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1

Dendrometric evaluation of Helianthus annuus under water deficit conditions

Obročník Oliver, Bárek Viliam

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 59

50--53

EN

Drought is characterised as a recurring climatic phenomenon with prolonged duration, affecting land through below-average rainfall and often accompanied by high temperatures. When the available water falls below the optimum level, water deficit or water stress arises, disrupting normal plant processes. This condition poses challenges for plant growth and development as it hampers the internal water transport, induces stomatal closure, and limits access to photosynthetic resources. The study employed the annual sunflower as the experimental plant. The plants were cultivated in a controlled environment with a temperature ranging from 20 to 25°C and a humidity level of 55 to 60%, supplemented by MARS HYDRO artificial LED lighting set to a 12-h photoperiod. Radial changes in the plant stems were monitored using a DD-S type dendrometric sensor to measure radial fluctuations. The collected data were recorded in a dendrometric data logger DL 18. Data collection occurred at hourly intervals from February 20 to March 9, 2023. The nine plants were divided into three groups, each comprising three plants. All plants from groups 1 and 2 received irrigation at one-day intervals (group 1 - 80 cm3 per plant, group 2 - 40 cm3 per plant) and group 3 was not irrigated. Based on these findings, visible water stress was evident in the plants under experimental conditions. Consequently, continuous monitoring throughout the growing season will be essential to adjust the irrigation rate to meet the requirements of the plants.

2

Experimental and numerical investigation on runoff reduction and water stress of green roofs with varying soil depth and saturated water content under dry–wet cycles

Ma Ming, Wang Jun, Garg Ankit, Mei Guoxiong

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

893--903

EN

The soil layer is the most important structure for green roof runoff reduction and vegetation growth. The mechanisms of runoff reduction and water content of green roofs with varying soil depth and saturated water content (θs) under dry–wet cycles are not well understood. Field and numerical methodologies were adopted for investigation in this study. The green roof drainage and water content were observed for a given period (i.e., August 2020 to July 2021). A numerical model was calibrated and validated for the analysis of annual runoff reduction and water stress with different θs and soil depths. Based on climate in southern China, the green roof's annual runoff reduction rate (ARR) (100 mm soil) was 33%, and the annual water stress was 168 days. With an increase in θs by 0.1 mm3 /mm3 , the ARR of green roofs increased by an average of 5% while the water stress was reduced by an average of 32 days. With an increase in soil depth by 100 mm, the average ARR increased by 4%, whereas the average water stress was reduced by 6 days. It was shown that the runoff reduction is enhanced with an increasing θs and soil depth during a longer antecedent dry weather period, but it had no significant effect on runoff reduction during back-to-back rainfall events. Increasing soil depth had no significant improvement in runoff reduction and water stress beyond a certain point. Consequently, the optimal structural configuration of green roofs was considered as a soil depth of 200 mm (θs of 0.5 mm3 /mm3 ).

3

Oczekiwane korzyści z wdrażania Planów Bezpieczeństwa Wody dla przedsiębiorstw, klienta i środowiska

Zimoch Izabela, Kulejewska Beata

Technologia Wody

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2020

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Nr 2 (70)

38--43

PL

Sprawa zmniejszania się zasobów wodnych stanowiących surowiec wody do picia i zanieczyszczania ich wskutek rozwoju cywilizacyjnego uważana jest za jeden z najważniejszych problemów globalnych współczesnego świata. W Polsce temat jest tym poważniejszy, że od lat notujemy narastające deficyty wody, będące efektem zarówno niewielkich zasobów dyspozycyjnych naszego kraju, jak i istotnych zmian klimatycznych przejawiającymi długimi okresami bezdeszczowymi. W tym sektorze właśnie oczekuje się w najbliższych latach rozwoju innowacji techniczno-technologicznych, które zapewnią ochronę wód, a także nowego podejścia do zarządzania wodą opartego o zarządzanie ryzykiem i zapewniającego ochronę bezpieczeństwa całego systemu zaopatrzenia w wodę (SZW) – od źródła do kranu odbiorcy końcowego.

4

Innowacje dla ponownego wykorzystania wody – tak, ale sprawdzone!

