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PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę analizy procesu kierowania zabezpieczeniem logistycznym na poziomie taktycznym w świetle wprowadzonych w ostatnim czasie dokumentów dotyczących dowodzenia i kierowania w działaniach lądowych. W pierwszej kolejności opisano istotę kierowania zabezpieczeniem logistycznym, następnie dokonano krótkiej charakterystyki stosowanego dotychczas modelu przebiegu procesu kierowania zabezpieczeniem logistycznym. W dalszej kolejności scharakteryzowano zadania organów kierowania zabezpieczeniem logistycznym w cyklu dowodzenia zgodnym z modelem opisanym w dokumencie „Dowodzenie i kierowanie w działaniach lądowych DT-3.2.2(B)” oraz przedstawiono wnioski końcowe.
EN
This article is an attempt to analyze the logistics command and control process at the tactical level in the light of recently implemented standards of the land forces tactical command and control. Firstly, the essence of logistics command and control (C2) has been described. Secondly the hitherto model of a logistics C2 process has been characterized. Subsequently there have been tasks of the logistics C2 staff cells identified in the frame of C2 cycle according to the Polish national military standard “Dowodzenie i kierowanie w działaniach lądowych DT-3.2.2(B)”. Finally, the conclusions have been presented.
PL
Wysokie wymogi stawiane przed wojskami lądowymi przyczyniają się do prowadzenia nieustannych analiz i ocen wyposażenia, organizacji i funkcjonowania wojsk lądowych jako podstawowej bazy do tworzenia potencjału obronnego państwa. Wojska lądowe nieustannie zmieniają się. Jest to normalne zjawisko wynikające z dążenia do poprawy jakości i efektywności działań w ramach aktywnego kształtowania obronności państwa polskiego. Ten ewolucyjny proces w dobie dynamicznie zmieniających się warunków i pojawiania nowych wyzwań oraz przeobrażania zagrożeń jest nieodzowny, bowiem w XXI wieku sprostać wszelkim zagrożeniom oraz być w gotowości do wsparcia państwa mogą tylko nowoczesne siły zbrojne. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie współczesnych zagrożeń militarnych oraz uwarunkowań użycia wojsk lądowych w operacji obronnej RP. Tak określony cel oraz przedmiot badań stanowił podstawę do sformułowania głównego problemu badawczego zawartego w pytaniu: Jak we współczesnych uwarunkowaniach należy planować użycie wojsk lądowych w operacji obronnej? W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań teoretycznych (analiza, synteza, uogólnienie, porównanie, wnioskowanie, dedukcja i analogia) i empirycznych (obserwacja1, sondaż diagnostyczny) dotyczące miejsca i roli wojsk lądowych w operacji obronnej, zagrożeń militarnych dla wojsk lądowych oraz sposoby obliczania potencjału bojowego i wizje przyszłościowe struktur, wyposażenia i działania wojsk lądowych.
EN
High demands placed on land forces contribute to ongoing analyzes and assessments of equipment, organization and operation of land forces as the basic base for creating the defense potential of the state. Land forces are constantly changing. This is a normal phenomenon resulting from the striving to improve the quality and effectiveness of activities as part of the active development of the defense of the Polish state. This evolutionary process in the era of dynamically changing conditions and the emergence of new challenges and transformation of threats is indispensable, because in the 21st century, all threats can be met and only modern armed forces can be ready to support the state. The purpose of this article is to present contemporary military threats and conditions for the use of land forces in the defense operation of the Republic of Poland. Such a specific goal and subject of research formed the basis for formulating the main research problem included in the question: How should the use of land forces in a defense operation be planned in modern conditions? The article presents the results of theoretical research (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, inference, deduction and analogy) and empirical (observation, diagnostic opinion) concerning the place and role of land forces in defense operations, military threats to land forces, ways calculating combat potential and future visions of structures, equipment and operations of land forces.
PL
W artykule zostały zaprezentowane poglądy niemieckiego generała E. Middeldorfa na problematykę współdziałania wojsk lądowych z lotnictwem podczas blitzkriegu. Zostały także przedstawione kluczowe założenia „wojny błyskawicznej” oraz najważniejsze zagadnienia związane ze współdziałaniem rodzajów sił zbrojnych na polu walki. Zasady zaprezentowane przez Middeldorfa pomimo upływu ponad pół wieku są, w swoich głównych założeniach, nadal aktualne.
