje się w dokumentach planistycznych wartości podstawowych wskaźników urbanistycznych dla tych terenów. Przedmiot badań stanowią obszary wszystkich centrów handlowych zlokalizowanych w Krakowie. Celem jest określenie tendencji w sposobie ich zagospodarowania na tle obowiązujących dokumentów planistycznych. W pierwszej kolejności w oparciu o analizy GIS obliczono wartości 3 parametrów: wskaźnika powierzchni zabudowy, wskaźnika intensywności zabudowy i wskaźnika terenu biologicznie czynnego. Następnie zestawiono je z wartościami przyjmowanymi w miejscowych planach zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że budynki centrów handlowych w Krakowie zajmują średnio mniej niż 50% powierzchni terenu inwestycji. Tylko niewielka część działki jest zagospodarowana w formie zieleni (średnio 14,92%). W dokumentach planistycznych wartości wskaźnika intensywności zabudowy często dopuszczają powstanie inwestycji o bardzo zróżnicowanej kubaturze.
EN
Shopping centers are a relatively new element of the urban space of Polish cities, which affects the shaping of the urban tissue. The research problem of this article is to establish, how the areas of Cracow's shopping centers are developed and what values of basic urban indicators for these areas are adopted in planning documents. The subject of the research are the areas of all shopping centers located in Cracow. The aim is to determine the trends in the way these areas are developed against the background of the planning documents that are in force. In the first instance, based on GIS analyses, the values of selected 3 parameters were calculated: the building plot ratio, the floor area ratio and the green plot ratio. Then, they were compared with the values adopted in selected local development plans. The research shows that shopping centre buildings in Cracow occupy on average less than 50% of the investment area. Only a small part of the plot is developed in the form of greenery (on average 14.92%). In planning documents, the floor area ratio often allows the creation of investments of very different intensity.
EN
The goals of the study presented in the article draw attention to the role of public transport stops in the spatial distribution of crime in the Stare Bałuty estate in Łódź, Poland. Answers are provided to the questions of spatio-temporal structure of criminal acts committed within the estate, the influence zone of transport stops as well as the assessment and effects of environmental crime predictors in their vicinity. Crime location quotient (LQC) was used to assess the intensity of crime and identify the influence zone that attracts certain categories of crimes to the vicinity of stops. The influence of environmental predictors on the level of threat was identified and assessed on the basis of B. Czarnecki’s method. The variables used in the analysis initially spanned 739 crimes and 53 public transport stops evaluated with regard to 20 safety aspects and their impact on the pro-crime effects on the scale of location as well as various forms and functions of urban development. A strong negative influence of public transport stops ‒ attracting various categories of crime, mostly property theft ‒ was discovered. The negative influence of stops on the concentration of crime within 200 metres is reinforced by the existence of environmental crime predictors. The recommendations and discussions resulting from the findings should influence the policy of crime prevention on the level of object location, management and the maintenance of socio-spatial order in the vicinity.
EN
The aim of the present study was to detect land cover change for the last three decades and estimate its impact on stream flow dynamics under the current and future scenarios. Landsat satellite imageries were used for land cover classification for selected years (1987, 2002 and 2017). The effect of land cover change on stream flow was evaluated using SWAT model, and its performance was tested. The findings indicated significant land cover changes in the last three decades. Coverage of cultivated land (17%) and bare land (1%) in 1987 increased rapidly to 43 and 17% in 2017. Furthermore, there was 70% agreement between observed and simulated stream flow in both the calibration and validation phases. The stream flow of the watershed was changing significantly in response to land cover dynamics. The evaluation of hydrological response due to land cover change showed a monthly mean stream flow decrease by 12.7 m3 /s (−38%) in 1987 and 2017 in dry months. Nevertheless, it showed a monthly mean stream flow increase by 53.06 m3 /s (23%) in wet months. Similarly, between the years 2017 and 2047, the stream flow was estimated to increase by 42.84 m3 /s (15%) for wet months and a decrease by 13.52 m3 /s (−66%) for dry months. Generally, it can be concluded that land cover changes have significant impact on stream flow. Hence, establishing strong land use and water resource policies is an essential means for better evaluation and monitoring of water resource in the study area.
