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EN
Quantitative variation of pore pressure within the formations is essential for the selection of drilling mud, and to avoid catastrophic incidents such as blowouts. In this paper, we estimate to detect in-situ overpressure zone (OPZ) and to establish the adequate spatial distribution of PP from a 3D seismic data containing three wells in the foreland basin of the upper Assam shelf. We applied the fact that the porosity of Shale decreases monotonically as the effective stress increases, so we delimited the Shale volume up to 70% for PP estimation. The OPZ has been identified in the wells by comparing two methods: first, deviation of sonic transit time from normal compaction trend, and second, the separation between sonic-density porosity. The predicted PP is validated by repeat formation test and mud weight data. The 3D pore pressure model that obtained by velocity-effective stress transformation method matches with pore pressure in the wells with excellent goodness of ft. The PP gradient varies from 14.22 to 15.50 MPa/km in OPZ, and the top of OPZ ranges from 1225 to 2182 m, respectively. The spatial distribution of pore pressure is found to be mostly normal pressure for Barail, Sylhet and fracture basement except in the Kopili formation in which OPZ is spatially distributed, and higher pressure is observed in the locations toward the S-SE direction. Our results reveal the occurrence of overpressure zone in Barail and Kopili formations of Oligocene to Eocene, which can be attributed to the disequilibrium compaction phenomenon.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono możliwość wykorzystania metod uczenia maszynowego do automatycznego wyznaczenia litofacji na podstawie danych geofizyki otworowej. Zaprezentowano zarówno podstawowe koncepcje przyświecające rozwiązaniom typu data-driven, jak również opisano schemat pracy z danymi złożowymi. Omówiono także popularne techniki klasyfikacyjne: maszynę wektorów nośnych, drzewa decyzyjne, lasy losowe oraz sztuczne sieci neuronowe. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie może okazać się niezwykle przydatne w modelowaniu złóż węglowodorów, szczególnie w przypadku braku wystarczającej ilości danych pochodzących z badań laboratoryjnych rdzeni skalnych.
EN
The paper presents the possibility of using selected machine learning methods for automatic facies determination based on well-log data. The study presents fundamental concepts of a data-driven approach, as well as presents the detailed workflow for working with reservoir data. Popular classification techniques such as support vector machine, decision trees, random forests and artificial neural networks are also discussed. The proposed methodology can prove to be extremely useful in computer modeling of hydrocarbon reservoirs, especially in the case of reduced core sample dataset.
EN
The present research applies six empirical, three statistical, and two soft computing methods to predict water saturation of an oil reservoir. The employed empirical models are ‘Archie (Trans AIME 146(1):54–62, 1942),’ ‘DeWitte (Oil Gas J 49(16):120–134, 1950),’ ‘Poupon et al. (J Petrol Technol 6(6):27–34, 1954),’ ‘Simandoux (Revue deI’Institut Francais du.Petrol, 1963),’ ‘Poupon and Leveaux (1971),’ and ‘Schlumberger (Log interpretation principles/applications, p. 235, 7th printing. Houston, 1998)’; statistical methods are ‘multiple variable regression,’ ‘fine tree, medium tree, coarse tree-based regression tree,’ and ‘bagged tree, boosted tree-based tree ensembles’; and soft computing techniques are ‘support vector machine (SVM)’ and ‘Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Bayesian regularization (BR), and scaled conjugate gradient (SCG)- based artificial neural network (ANN).’ In addition, log variables are ranked based on their significance in water saturation modeling. To achieve the goals, 521 data points are selected from three wells. Each data point has laboratory-derived core water saturation information and six well log features, such as gamma ray (GR), bulk density (RHOB), sonic travel time (DT), true resistivity (LLD), neutron porosity (φN), and Depth. Statistical indexes, namely regression coefficient, mean squared error, root mean squared error, average absolute percentage error, minimum absolute error percentage, and maximum absolute error percentage, are used to compare the prediction efficiency of study methods. Results show that the empirical models provide exceedingly poor prediction efficiency. Within the study models, fine tree, medium tree-based regression tree; bagged tree, boosted tree-based tree ensembles; fine Gaussian SVM; ANN with LM; and ANN with BR are very efficient predictive strategies. The log ranking reveals that GR and DT are the most important, whereas RHOB and φN are the least vital predictor variables in water saturation prediction.