EN
In the article the author presents the German General E. Middeldorf ’s views on the issues of air-army cooperation during the blitzkrieg. Moreover, key assumptions of „blitzkrieg” as well as the most important issues related to interoperability of the armed forces on the battlefield were also presented. Despite the passage of more than half a century, the principles formulated by Middeldorf, are, in their main assumptions, still valid.
PL
W okresie ostatnich 60 lat umundurowanie polowe Wojsk Lądowych Wojska Polskiego przeszło poważne zmiany. Wynikało to z potrzeby coraz lepszego dostosowania ubioru żołnierza do kamuflażu, jego wygody i efektywności na polu walki. W 1958 r. obowiązywał w WP wzór „deszczyk”. Po 10 latach został on zastąpiony wzorem „moro”. W 1989 r. pojawił się wzór maskowania zwany „żabą” - „pumą” - „krokodylem”. Po kilku latach wszedł na użytek wojska wzór „pantera”. Został on zastąpiony w 2012 r. nowym wzorem „frontiera”. Aktualnie prace trwają nad wdrożeniem do wojsk modelu „mapa”. Wyścig zaawansowanych technologii w tym obszarze jest cały czas widoczny.
EN
Over the last 60 years, field uniforms of the Land Forces of the Polish Army have undergone significant changes. It resulted from the need to adjust the soldier’s clothing to camouflage, its comfort and efficiency on the battlefield. In 1958, the “deszczyk” formula was in force in the Polish Army. After 10 years, it was replaced by the model “moro”. In 1989, a masking pattern called “frog” - “puma” - “crocodile” appeared. After a few years, the „pantera” model was used for military use. It was replaced in 2012 with the new “frontier” design. Currently, work is underway on the implementation of the “map” model for the troops. The advanced technology race in this area is still visible.
PL
Zasadniczym celem niniejszego opracowania jest zaprezentowanie możliwości zintegrowania artylerii z systemem walki wojsk lądowych. Artyleria jest podstawowym środkiem wsparcia ogniowego i współdziała z jednostkami walczącymi oraz innymi elementami wsparcia. Główne obszary współpracy zachodzą w ramach podsystemów dowodzenia i kierowania ogniem, rozpoznania oraz rażenia. W celu osiągnięcia optymalizacji współdziałania należy dążyć do maksymalnej integracji różnych podsystemów w jedną sprawną całość realizującą zadania operacji. Aby to osiągnąć, należy ujednolicić procedury stosowane przez różne środki walki wojsk lądowych oraz uzyskać kompatybilność systemów łączności i dowodzenia i kierowania ogniem.
EN
The major objective of the article is to present the possibilities of field artillery integration with the land forces combat system. Field artillery is one of the main fire support components and cooperates with fighting units and other fire support elements. The main areas of cooperation take place within command and fire control, reconnaissance and firing subsystems. To achieve the cooperation optimum, one must strive towards the maximum integration of different subsystems into one effective entirety capable of conducting military operations. As a consequence, the procedures applied by different army combat means must be unified and full compatibility between command and control means should be accomplished.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera koncepcję zastosowania metody Schmigalli do sieciowego rozkładu stanowisk roboczych techniki wojsk lądowych. Zaprezentowano najistotniejsze aspekty z obszaru metod planowania sieciowego oraz przedstawiono algorytm postępowania podczas stosowania metody Schmigalli. Dokonano krótkiej charakterystyki systemu napraw w siłach zbrojnych, w której przedstawiono konieczność stosowania metod optymalizacyjnych. Następnie przeprowadzono niezbędne obliczenia celem uzyskania sieciowego rozkładu stanowisk roboczych w systemie napraw techniki wojsk lądowych opierając się na przykładzie pojazdu Star 1466.