EN
Sapanca Lake is a tectonically sourced freshwater resource and one of the rare natural water resources used as a source of drinking water. This study examined the change of land use and lake area in the natural water source basin subjected to human pressure for years. Landsat 5 TM (1987) and Landsat 8 TM (2010) satellite images were used. Satellite images were analyzed using ArcGIS 10.1 software. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that the natural vegetation was significantly destroyed between 1987 and 2010. Besides, the bathymetry maps of Lake Sapanca belonging to the years 1990 and 2010 were also examined, and accordingly, it was determined that there was a 2% reduction in the lake surface area. The decrease in the volume of the lake was thought to be due to sedimentation movement caused by land-use change, and the total amount of suspended solids, grain size, discharge, and temperature measurements were made between 2012 and 2014 in 12 streams which are sources of Sapanca Lake. Sediment prediction models have been developed under two different scenarios using measurement data from side streams. Artificial neural networks (ANN), Sediment rating curve, and multiple linear regression models were examined within the scenario models, and comparisons were made between the models. It was determined that ANN achieved the closest results with the measurement data.
EN
There is evidence that human activities are affecting global dynamics. The consequences of changes in the duration of the annual seasons and daily temperatures will imply drastic impacts on human and natural ecosystems. However, estimations related to the duration of the seasons considering the daily temperatures are scarce and could help to foresee negative effects with irreparable consequences. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variation of length and start date of each annual season based on temperature criteria by analyzing daily data of synoptic stations in western Iran from the period 1977–2015. Our results demonstrated that the starting date of summer shows a tendency advanced and the starting date of winter has been delayed. Moreover, spring is coming earlier. On the other hand, winter ends earlier and fall is delayed, with longer summers and shorter winters as a result. The starting date of summer differs from 0 to 2 d advanced in the southwest of the study area and 4–6 d advanced in the central and southeast parts. The starting date of winter on average has been delayed by 2 days and the length of the season has been shortened by 5 days. The changes for spring and fall are relatively smaller. Particularly, spring started earlier by 4.2 days but was extended by 1.8 days, and the fall season has started delayed by 0.8 days but extended by 0.4 days. This study provides simple information to stakeholders and policymakers so that they should focus on the issue and start developing efficient plans to reduce the negative impacts on the temperatures, shorter winters and the earlier spring, which could affect the floriation and animal behaviors among others.
11
Content available Autonomous vehicles and urban space management
EN
Discussions on how urban space would be transformed by the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) are scarce. This study identifies the impacts caused by the shared use of AVs on urban parking and urban space management. An estimation method was formulated considering the reduction in parking demand, the possible alteration in vehicle ownership, and the reallocation of urban space. A case study was performed in a 673,220 m2 area through scenarios created by using real data of parking spaces and the results of previous studies. Results showed that parking spaces can be saved with the use of shared AVs, which would allow the reallocation of urban space to new uses (for example, implementation of around 12,000 bike-sharing docking spots, 10 km bike lanes, 7 km additional traffic lane or 140 ‘parklets’). The results contribute to revealing the positive impacts of AVs.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę usystematyzowania i ujednolicenia stosowanej w literaturze terminologii związanej z użytkowaniem terenów pogórniczych. Dokonano dyskusji takich pojęć istniejących w literaturze anglojęzycznej jak: restoration, reclamation, rehabilitation, land development oraz revitalization i ustalono ich jednoznaczność umożliwiającą właściwe zrozumienie istoty danego procesu. Na bazie propozycji literaturowych istniejących sposobów zagospodarowania terenów pogórniczych wykazano nieścisłości związane z terminologią kierunków rekultywacji i sposobów zagospodarowania. Do opisu zaproponowanych terminów, na podstawie analizy literaturowej wskazano systematykę, która eliminuje niejednoznaczności z poprzednich systematyk. Dodatkowo zaproponowaną systematykę rozszerzono o nowy aspekt związany z reliktami działalności górniczej.
EN
The article attempts to systematize and harmonize the terminology used in literature related to the use of post-mining areas. Discussion was made regarding terms such as restoration, reclamation, rehabilitation, land development and revitalization that exist in English literature, and established their clarity to properly understand the essence of the exact process. On the basis of literature proposals of existing methods of post-mining areas land development, inaccuracies related to terminology of both reclamation and land development methods have been demonstrated. For terms proposed on the basis of literature, a systematic scheme is indicated, which eliminates ambiguity from previous systematics. In addition, the proposed systematic has been extended to include a new aspect, related to the relics of mining activities.
EN
Spatial planning is a set of complex processes that aim to determine the correct location of objects in the established area subject to planning procedures. Planning documents, executed at all levels of detail, must consider the current state of land development, both in the area subject to land-use planning procedures and adjacent areas. Hence, the creation of such documents must be preceded by multiple analyses. These considerations should lead to the determination of conditions to be met by future land development elements in such a way as to take into account and use the existing ones. Because land use elements such as river network, road networks, buildings or forest areas are considered examples of random fractals, it was considered that the detection of fractal structures in area subject to land-use planning procedures could facilitate decision-making processes during creation of planning documents on a regional scale. This paper checks if it is possible to mathematically describe the clear chaos that prevails in the existing area subject to land-use planning procedures and if the use of fractal analysis in spatial planning is possible. The research was based on data from the Database of General Geographical Objects and the Bank of Local Data. Analyses were conducted within the borders of provinces.