Neczaj Ewa, Ratman-Kłosińska Izabela

Technologia Wody

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2019

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Nr 5 (67)

50--51

PL

Deficyt wody staje się w Polsce narastającym problemem, odczuwalnym szczególnie w rolnictwie. Komisja Europejska wylicza, że wykorzystanie ponad 50% całkowitej objętości ścieków oczyszczonych z oczyszczalni w Europie pozwoliłoby o 5% zredukować ogólny deficyt wody na naszym kontynencie. Wymaga to jednak inwestowania w nowe technologie, które zapewnią wysokie standardy jakościowe oczyszczonych ścieków i bezpieczeństwo upraw, zyskają społeczną akceptację oraz otworzą nowe szanse na rozwój, szczególnie na obszarach wiejskich.

5

Seed Germination Requirements of Ficus virens (Moraceae) as Adaptation to Its Hemi-Epiphyte Life Form

Ji M., Qin H., Chen H., Wen B.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 1

14--22

EN

Epiphytes and hemi-epiphytes are important floristic, structural and functional components of tropical rainforests. Their specific responses to light, temperature and water conditions during seed germination allow them to coexist with tropical forest trees. Here we investigated the effects of temperature, red to far-red light ratio (R:FR ratio) and water stress on seed germination of Ficus virens in tropical seasonal rainforest in Southwest China. We used incubators to create required temperature regimes, polyester filters to produce R:FR ratio gradients and mannitol solutions to simulate water stress. It was found that seed germination of F. virens was inhibited in the simulated understory conditions, i.e., at lower temperature (22/23°C), especially when combined with the R:FR ratio of 0.25, for which the germination percentage was less than 20%. In contrast, the seed germination percentages in the simulated canopy environment (22/32°C) showed no significant difference between R:FR ratios, with an average seed germination percentage as high as 65.8%. Seed germination delayed and decreased along with increasing water stress and was completely inhibited at -2.5 MPa, which might suggest that it is a kind of adaptation for F. virens seeds to detect the rainy season as germination chance on the canopy. Therefore, our study revealed the physiological mechanism for F. virens to be able to adapt to canopy environment.

6

Ecophysiological mechanisms of succulent survival in natural conditions : photosynthetic carbon fixation in Caralluma acutangula (Decne. N.E.Br.) (Asclepiadaceae)

Masrahi Y., Al-Yemeni M., Al-Tyrki T., Sayed O.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2011

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Vol. 59, nr 3

437-442

EN

Physiological adaptation to arid environments in many desert succulents involves crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) with modified photosynthetic carbon acquisition aimed at improving water use efficiency. The leafless perennial Caralluma acutangula is an abundant stem succulent in the arid regions of subtropical zones of the Arabian Peninsula. These arid regions southwest of Saudi Arabia are characterized by a short three months wet season (June.August) and a long dry season. The wet season is characterized by high temperature, high evaporation, and strong sand storms. Research presented in this paper involved water status, diffusive conductance, and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) of both seedlings and mature C. acutangula plants growing under natural conditions. Plant water status was determined by monitoring changes in stem water content, diffusive conductance was monitored using porometry technique, and CAM was detected by determining chlorenchyma titratable acidity. Seedling establishment of C. acutangula takes place in the short wet season during which seedlings depend on the high productivity C[3] mode of photosynthesis. Mature plants are obligate CAM plants exhibiting this mode of carbon fixation during both the wet and the dry seasons. As the dry season progresses dampening of CAM acidification-deacidification cycles and low stomatal conductance denote the switch of mature plants from CAM to CAM-idling in response to protracted water stress. Our results show that the C[3] mode of photosynthesis in C. acutangula seedlings during early ontogeny is due to exposure of seedlings to suboptimal irradiance in the shade of other plant species at the study site. This C[3] mode of photosynthesis is beneficial for fast seedling establishment. Our results also show that the shift from CAM to CAM-idling in mature C. acutangula plants occurs in response to protracted water stress, which is favourable for survival of this succulent in its inimical arid habitat.

7

Effect of spring water stress induced by fishery farming on two duck species Anas platyrhynchos L. and Anas crecca L. in a Mediterranean wetland

Redolfi De Zan L., Battisti C., Carpaneto G.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2010

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Vol. 58, nr 3

599-604

EN

In a remnant wetland of Central Italy, we assessed the effect of water level changes induced by fishery farming activities (February-July) on the abundance of two duck species (mallard, Anas platyrhynchos and teal, A. crecca) during a two-years period: a "treatment" year (2004) when fishery farm activity was high and water level dropped, and a "control" year (2007) when it was inactive and water level increased. Abundance values of mallards and teals were significantly different in the two years, and showed a direct correlation with water level in both the species in 2004 but not in 2007. In both species, abundance was significantly lower in 2004, only in late spring (June-July), revealing their sensitivity to water stress. A higher water level in wetland in control year 2007 may favour teals and mallards in the study area, allowing respectively the permanent occurrence of the former (a locally wintering species) and a higher abundance of the latter (locally breeding and resident species). A higher water level in wetland channels with the flooding of the surrounding reed- and rush beds, may induce a larger area of suitable habitat, available for these duck species. These facts emphasized that water level changes due to human activities are key to year-to-year variation in duck abundance in Mediterranean wetland region.