EN
Hereby article presents the concept of the Schmigalli’s method in the workstations network techniques for land forces purposes. The most important aspects in the area of network planning methods has been made also with presentation of an procedures algorithm during the application of the Schmigalli’s method. A brief characterization of repair system in the armed forces has been made, which outlines the need for optimization methods usage . Then the necessary calculations has been performed to obtain a distribution network of workstations in the repair system techniques for land forces purposes based on the example of Star 1466 vehicle.
7
Content available remote Wpływ targetingu na planowanie ognia artylerii
EN
The condition to develop a rational plan of fire support is to integrate it with the operational plan of fighting troops, reconnaissance assets and weapons and ammunition. This integration occurs in a decision-making cycle of command process and targeting. In order to plan fire support effectively, there must be developed a rational and integrated plan of executed fire tasks. Organizational changes taking place in land forces’ command structures affect also the tasks and composition of functional command post (CP) cells responsible for planning fire support executed by artillery. The aim of this article is to show a method of artillery fire planning to tasks that result from the targeting process. A special attention is drawn to factors that determine planning fire tasks for artillery and basic activities performed by an artillery cell while their planning. In addition, major undertakings of command process decision-making cycle are shown, within which targeting tasks are executed, that in turn are the source of tasks for reconnaissance and strike assets.
8
Content available remote Przywództwo w cyklu decyzyjnym procesu dowodzenia
EN
Command and control in the military is mostly associated with a formalized process which is largely based on the power of a commander. It is perceived though superior’s authorities and the requirement to obey the commander’s will due to formal authorities, which is obviously in accordance with regulations. However, experience shows that the superior’s authoritarian attitude may appear insufficient. Leadership formula in the military neither substitutes formal power nor questions it. Leadership should naturally complement command and control process, which in effect may be treated as an added value to effective commanding. Leadership is frequently meant as relations between commanders at various levels. The command and control decision-making cycle, which is largely performed by the staff personnel, is focused on activity planning. Although only officers who perform commanding functions usually contact the commander, actually, many situations appear when the commander may stress his commanding role. It is important as it enables the commander to create a positive image of his person and shapes healthy interpersonal relations. A competent and intentional auto-presentation of leadership attitudes is also a factor causing that subordinates feel joint responsibility and triggers initiative of their actions. Any environment or subordinates’ group is a separate and specific entity which requires an individual approach. There are no ready and completely efficient solutions for commanders. Nevertheless, the awareness of such behaviour may initiate the need to seek them. All the more, a modern commander, in order to be a natural leader, should create situations to underline but not impose his leadership. Command and control decision-making process is a great way to develop and present attitudes that will attract people to the commander; whereas the work they do will be pleasure not compulsion for them. What is more important, it is mutual trust, not regulations, which will shape inter-personal relations.
EN
This article shows general point of view using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in land forces operations. The main idea is to present ability of UAV in military operation, especially in the urban area and in the close operation. Article presents a new direction in development of UAV. Many examples of military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan is given to underline role of UAV in the modern war.
PL
Przedmiot artykułu stanowią wyniki badań porównawczych uzyskanych w efekcie rozwiązania problemu zdefiniowanego w postaci pytania – jakie są współczesne kierunki zmian w procesie automatyzacji procesów informacyjnych w bezzałogowym systemie rozpoznania wojsk lądowych? Dla rozwiązania problemu głównego zdefiniowano zagadnienia szczegółowe obejmujące wykorzystanie bezzałogowych aparatów rozpoznawczych do rozpoznania operacjach wojsk lądowych, w tym szczególnie w działaniach bezpośrednich oraz w terenie zurbanizowanym. Ponadto zaprezentowano efekty poznawcze dotyczące stanu automatyzacji polskich bezzałogowych aparatów latających (narodowe doświadczenia i rozwiązania). W podsumowaniu przedstawiono nowe kierunki automatyzacji procesów informacyjnych w rozpoznaniu bezzałogowym. W treści artykułu zaprezentowano wiele przykładów i rozwiązań wykorzystywanych w misjach w Iraku oraz w Afganistanie.