EN
From the year 2014 to July 31, 2020, setting out a building was surveying work subject to the obligation to report to the locally competent district governor (starost) before it was commenced. After completion of the building setting out, the contractor of surveying works was obliged to notify the authorities of the completion of the surveying works and to submit the results of surveying works connected with the building setting out. Since July 31, 2020, following the amended Geodesic and Cartographic Law, the obligation to report the building setting out has been repealed. Despite that, the real estate owner will still be obliged to submit an appropriate application to the starost to dis close the new land use in accordance with Article 22 of the Geodesic and Cartographic Law. The author has analysed 31 documentation sets, being the results of building setting out procedures. The analysis verified the size of a land parcel on which the buildings were set out, what land use was presented before setting out and what land use was presented after the building setting out. In addition, the current state of development of the land parcel (as of July 2020) was examined using map portals, and an orthophotomap was used to check whether the building was constructed, in order to verify whether the real estate cadastre was updated further.
EN
The real estate cadastre is the primary source of information on land use. It re cords information related to the division of land into types based on the actual way of land use or development. The distinguished types of land use depend on many geographical factors, as well as historical and economic conditions. The study presents a comparison of the detail of land use classification registered in the real estate cadastre in areas functionally related to the urban areas of 9 European countries: Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Spain, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Germany and Poland. The research concerned the determination of the degree to which the classification of land use in urbanized areas is detailed, whether the studied European countries are characterized by the same number of distinguished classes of ob jects at different levels of detail, and what percentage are the distinguished classes of land use objects in urbanized areas in relation to all of the distinguished classes of objects land use at different levels of detail of classification. The study used legal acts regulating land use issues which have been made available in national languages by government institutions.
EN
It is proved that the regional land-use territorial development is influenced by many factors, so the study of the assessment of territorial development is an urgent task. As a result of generalization of theoretical and methodological provisions, the definition of regional land-use territorial development is given, which is characterized as a system category that defines permanent transformational changes and considers spatial, urban, environmental and investment factors and improves land-use efficiency. It is established that the existing methodological approaches to the assessment of territorial development of land-use do not have a comprehensive approach and consider only certain factors. For a comprehensive and comprehensive assessment of the level of territorial development of land-use, a model is proposed, which is based on the definition of an integrated indicator. The formation of the model includes the following main stages: geofactor analysis, formation of a multilevel system of indicators, assessment and establishment of the level of impact of the indicator, determination of integrated indicators for each factor, formation of a general integrated indicator of land-use, interpretation of results. The technological feasibility of the model is determined by the formation of a set of spatial, urban, investment and environmental factors, the construction of a multilevel diagnostic system of indicators, their evaluation based on modern methods and the development of mathematical models. To obtain actual spatial and cadastral data to assess the territorial development of land-use, it is advisable to use forms of administrative cadastral reporting and space images.
EN
The article aims to present the assumptions and a part of the chamber study results conducted on the Księże Małe estate in Wrocław. The starting point for the research was the observation that the pre-war German housing estates were planned in a functional way, with great care for the surroundings of the buildings, as well as with the use of solutions that would now be defined as elements of blue or green infrastructure. Thus, the pre-war spatial arrangement manner is in line with the contemporary postulates of sustainable development and "healthy" cities. However, the functions of green areas and their elements have degraded over time and nowadays it is often possible to read the former planning concept only by means of comparative cartographic studies. The results of the preliminary research confirm that the subsequent housing development transformations were of a degrading nature, and the pre-war character of the building surroundings is illegible for residents and readable in archival materials that have not been elaborated so far. Recalling the memory of the former arrangement method may contribute to project activities in the area of urban adaptation to climate change, and past practices, a model for shaping contemporary urban plans.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie założeń i części wyników badań kameralnych prowadzonych dla osiedla Księże Małe we Wrocławiu. Punktem wyjścia do rozpoczęcia badań było spostrzeżenie, że przedwojenne osiedla niemieckie zostały zaplanowane w sposób funkcjonalny, z dużą dbałością o otoczenie budynków, a także z zastosowaniem rozwiązań, które obecnie określono by jako elementy błękitnej czy zielonej infrastruktury. Tym samym przedwojenny sposób zagospodarowania wpisuje się we współczesne postulaty zrównoważonego rozwoju i „zdrowych” miast. Funkcje terenów zieleni oraz ich elementów uległy jednak z czasem degradacji i obecnie odczytanie dawnego zamysłu planistycznego możliwe jest często jedynie za pomocą kartograficznych badań porównawczych. Wyniki wstępnych badań potwierdzają, że kolejne przekształcenia sposobu zagospodarowania osiedli miały charakter degradujący, a przedwojenny charakter otoczenia budynków jest nieczytelny dla mieszkańców i możliwy do odczytania w archiwalnych materiałach, które do tej pory nie były opracowane. Przywrócenie pamięci o dawnym sposobie zagospodarowania może być przyczynkiem do działań projektowych w nurcie adaptacji miast do zmian klimatu, a dawne praktyki – wzorcem dla kształtowania współczesnych zamierzeń urbanistycznych.