4
Content available remote New Relations of Water Saturation’s Calculus from Well Logs
EN
The saturation in water or hydrocarbon is an important petrophysical parameter used for the evaluation of oil and gas reservoirs. It represents the amount of hydrocarbons in a reservoir. There are many relations to determine the water saturation from well logs by using the physical properties of rocks. The accurate determination of the hydrocarbon formation or the water saturation is given by the accuracy of the parameters used for calculating and by the relations used. This paper makes an analysis of the relations for water saturation calculation using the Walter H. Fertl classification. The four types of relations were modified using the MacLaurin series of the exponential function. It also analyses the cases when the water saturation is not to be found in the variation range [0,1]. The new relations giver values that are always greater than 0 and we have established the conditions for the water saturation to be less than 1. In the final part of the paper we make an application which confirms the theoretical aspects presented in the first part of the paper.
PL
Otwór badawczy Mszczonów IG-1, wykonany w 1976 r., w wyniku rekonstrukcji przeprowadzonej w latach 1996-1999 przystosowany został do wydobycia wód geotermalnych z horyzontu dolnej kredy. Eksploatacja otworu prowadzona jest nieprzerwanie od 2003 r. Wydobycie wody odbywa się na warunkach koncesji udzielonej przez Ministra Środowiska. W trakcie eksploatacji prowadzony jest ciągły monitoring parametrów złożowych. Od czasu rekonstrukcji utworu dwukrotnie ( w 2003 i 2012 r.) przeprowadzano badania stanu technicznego zarurowania odwiertu przy pomocy średnicomierza wieloramiennego MIT60. Wielokrotnie wykonywane były również badania produkcyjne strefy złożowej zestawem sond Production Log. Wykonane pomiary wskazują na dobry stan techniczny otworu i zadawalające parametry strefy złożowej. Potwierdza to prowadzony wieloletni monitoring, który wykazuje stabilność parametrów eksploatacyjnych.
EN
The research well Mszczonów IG-1, drill in 1976, as a result of the reconstruction carried out in 1996-1999, has been designed to produce thermal waters from the Lower Cretaceous horizon. Exploitation of the well has been conducted continuously since 2003. The extraction of water carried out under a license granted by the Minister of the Environment. During the exploitation, continuous monitoring of reservoir parameters is carried out. Since the reconstruction of the well, inspection of the technical condition of the welborne was executed twice (in 2003 and 2013) with use of the MIT-60 multifinger imaging tool (Bujakowski et al. 2013a). A production log from the reservoir zone was also performed several time (Bujakowski et al.2013b). The measurement show the good technical condition of the welbore and satisfactory parameters of the reservoir zone. This is confirmed by the long-term monitoring, with demonstrates stable operating parameters.
PL
Zakłady geotermalne wykorzystują odwierty do pozyskiwania wód geotermalnych. Proces eksploatacji wiąże się często z powolnym zużywaniem rur okładzinowych stanowiących wyposażenie odwiertu, zwłaszcza wewnętrznej kolumny rur pełniącej rolę rur eksploatacyjnych. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki kilkukrotnych badań sondą MIT60 rur eksploatacyjnych odwiertu Mszczonów IG-1. Odwiert ten wykonany był w 1976 roku i poddany rekonstrukcji w latach 1996–2000. Od 14 lat odwiert funkcjonuje jako ujęcie wód termalnych, stanowiąc główny element ciepłowniczej instalacji zakładu geotermalnego spółki Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A.
EN
Geothermal plants use wells to produce geothermal water. During many years operation often a slow wear of casing in a borehole occur. This paper presents the results of casing tests with MIT60 tool in Mszczonów IG-1 well. The well was drilled in 1976 and subjected to reconstruction in 1996–2000. Since 14 years the well is a source of the thermal water as a major part of the heating system of Geotermia Mazowiecka SA company.
