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EN
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are ad hoc and self-configuring networks having the possibility that any sensor node can connect or leave the network. With no central controller in WSN, wireless sensor nodes are considered responsible for data routing in the networks. The wireless sensor nodes are very small in size and have limited resources, therefore, it becomes difficult to recharge or replace the battery of the sensor nodes at far places. The present study focused on reducing the battery consumption of the sensor nodes by the deployment of the newly proposed Fault Tolerance Multipath Routing Protocol (MRP-FT) as compared with the existing Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol under particle swarm optimisation based fault tolerant routing (PSO-FT) technique. The proposed algorithm of MRP-FT-based on the dynamic clustering technique using Boltzmann learning of the neural network and the weights were adjusted according to the area of networks, number of nodes and rounds, the initial energy of nodes (E0), transmission energy of nodes (d
2
Content available remote Study and analysis of a novel compact cubic antenna design for WSN applications
EN
This paper presents a novel miniaturized 3-D cubic antenna to be used for wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. The geometry of this antenna is designed as a cube including a meander dipole antenna. A truly omnidirectional pattern is produced by this antenna in both E-plane and H-plane, which allows for non-intermittent communication that is orientation independent. The operating frequency lies in the ISM band (centred in 2.45 GHz). The cubic shape of the antenna allows for smart packaging, as sensor equipment may be easily integrated into the hallow cube interior. All results of the simulations were performed by CST Microwave Studio simulation software and validated with HFSS.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono nowatorską, miniaturową antenę sześcienną 3D do zastosowania w bezprzewodowej sieci czujników (WSN). Geometria tej anteny jest zaprojektowana jako sześcian zawierający meandrową antenę dipolową. Ta antena wytwarza prawdziwie dookólny wzór zarówno w płaszczyźnie E, jak i H, co pozwala na nieprzerwaną komunikację, która jest niezależna od orientacji. Częstotliwość pracy leży w paśmie ISM (scentrowanym w 2,45 GHz). Sześcienny kształt anteny pozwala na sprytne pakowanie, ponieważ wyposażenie czujnika można łatwo zintegrować z wnętrzem sześcianu. Wszystkie wyniki symulacji zostały przeprowadzone przez oprogramowanie symulacyjne CST Microwave Studio i zweryfikowane za pomocą HFSS.
EN
The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and their extensive characteristics and applicabilityto a wide range of applications attract researchers attention. WSN is an emerging technology where the sensor nodes are its major elements used to monitor and control physicaland environmental systems. Clustering in wireless sensor networks groups all the nodesin a region, uses a single node as a cluster head, and communicates with the sink. However, the resource-constrained nodes’ lifetime reduces in the communication process. Toimprove the network lifetime, an efficient cluster head selection process is widely adopted.Similarly, identifying energy-efficient routing reduces the node energy requirements andenhances the network lifetime. Considering these two characteristics as objective, thisresearch work proposes a fuzzy neural network-based clustering with dolphin swarm optimization routing and congestion control (FNDSCC), where an energy-efficient cluster headselection using a deep fuzzy neural network (DFNN) model and an energy-aware optimalrouting using an improved dolphin swarm optimization (DSO) enhance the network life-time by reducing the energy consumption of the nodes. Moreover, novel rate adjustmenttechniques to overcome the congestion inside the network are introduced. Proposed modelperformance is experimentally verified and compared with conventional methods such asgenetic based efficient clustering (GEC), hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO), andartificial bee colony (ABC) optimization and rate-controlled reliable transport (RCRT)protocol in terms of latency, reliability, packet delivery ratio, network lifetime and ef-ficiency. The results demonstrate that the proposed multi-objective approach performsbetter than conventional models.
EN
Energy is one of the crucial performance parameters in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Enhancement of network lifetime is an important consideration as well. Low energy-aware clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is one of the protocols proposed for WSNs. In this paper, a residual energy-aware clustering transformation protocol for LEACH (REACT-LEACH), enhancing performance of LEACH by introducing a clustering mechanism, is proposed. The proposed cluster head (CH) rotation and cluster reformation processes are more effective in REACT-LEACH, as residual energy is considered to be one of the metrics. Performance of REACT-LEACH is validated based on simulations.