8

Reakcja roślin ziemniaka napromieniowanych mikrofalami na symulowany stres suszy

Jakubowski T.

Inżynieria Rolnicza

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2009

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R. 13, nr 8

15-21

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki trzyletniego doświadczenia dotyczącego reakcji roślin ziemniaka bardzo wczesnej odmiany Felka Bona, których sadzeniaki napromieniowano mikrofalami, na symulowany stres wodny w warunkach tunelu foliowego. Wyniki badań wskazują, że promieniowanie mikrofalowe istotnie modyfikuje strukturę plonu roślin ziemniaka w warunkach stresu suszy.

EN

The paper presents results of a three-year experiment on the reaction of potato plants belonging to a very early variety - Felka Bona, to simulated water stress in foil tunnel conditions. Seed potatoes of the plants were irradiated with microwaves. Research results indicate that microwave radiation substantially modifies the structure of potato plant crop in drought stress conditions.

9

Wybrane aspekty jakości wód Białej Przemszy

Caruk M., Drużyńska E., Jarząbek A.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2009

|

R. 106, z. 1-Ś

3-17

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano zintegrowane podejście mające na celu łagodzenie presji na środowisko wodne w zlewniach obciążonych działaniem przemysłu. Jest to podejście integrujące trzy narzędzia: ilościowo-jakościowy model służący bilansowaniu zasobów wodnych, monitoring wód oraz wykorzystanie dokumentów BREF/BAT charakteryzujących najlepsze dostępne techniki w różnych sektorach przemysłu. Jest to ponadto podejście wspomagające identyfikację oddziaływań sektora przemysłowego na stan zasobów wodnych oraz formułowanie zaleceń w zakresie zmniejszenia tych oddziaływań. Wszystkie przedstawione wyniki są rezultatem prac realizowanych w Instytucie Inżynierii i Gospodarki Wodnej PK w ramach projektu zintegrowanego AquaStress.

EN

The paper presents the integrated approach to mitigation of water stress in river catchments affected by industrial users. The following tools are part of this methodology: a water quantity and quality model to balance water use in relation to water resources, monitoring of water bodies and finally the use of guidance documents to assess the state of industrial water. This methodology assists in identification of water quantity and quality impacts on water resources, their verification and formulation of recommendations for water stress mitigation. All the presented results are outcomes work performed by the Institute of Water Engineering and Water Management of PK within the integrated project AquaStress.

10

Water requirements of two landscape tree species Prosopis glandulosa (D.C.) and Conocarpus erectus (L.) grown in arid regions

Moftah A., Al-Ghanim W.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 2

217-226

EN

Six-month-old honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa DC) and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L.) tree seedlings were grown under different soil water potentials ([psi]soil) in order to determine the minimum soil water potential at which both species can survive and grow fairly well, and to study the soil-plant water relationship at different irrigation regimes. The results showed that growth of Prosopis was not affected significantly until soil water potential was lower than -0.12MPa, while growth of Conocarpus seedlings was affected at water potential of about -0.08MPa, below which, plant height, leaf area and shoot and root dry weights were severely reduced by soil water deficit. Water stress decreased osmotic potential ([psi][pi]) of leaves and roots of both species, however the decrease in [psi][pi] of Conocarpus leaves and roots were much more pronounced (10.15%, resp.) than that of Prosopis. Leaves tended to osmoregulate their cell sap through osmotic adjustment as their content of soluble sugars increased, which occurred in Prosopis at water stress higher than that needed for Conocarpus. The satisfying survival under low [psi]soil could be related to increased osmotic adjustment. [psi]soil values seem to be a more useful tool than the field capacity values to estimate plant water requirements and can be used over an extended period of time, for plant grown under different soil types and different environmental conditions. The study indicates that Conocarpus seedlings can withstand reasonable water stress and can survive at moderately low water potential, but can not be classified as a high drought tolerant or resistant species, while Prosopis can survive at an extremely low water potential and may be classified as a drought tolerant species.