PL
Zintegrowana analiza anomalii sejsmicznych wraz z interpretacją danych geofizyki otworowej dała podstawy do odtworzenia środowiska sedymentacji osadów mioceńskich zapadliska przedkarpackiego. Zmienność wykształcenia osadów, zarówno pionową, jak i poziomą, prześledzono na podstawie szczegółowej korelacji międzyotworowej, a następnie, wykorzystując dodatkowo analizę charakteru wykształcenia krzywych geofizyki otworowej, dokonano próby określenia zarysu architektury depozycyjnej. W celu odtworzenia środowiska sedymentacji na większym obszarze, posłużono się szczegółową interpretacją zdjęcia sejsmicznego 3D. Analiza form geoanomalii i badanie spójności zapisu sejsmicznego zaowocowało wydzieleniem różnych elementów paleomorfologii, takich jak: koryta, wały przybrzeżne, stożki i litosomy.
EN
Integrated analysis of seismic anomalies together with well logging data interpretation was a basis for reconstruction of processes of depositional environment of the Miocene succession, in the Carpathian Foredeep. Vertical and lateral variability of sediments was analysed using detailed wells correlation. Then, using the analysis of a shape of well logs, the outline of depositional architecture was determined. In order to determine the sedimentology environment in a larger area, the detailed 3D seismic data results interpretation was used. The analysis of geoanomalies forms and coherence of seismic record resulted in differentiation of various paleomorphology elements such as: channels, subaqueous levees, fans and lithosom.
PL
W pracy zastosowano metody statystyczne w celu wydzielenia skał o zróżnicowanych własnościach. Wybrano cechy charakterystyczne dla litofacji i wykonano klasyfikację zbiorów danych dostarczonych przez profilowania geofizyki otworowej. Badania wykonano dla utworów węglanowych oraz piaskowcowo-ilastych z rejonu monokliny przedsudeckiej.
EN
In the paper statistical methods were employed for separation of rock formation with different feauires. Selection of characteristic features for lithofacies and classification of data from well logs were made for carbonates and shaly sandstones of Fore Sudetic Monocline.
EN
In this paper are shown selected results of both sedimentary and structural interpretation in following geological regional units: Lublinian Synclinorium, Pomorian Synclinorium, Fore-Sudetic Monocline, Pomorian Anticlinorium, Carpathian Mountains and Carpathian Foredeep.
EN
General idea of integration of different type of data coming from geosciences as the discriminatory condition of correct interpretation have stimulated the conception of inverse problem i.e. estimation of reservoir parameter from well-log and seismic data. The solution was presented for two hydro-carbon field - Gas Reservoir Radlin and Oil Reservoir Buszewo. It was found that the results are even more optimistic than expected.
EN
A methodology and software package have been created for building a robust 3D velocity model from well logging data (VSP, sonic logs) and seismic data, such as stratigraphic correlation of reflections, seismic velocity analysis. As a result, a unified basis is provided for a broad range of various seismic data inversion procedures, such as migration, determination of acoustic impedances, subsurface imaging, as well as for making montage of seismic and drilling data and for evaluating the data interpretation accuracy.
EN
In Reńsko-1 well for first time in Poland were done wide well log set: conventional well logs, dip logs, LSS logs (long space sonic), and EMI logs. For doing the last one log EMI tool was used (property of Halliburton Logging Services). EMI logs were done gratis by HLS for ZZGNiG in Zielona Góra.
EN
Since some years Geofizyka Toruń has been doing dip log on Kościan Structure as a standard log in lower parts of Zechstein (usually Main Dolomite, and under Zechstein basement). Dip log were done in following boreholes: Bonikowo-1. Kościan-7, 8,9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. 15, 16, 17, 22 and 24 also Kokotzyn-1. Thanks to the comprehensive interpretation it was possible to: — split profiles into different lithophysical units; — characterize internal structure of Main Dolomite, Werra Anhydrite, Zechstein Limestone, and drilled parts of Carboniferous; — locate faults and characterize their parameters; — suggest origin of Zechstein Limestone sediments; identification of Carboniferous fold structures; presentation of selected interpretation results in structure scale.
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