EN
Wireless sensor network is a dynamic field of networking and communication because of its increasing demand in critical Industrial and Robotics applications. Clustering is the technique mainly used in the WSN to deal with large load density for efficient energy conservation. Formation of number of duplicate clusters in the clustering algorithm decreases the throughput and network lifetime of WSN. To deal with this problem, advance distributive energy-efficient adaptive clustering protocol with sleep/wake scheduling algorithm (DEACP-S/W) for the selection of optimal cluster head is presented in this paper. The presented sleep/wake cluster head scheduling along with distributive adaptive clustering protocol helps in reducing the transmission delay by properly balancing of load among nodes. The performance of algorithm is evaluated on the basis of network lifetime, throughput, average residual energy, packet delivered to the base station (BS) and CH of nodes. The results are compared with standard LEACH and DEACP protocols and it is observed that the proposed protocol performs better than existing algorithms. Throughput is improved by 8.1% over LEACH and by 2.7% over DEACP. Average residual energy is increased by 6.4% over LEACH and by 4% over DEACP. Also, the network is operable for nearly 33% more rounds compared to these reference algorithms which ultimately results in increasing lifetime of the Wireless Sensor Network.
EN
The recent decades have seen the growth in the fields of wireless communication technologies, which has made it possible to produce components with a rational cost of a few cubic millimeters of volume, called sensors. The collaboration of many of these wireless sensors with a basic base station gives birth to a network of wireless sensors. The latter faces numerous problems related to application requirements and the inadequate abilities of sensor nodes, particularly in terms of energy. In order to integrate the different models describing the characteristics of the nodes of a WSN, this paper presents the topological organization strategies to structure its communication. For large networks, partitioning into sub-networks (clusters) is a technique used to reduce consumption, improve network stability and facilitate scalability.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest opis zastosowania platformy IQRF® do wdrożenia bezprzewodowej sieci typu WSN. Technika IQRF® umożliwiła budowę sieci sensorowej z możliwością rekonfiguracji. Część teoretyczna zawiera opis zastosowanych rozwiązań sprzętowych IQRF®. Zakres praktyczny obejmuje opis projektu sieci WSN wdrożonej w budynku P3 Politechniki Opolskiej. Uruchomiono sieć bezprzewodową składającą się z 10 modułów IQRF®. Skonfigurowane moduły radiowe zostały umieszczone w wybranych pokojach na wszystkich pięciu kondygnacjach budynku w celu przeprowadzenia testów. Testy obejmowały pomiar czasu opóźnienia transmisji pakietu z danymi pomiarowymi oraz poziomu RSSI.
EN
The subject of the article is a description of the use of the IQRF® platform to implement a wireless WSN network. IQRF® technology has enabled the construction of a sensor network with the possibility of reconfiguration. The theoretical part contains a description of the IQRF® hardware solutions used. The practical scope includes the description of the WSN network project implemented in building P3 of the Opole University of Technology. A wireless network consisting of 10 IQRF® modules was launched. The configured radio modules were placed in selected rooms on all five floors of the building for testing. Tests included measuring the transmission delay time of the measurement data package and the RSSI level.
EN
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have experienced enormous growth, both in terms of the technology used and their practical applications. In order to understand the features of WSNs that make the solution suitable for a specific purpose, one needs to be aware of the theoretical concepts behind and technological aspects of WSNs. In this paper, the significance of WSNs is illustrated, with a particular emphasis placed on their demands and on understanding researchrelated problems. A review of the literature available is presented as well. Detailed discussions concerning sensor node architecture, different types of sensors used and their relevance for various types of WSNs is presented, highlighting the need to achieve application-specific requirements without degrading service quality. Multipath and cluster-based routing protocols are compared in order to analyze QoS requirements they are capable of satisfying, and their suitability for different application areas is reviewed. This survey highlights the performance of different routing protocols, therefore providing guidelines enabling each of the routing techniques to be used, in an efficient manner, with factors such as specific network structure, protocol operation and routing path construction taken into consideration in order to achieve better performance.
EN
This paper details a hardware implementation of a distributed Ɵ(1) time algorithm allows to select dynamically the master device in ad-hoc or cluster-based networks in a constant time regardless the number of devices in the same cluster. The algorithm allows each device to automatically detect its own status; master or slave; based on identifier without adding extra overheads or exchanging packets that slow down the network. We propose a baseband design that implements algorithm functions and we detail the hardware implementation using Matlab/Simulink and Ettus B210 USRP. Tests held in laboratory prove that algorithm works as expected.