10
Content available remote Założenia koncepcji działania organów dowodzenia
EN
Contemporary, complex and dynamic conditions of military organisations functioning result in the growing importance of their activities’ effectiveness, which aim at reaching assumed goals. It is stressed that command (managerial) bodies play the leading role in all organisational activities. Therefore, special attention must be focused on the evaluation of their preparation and task achievement. The identified facts and conclusions drawn while the evaluation should allow answering questions concerning how the work was done, what was achieved, what the result was, if the activities were effective. Consequently, it may be defined how to improve their functioning. The article features assumptions taken while defining the evaluation concept of the command body's performance. Its idea is expresses in the fact that this evaluation should be perceived as a system characteristic value defined in the space of aims, results and as a consequence of the potential used (assets, resources, work, etc.). It is suggested in such an approach to perceive the evaluation of command bodies' performance in two categories of criteria: effectiveness, i.e. the result of command bodies’ performance is understood as the conformity of results and aims and cost-effectiveness, i.e. the relation between the result (in a factual, methodological and functional approach) and costs born to achieve it. The presented assumptions are the starting point for formal development and implementation of the evaluation concept of command bodies’performance, and in a broader approach the evaluation of the command system organisation and functioning.
11
Content available remote Wsparcie mobilności wojsk lądowych
EN
The article focuses on the issues of forces’ mobility on land forces’ terrain, taking into consideration the need of movement on roads for air force and navy units. Discussing issues relating to troops mobility is possible after dividing the whole of operational and tactical operations into operations connected with striking the opponent (manoeuvre) and movement inside the own area or zone. The force mobility as an art of war category includes all movements and change of forces deployment. Taking into consideration the goal of force movement. three kinds of movement can be differentiated: manoeuvre, relocation and transport movement. The manoeuvre is applied by forces during operations in reference to the enemy, depending on its direction it can be preceded or finished with relocation. Relocations and transport movement are conducted within the force operations on the territory of their own country. Analysing movement as a physical category and due to the means of transport used, one can distinguish its three forms: the march, transport and redeployment. The march of troops during combat operations is usually conducted on roads. One cannot exclude free movement of vehicle traffic, especially in transport movement. From the military point of view, the category that characterises the forces' movement is their mobility. It can be treated as a feature (characteristic) of a particular element of operational (combat) group and as their capability of quick relocation from one place to another. Taking into consideration the combat operation organisation, one can distinguish the tactical and operational mobility of forces. The destruction of roads and crossings always poses an obstacle for land forces’ movement. Even using the road to detour a destroyed road causes delays in relation to the movement on the main road which was initially planned. Most forces will relocate on hard surface roads. The density of road network decides on the possibility to choose a particular number of roads for vehicle traffic in a given direction. The activities connected with rebuilding destroyed roads should be treated as a set of not very complicated works, however, they are time consuming and varied. They usually require various ways to repair the road surface by specialised engineering units, sometimes even using civil road building companies.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono skróconą koncepcję wykonania demonstratora technologii systemu samolotowego, bezzałogowego środka uderzeniowego (BSU). Koncepcja dotyczy opracowania demonstratora technologii systemu BSU przeznaczonego do rażenia celów punktowych i mało powierzchniowych. Opracowanie to jest związane z realizacją projektu rozwojowego nr OR00004409 na wykonanie „Bezzałogowego środka uderzeniowego przeznaczonego do rażenia celów w strefie odpowiedzialności brygady wojsk lądowych”.
EN
A short concept of technology demonstrator for an aerial unmanned assault system (UAS) is presented in the paper. The system is predicted to fight focussed or small area objects. The project runs according to the development project No OR00004409 named “Aerial Unmanned Assault System to fight Objects within the Army Brigade Responsibility Zone”.
13
Content available remote Współczesna sieć teleinformatyczna związku taktycznego wojsk lądowych
EN
Selected problems of the modern teleinformatic network of land force’s brigade and division are presented in the article. A special attention is drawn to explaining notions from convergent areas of telecommunication and informatics. A general structure of teleinformatic network is suggested. Its components are characterised. Then the material basis to build particular components of the network is shows, i.e. teleinformatic devices and assets: teletransmission ones (radio lines, cable, radio and satellite), commutation ones (switchboards, terminal equipment, rooters), final ones (devices, computers, terminals) and special ones (cryptography devices).