11

Effects of antitranspirants on water relations and photosynthetic rate of cultivated tropical plant (Polianthes tuberosa L.)

Moftah A., Al-Humaid A.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2005

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Vol. 53, nr 2

165-175

EN

The effects of pinolene-base Vapor Gard (VG) emulsion type film and Kaolin, Surround (WP) particle type film antitranspirants on stomatal behavior, water status, carbon assimilation and transpiration rate of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) were stubied. The plants grown under the irrigation regimes of 100, 80 and 60% of total evapotranspiration (ET) values were investigated to select the most suitable antitranspirant for conserving irrigation water, used in cultivation of tuberose plants in arid regions. Severe water stress, decreased the stomatal frequency and conductance (gs), the leaf water potential (Ψw), the osmotic potential (Ψπ) and the turgor potential (Ψp), the relative water content (RWC), the chlorophyll content (chl), the carbon assimilation rate (A) and the transpiration rate (E). Both types of antitranspirants effectively enhanced the performance and physiological activities of water-stressed plants particularly at the 80% ET, but they did not compensate for the negative effects caused by the 60% ET treatment. However, the particle type, Kaolin, was more effective than the emulsion type, VG, due to its ability to reduce leaf temperature. The increased gs caused by VG and Kaolin sprays were accompanied by increased A suggesting that gs might have a limiting effect on A in water-stressed plants. Water use efficiency (WUE) of Kaolin-sprayed leaves was significantly higher than that of VG sprayed leaves. However, no significant differences between both antitranspirants on E were recorded. Increased WUE, therefore, could be attributed to a higher A by using Kaolin as compared with VG sprays. Thus, particle type antitranspirants are more effective in regulating water status, WUE and the photosynthetic activity of tuberose plants in arid regions.

12

Reakcja komonicy zwyczajnej (Lotus corniculatus L.) uprawianej na glebie mineralnej i organicznej na stres wodny

Olszewska M.

Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie

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2004

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T. 4, z. 2b

185-193

PL

W dwóch doświadczeniach szklarniowych badano reakcję komonicy zwyczajnej (Lotus corniculatus L.) odmiany Skrzeszowicka na stres wodny. W pierwszym doświadczeniu wazony wypełniono glebą mineralną, w drugim zaś organiczną. Wilgotność gleby mineralnej utrzymywano na poziomie 35 i 70% PPW, natomiast organicznej na poziomie 40 i 80% PPW. W okresie wegetacji mierzono intensywność fotosyntezy (urządzeniem do pomiaru parametrów wymiany gazowej Li-Cor) oraz indeks zieloności liści (chlorofilometrem SPAD). Rośliny ścinano trzykrotnie. Uzyskaną biomasę poddano analizie chemicznej. Wyniki badań wykazały, że stres wodny istotnie ograniczał intensywność fotosyntezy i plonowanie roślin oraz zwiększał ilość chlorofilu w liściach komonicy zwyczajnej. Stwierdzono istotną dodatnią korelację między intensywnością fotosyntezy a plonem suchej masy i ujemną korelację między indeksem zieloności liści SPAD a intensywnością fotosyntezy. Gleba, na której uprawiano komonicę zwyczajną, wpływała na intensywność fotosyntezy, plonowanie i skład chemiczny roślin, nie miała natomiast wpływu na zawartość chlorofilu wyrażoną jako indeks zieloności liści SPAD.

EN

The response of Lotus corniculatus L. var. Skrzeszowicka to water stress was studied in two greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment the pots were filled with mineral soil, and in the other - with organic soil. Mineral soil humidity was 35 and 70% field water capacity, and organic soil humidity - 40 and 80% field water capacity. During the vegetation period the rate of photosynthesis was determined with an apparatus for measuring gas exchange parameters Li-Cor, and the leaf greenness index - with a SPAD c hlorophyll meter. The plants were cut three times. Obtained biomass was subjected to chemical analysis. The results showed that water stress considerably reduced the rate of photosynthesis and plant yield, and increased the chlorophyll content of Lotus corniculatus L. leaves. There was a significant positive correlation between the rate of photosynthesis and dry matter yield, and a negative correlation between the leaf greenness index (SPAD) and the rate of photosynthesis. Soil type affected the rate of photosynthesis, yield and chemical composition of plants but had no influence on the chlorophyll content expressed as the leaf greenness index (SPAD).