EN
Data aggregation is the process aimed at reducing the transmission count of packets being transmitted in the framework of in-network data processing. It is the data transmission model that takes the information transmitted from different nodes and generates a single data packet after finding and eliminating the redundant packets. Accordingly, this process decreases the transmission count and makes it possible to consume less energy. The major issues in data aggregation mechanism are related to reduction of latency and to energy balancing. Moreover, it is very complex to resolve the issue of packet loss, which is the failure of one or more transmitted packets to arrive at their destination due to the bad and/or congested channel conditions. The present survey involves a collection of 50 research papers dealing with the data aggregation models in wireless sensor networks (WSN). Various data aggregation methods, like the cluster-based approach, structure-free method, tree-based approach, in-network methods, and energy based aggregation model are considered in this survey, regarding the application and the energy usage involved. On the basis of the survey, the issues and drawbacks faced by the respective methodologies are highlighted. In addition, the paper presents simple statistics of the studies considered with respect to the performance measures, simulation tools, publication year, and classification of methods. The future dimensions of the respective research are supposed to be based on the challenges identified in this survey.
11
Content available remote RE4TinyOS: A Reverse Engineering Methodology for the MDE of TinyOS Applications
EN
In this paper, we introduce a tool-supported reverse engineering methodology, called RE4TinyOS to create or update application models from TinyOS programs for the construction of Wireless Sensor Networks. Integrating with an existing model-driven engineering (MDE) environment, use of RE4TinyOS enables the model-code synchronization where any modification made in the TinyOS application code can be reflected into the application model and vice versa. Conducted case studies exemplified this model-code synchronization as well as the capability of creating application models completely from already existing TinyOS applications without models, which is crucial to integrate the implementations of the third party TinyOS applications into the MDE processes. Evaluation results showed that RE4TinyOS succeeded in the reverse engineering of all main parts of two well-known TinyOS applications taken from the official TinyOS Github repository and generated models were able to be visually processed in the MDE environment for further modifications.
12
PL
Praca dotyczy sieci bezprzewodowych czujników. Prezentowany jest ogólny model tego typu sieci. Szczególna uwaga jest zwrócona na metody oszczędzania energii oraz energooszczędne i bezpieczne protokoły komunikacyjne stosowane w bezprzewodowych sieciach sensorowych. Omawiane są dwa podstawowe podejścia do efektywnego zarządzania zasobami energetycznymi urządzeń tworzących sieci, tj. sterowanie aktywnością węzłów oraz sterowanie poziomem mocy nadawanego sygnału. Prezentowane wyniki badań symulacyjnych i laboratoryjnych potwierdzają, że zastosowanie tych rozwiązań pozwala na efektywne gospodarowanie zasobami energetycznymi sieci co znacząco podnosi jej ˙zywotność i niezawodność.
EN
The paper is concerned with wireless sensor networks (WSN). The formal model of a WSN system is presented. Next properties, limitations and basic issues related to development of wireless sensor network applications are investigated. The focus is on energy aware inter-node communication strategies. The approaches to power control and activity control of nodes are briefly summarized. The results of the performance evaluation of energy aware protocols through simulation and testbed implementation are presented and discussed. The presented results confirm the efficiency of discussed techniques in energy saving and extending the lifetime and reliability of WSN.
EN
The data aggregation process of wireless sensor networks faces serious security problems. In order to defend the internal attacks launched by captured nodes and ensure the reliability of data aggregation, a secure data aggregation mechanism based on constrained supervision is proposed for wireless sensor network, which uses the advanced LEACH clustering method to select cluster heads. Then the cluster heads supervise the behaviors of cluster members and evaluate the trust values of nodes according to the communication behavior, data quality and residual energy. Then the node with the highest trust value is selected as the supervisor node to audit the cluster head and reject nodes with low trust values. Results show that the proposed mechanism can effectively identify the unreliable nodes, guarantee the system security and prolong the network life time.