EN
Rehabilitation of post-industrial areas involves many areas. The area after hard coal mines, requires many specific actions and funds in order to eliminate any remnants of the former infrastructure that is located in this area. The area of Upper Silesia, which includes areas on both the Polish and Czech borders, belongs to the area where the process of underground hard coal mining is being extinguished. As a result of the completion of mining works, the mine areas and adjacent sites begin to undergo transformations. Thus, the landscape of this area changes, various types of land, residential buildings and roads are destroyed. The activities related to restoring the utility value to degraded areas should be carried out consistently, primarily from their inhabitants’ perspective. The rehabilitation of post-mining area and its proper management can bring great benefits to the city and its inhabitants in the future. The publication presents a proposal for land development solutions for the former hard coal mine in Bohumin, Vrbice district in the Czech Republic.
PL
W artykule omówiono podstawy formalno-prawne współdziałania organów nadzoru górniczego z organami ochrony środowiska w zakresie rekultywacji gruntów, na których w wyniku działalności górniczej nastąpiło niekorzystne przekształcenie naturalnego ukształtowania powierzchni oraz zanieczyszczenie gleby i ziemi. Zaprezentowano też działalność górnictwa w zakresie rekultywacji i zagospodarowania gruntów przekształconych działalnością górniczą w latach 2015-2019.
EN
The use of post-mining land requires that environmental protection authorities, in cooperation with, among others, mining supervisory authorities, set conditions for reclamation. In case of areas where the natural surface structure has been transformed in an unfavourable manner, these conditions are set by a Starost, who acts in accordance with Act [2], On the other hand, when there is ground pollution, the scope of necessary activities is specified by the regional director for environmental protection, who acts in accordance with Act [3] (pollution from before 30 April 2007) or Act [4] (pollution from after 30 April 2007). Between 2015 and 2019, in matters concer- ning reclamation, mining supervisory authorities cooperated most extensively with starosts, issuing an average of 994 opinions peryear. In 2019, a total of 9,884.3 ha of land reguired post-mining reclamation. Between 2015 and 2019, the overall reclamation dynamics exhibited a downward trend. During this period, the mining industry reclaimed a total of 3,417.4 ha of land, with the most (69.24%) in the rock raw materials and natural aggregates sector. Over the last 5 years, the mining industry developed a total of 1,731.2 ha of reclaimed land area, with the most (53.75%) in rock raw materiał and natural aggregate mining. Trend lines for the development of reclaimed land show a slight increase in both the mining industry in generał and in its individual sectors. However, between 2015 and 2019, elear downward dynamics were observed with respect to land transferred to other users, with a visible growth in land acguired for mining activities.
EN
This paper proposes an assessment of the links between freight trip generation (FTG) rates and accessibility. First, the paper overviews the background, sets the context and motivates the research. Second, it presents the proposed methodology, which combines an FTG model, two accessibility indicators and a linear regression analysis to assess the relationships between freight trip demand and a set of socio-demographic variables including accessibility. The FTG modelling framework, adapted from previous works, allows estimating the number of freight trips with a small amount of standard data, even when no surveyed data is available. The two gravity accessibility indexes, one potential and one exponential, are defined in the continuity of recent freight accessibility works. To those indicators, a set of socio-demographic variables, including population, area or a zone (or density), are introduced. The relationships between FTG and all those variables are assessed via standard linear regression methods completed by the verification of the corresponding linear relationship hypotheses. Third, the framework is applied to the urban area of Lyon (France), where no urban goods survey data is available. Results show that potential accessibility seems to have a better correlation to FTG and could be a good decision support indicator when combined with the population as an explanatory variable. The population can be added to accessibility as an explanatory variable, the resulting models with two variables have a slightly lower accuracy but remains close to that of models with only accessibility as an explanatory variable. This work remains exploratory and finishes by proposing practical implications and further development lines.
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