14
Content available remote Targeting w dowodzeniu w wojskach lądowych
EN
Targeting has entered for good the canon of land forces’ commanding theory and practice. The aim of carrying out this process is to ensure an effective and efficient task execution in the area of appropriate choice of targets and rational division of reconnaissance and fire potential. It is an effective method connecting the own potential with the most important targets that ensures reaching intended operational (tactical) tasks. The article presents the role of targeting in reference to land forces, taking into special consideration its implementation in the process of command. The attention is also drawn to the fact that on order to do task planning and operations’ commanding within targeting, a permanent cell dealing with this process is required in commands' organizational structures.
15
Content available remote Modyfikacja systemu walki wojsk lądowych SZ RP : artykuł dyskusyjny
EN
One of the crucial elements in commands’ and forces’ training is the synchronization of the fighting system which allows the coordination of various assets’ and forces’ operation directed to achieve the task of fighting (operations) in a way which agrees with the commander’s decision. The synchronization of this fighting system conducted on armed forces’ operational and tactical level includes carrying out various planning and organizational undertakings aiming to achieve coordinated and efficient operation of assets and forces engaged in combat operations (fighting). The article presents the author’s opinions relating to the new approach to the problem of fighting system synchronizing in new conditions that the Polish Armed Forces face.
EN
Poland’s accession to NATO resulted in a new range of land forces’ tasks and changes in organizational structures of units and sub-units, in particular in command sub-units represented by command battalion in the division. Experience resulting from the participation in international missions and new tasks facing the armed forces, induce considering the future shape of command sub-units organizational structures and their tasks within wartime command system (WCS). The question concerning the role of command battalion within the WCS is still open. The main legislative document in force since April 2009 is the "Instruction of the Wartime Command System’s Organization and Functioning” published by the General Staff 1603/2008. It standardizes, among others, the structure and principles of organization and functioning of command posts on all levels, division’s command battalion including. Within operations there takes places the transformation of commands’ and staffs’ structures and changes of tasks conducted in wartime command system, Therefore, some questions appear: 1. where is the command battalion’s place in the division’s combat group? 2. how do the battalion commander and his staff function in the WCS? 3. what is the battalion’s commander’s role in the division’s command system? 4. in what way does the battalion’s structure allow conducting tasks in tactical operations?
EN
The article presents the role and place of territorial defence forces in Poland's internal security system in 1959-1989. The basic premises of creating this kind of land forces and the tasks they were to fulfill on the territory of our country in case of an armed conflict are described. Then basing on the plans conducted in 1962-1989 of Polish Armed Forces' development and intentions resulting from them, the author describes the organizational development of two basic kinds of territorial defence of the state forces which included internal defence troops and territorial defence troops. The article is complemented with comparative data of the land forces' territorial defence of the state forces' strength in 1970-1985.
18
EN
The Armed Forces of Germany - Bundeswehr have undergone several reorganisations and restructuring since 1999. The fourth reorganisation reached the largest scale in the post-war history. Two dominant determinants of this long-term process: decreasing the number of personnel and shortening the time of conscription service have consequently contributed to creating three armed forces branches (land forces, air forces, the navy) and changing the organisation of the central health service and its bases working for respected armed forces branches. In practice, this process should be identified with their transformation, whose aim is to reach before 2010 much smaller but more effective Land Forces, the Engineers’ Troops including. Their structure, equipment, armament and system of training presented in this article are to be adequate to the requirements of operations conducted outside the German territory.
PL
Doświadczenia wojsk NATO w działaniach wojennych wskazały, że jednostki pancerne i zmechanizowane w operacjach pokojowych są mało efektywne i do takich zadań skuteczniejsze są pododdziały wyposażone w lekkie pojazdy, mogące być szybko przerzucone transportem powietrznym w dowolny rejon zagrożony konfliktem zbrojnym. Pojawiły się więc opinie o zmierzchu pododdziałów wyposażonych w broń ciężką. Szczególnie silne dążenie dla takiego kierunku zmian odnotowano w USA, gdzie po kilkuletniej dyskusji, w 1998 przystąpiono do restrukturyzacji ciężkich dywizji.
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