EN
The paper presents the concept of a node of an acoustic-based system for leak detection and location. The system monitors hydraulic parameters and condition of a water distribution network (WDN) using a wireless sensor network (WSN). The WSN’s nodes communicate with each other using acoustic waves propagating through water in the pipeline. Alternatively, a WSN uses a combination of acoustic-based and radiowavebased communication. The preliminary research positively verified communication capabilities of the WSN in laboratory conditions. The paper discusses the improvements of an idea presented in [12, 14] and its possible application to leak detection and location. The paper continues the long-term research on diagnostics of water distribution networks conducted by the Institute of Fundamentals of Machinery Design.
PL
Niniejsza praca przedstawia koncepcję węzła akustycznego systemu detekcji i lokalizacji wycieków. System monitoruje parametry hydrauliczne i stan sieci wodociągowej wykorzystując bezprzewodową sieć sensoryczną. Węzły sieci komunikują się ze sobą za pomocą fal akustycznych rozchodzących się wewnątrz wypełnionego wodą rurociągu. Rozwiązaniem alternatywnym jest wykorzystanie zarówno fal akustycznych, jak i radiowych. Wstępne badania pozytywnie zweryfikowały możliwości komunikacyjne sieci w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Praca omawia szereg ulepszeń pomysłu przedstawionego w [12, 14] oraz potencjalne zastosowanie do detekcji i lokalizacji wycieków. Praca kontynuuje wieloletnie badania nad diagnozowaniem sieci wodociągowych prowadzone przez Instytut Podstaw Konstrukcji Maszyn.
PL
Występujące w środowisku pracy zagrożenia spowodowane różnego rodzaju czynnikami szkodliwymi są przyczyną powstawania chorób zawodowych. Podejmowanie działań profilaktycznych chroniących pracowników przed nadmiernym narażeniem na czynniki szkodliwe wymaga wiedzy na temat stanu zagrożenia tymi czynnikami w zakładzie pracy. Do monitorowania zagrożeń w środowisku pracy mogą być wykorzystane bezprzewodowe sieci sensorowe. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe zagadnienia dotyczące bezprzewodowych sieci sensorowych oraz możliwości realizacji tego rodzaju sieci wykorzystującej rozwiązania z zakresu Internetu rzeczy i przeznaczonej do monitorowania środowiska pracy pod kątem występowania zagrożeń czynnikami szkodliwymi oraz ostrzegania o nich pracowników za pomocą urządzeń nasobnych.
EN
Hazards caused by various types of factors harmful to health that occur in the work environment are the cause for occupational diseases. Undertaking preventive actions that protect employees against excessive exposure to these factors requires their measurements and assessment of exposure of workers at the workplace. For these purposes wireless sensor networks can be used. The article presents the basic issues of wireless sensor networks and the possibility of implementing this type of network as well as the Internet of Things to monitor the work environment for the occurrence of hazards caused by harmful factors, and to warn workers about them by means of wearable devices.
EN
The safety of concrete dams, such as gravity dams, buttress dams, and arch dams, is directly related to not only its social and economic benefits, but also the personal and property safety of residents around the reservoir area. Therefore, it is of great importance to monitor the health of concrete dams using the obtained real-time information. In this paper, reviewed using an automatic wireless sensor monitoring system for temperature and humidity monitoring within concrete structures and A Real-Time Temperature Data Transmission Approach for Intelligent Cooling Control of Mass Concrete by using temperature sensors in arch dam. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) aims to develop automated systems for the continuous monitoring, inspection, and damage detection of structures with minimum labour involvement.
PL
Obecnie istnieje wiele rozwiązań systemów monitorujących różnorodne obiekty techniczne. Część rozwiązań jest projektowana specjalnie z myślą o sieciach wodociągowych. Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zastosowania modułów do komunikacji akustycznej wewnątrz rurociągu, w którym medium komunikacyjnym jest woda. Przedstawione rozwiązanie stanowi alternatywę dla obecnie wykorzystywanych metod komunikacji w bezprzewodowych sieciach sensorycznych (WSN). We wstępie krótko scharakteryzowano problem badawczy oraz opisano tematykę bezprzewodowych sieci sensorycznych. Kolejne sekcje opisują koncepcję węzła sieci sensorycznej oraz metody modulacji i kodowania sygnałów wykorzystane podczas badań, jak również przedstawiają prototyp węzła sieci. Końcowe akapity poświęcone zostały wynikom wstępnych badań, najważniejszym wnioskom i planowi dalszych badań.
EN
A plethora of monitoring systems of different technical objects exists nowadays. Some of the solutions are specifically designed for water supply networks. The main objective of the paper is to describe the use of acoustic signal modules for communication in pipeline systems, where water is used as the transmission medium. This idea is proposed as an alternative to methods used in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) nowadays. The paper begins with short introduction to the research problem and WSNs in general. Further sections describe the concept of a node, methods of signal modulation and coding used during the research and a brief description of acoustic node prototype. Results of the preliminary tests together with the major conclusions and future research plans are discussed at the end of the paper.
EN
This article proposes a methodology for obtaining a cryptographic algorithm, optimized for wireless sensor networks, through genetic algorithm. With the objective of increasing the level of security, computational efficiency and highlighting the energy consumption, considering that the autonomy of the wireless sensor devices is directly influenced by this factor. In aptitude function of genetic algorithm, were used metrics of algorithm runtime, maximum deviation and irregular, space occupied in memory and correlation coefficient (a new proposed metric), in order to find a safe and fast algorithm. The results obtained through computational simulations show the efficiency of the proposed methodology, in terms of processing time, coefficient of correlation and occupation of memory.
PL
W tym artykule zaproponowano metodologię uzyskiwania algorytmu kryptograficznego, zoptymalizowanego dla bezprzewodowych sieci czujników, za pomoca˛ algorytmu genetycznego. W celu zwiększenia poziomu bezpieczeństwa, wydajności obliczeniowej i podkreślenia zużycia energii, biorąc pod uwagę fakt, że ten czynnik ma bezposśredni wpływ na autonomię bezprzewodowych czujników. W funkcji uzdatniania algorytmu genetycznego wykorzystano metryki czasu pracy algorytmu, maksymalnego odchylenia i nieregularności, miejsca zajmowanego w pamięci i współczynnika korelacji (nowa proponowana metryka), aby znaleźć bezpieczny i szybki algorytm. Wyniki uzyskane za pomocą symulacji obliczeniowych pokazują efektywność proponowanej metodologii, pod względem czasu przetwarzania, współczynnika korelacji i zajęcia pamięci.
EN
In view of the characteristics of low speed mobile ship network, strong network dynamics and large signal interference, this paper proposes a low-rate mobile sensor network routing algorithm. In mobile wireless sensor networks, network topology changes frequently is a new challenge for resource constrained sensor node. Constantly updated network topology, sensor nodes need to exchange data frequently in order to maintain fresh route, resulting in sensor nodes consume a lot of energy. To solve this problem, to reduce control overhead is considered to be an effctive strategy. In this paper, we present a vector network-based dynamic routes (VNDR) scheme aims to minimize the control cost of the sensor nodes. We propose data exchange based on binary-coded vector address to reduce the control cost, moreover, we present a set of communication rules that govern the routes search procedure thereby requiring little cost of packet analysis to determine the next hop of node. VNDR performance was compared with well known scheme such as SPIN and DD. Simulation results show that, our VNDR scheme reduced the network control overhead and improved network lifetime.
EN
The aim of this work is to present a project of a network of wireless sensors for the monitoring of plantations in agriculture. The developed project can be used to automate the field irrigation process. The design of the field moisture control system was based on the WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology. A measuring element with necessary sensors was also designed for the project. The methodological part of the work includes the network design and the development of the concept of measuring device construction. The Advantech ADAM 2000Z series components were used for the wireless sensor network project.
XX
Celem niniejszej pracy jest prezentacja projektu sieci bezprzewodowych czujników dla potrzeb monitoringu plantacji w rolnictwie. Opracowany projekt może być wykorzystywany do automatyzacji procesu nawadniania pól. Projekt systemu kontroli stopnia uwilgotnienia pola został wykonany na podstawie technologii WSN (ang. Wireless Sensor Network). Na potrzeby projektu został również zaprojektowany element pomiarowy wraz z niezbędnymi czujnikami. Cześć metodyczna pracy obejmuje projekt sieci, oraz opracowanie koncepcji budowy urządzenia pomiarowego. Do projektu bezprzewodowej sieci czujników użyto komponentów firmy Advantech ADAM seria 2000Z.
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