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1

Dynamika zmian parametrów jakości wody wzdłuż Zbiornika Dobczyckiego

Droździk Anna

Gospodarka Wodna

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2022

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Nr 10

11--17

PL

Wody płynące mają zdolność do samooczyszczania, czyli stopniowej redukcji zanieczyszczeń. Proces zmniejszania stężeń substancji widać wyraźniej, gdy są one wprowadzane punktowo w sposób skoncentrowany, jak ma to miejsce w przypadku oczyszczalni w Myślenicach, wprowadzającej oczyszczone ścieki do Raby tuż przed jej ujściem do Zbiornika Dobczyckiego. Na długości zbiornika, tj. ok. 10 km, widać wyraźną redukcję stężeń substancji zanieczyszczających, co świadczy o znaczeniu przepływowości zbiornika dla jakości jego wód i możliwości wykorzystania go jako źródła wody pitnej.

EN

Running waters have a self-purification capacity, that is the potential to gradually reduce the amount of pollution. The process of reducing pollutants concentrations is more visible if they are discharged into water at concrete points and in an accumulated manner, as in case of the Myślenice sewage treatment plant, discharging treated sewage to the Raba River just upstream of its confluence with the Dobczycki Reservoir. Along the reservoir, in the section of ca. 10 km, a visible reduction of pollutant concentrations can be observed, which proves the importance of the reservoir's patency for the quality of its water and the possibility to use it as drinking water.

2

Predicting Water Quality Parameters in a Complex River System

Kurniawan Isman, Hayder Gasim, Mustafa Hauwa Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 22, nr 1

250--257

EN

This research applied a machine learning technique for predicting the water quality parameters of Kelantan River using the historical data collected from various stations. Support Vector Machine (SVM) was used to develop the prediction model. Six water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and suspended solids (SS)) were predicted. The dataset was obtained from the measurement of 14 stations of Kelantan River from September 2005 to December 2017 with a total sample of 148 monthly data. We defined 3 schemes of prediction to investigate the contribution of the attribute number and the model performance. The outcome of the study demonstrated that the prediction of the suspended solid parameter gave the best performance, which was indicated by the highest values of the R2 score. Meanwhile, the prediction of the COD parameter gave the lowest score of R2 score, indicating the difficulty of the dataset to be modelled by SVM. The analysis of the contribution of attribute number shows that the prediction of the four parameters (DO, BOD, NH3-N, and SS) is directly proportional to the performance of the model. Similarly, the best prediction of the pH parameter is obtained from the utilization of the least number of attributes found in scheme 1.

3

Prediction of electrical conductivity using ANN and MLR: a case study from Turkey

Ekemen Keskin Tülay, Özler Emre, Şander Emrah, Düğenci Muharrem, Mohammed Yadgar Ahmed

Acta Geophysica

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2020

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Vol. 68, no. 3

811--820

EN

The study areas are located in Turkey (Kastamonu, Bartın, Karabük, Sivas) and contain very diferent rock types, various mining and agricultural activity opportunities. So, the areas have groundwaters that have diferent chemical compositions and electrical conductivity (EC) values. The EC can be measured using EC meter, and it must be measured in situ. But, the measurement of EC in situ is laborious, time-consuming, expensive, and difcult in arduous terrain environments. In recent years, machine learning models have been a primary focus of interest for a lot of study by providing often highly accurate forecast for solutions of such problems. The aim of the study is to forecast EC of groundwater using artifcial neural networks (ANN) and multiple linear regressions (MLR). Twelve diferent hydrochemical parameters, which afect the EC, such as major/minor ions and trace elements, were used in the analysis. Multilayer feed-forward ANN trained with backpropagation in Python machine learning libraries was used in this study. In order to obtain the most appropriate ANN architecture, trialand-error procedure was used and diferent numbers of hidden layers, neurons, activation functions, optimizers, and test sizes were constructed. This study also tests the usability of input parameters in EC prediction studies. As a result, comparisons between the measured and predicted values indicated that the machine learning models could be successfully applied and provide high accuracy and reliability for EC and similar parameters forecasting.

4

Parametry / substancje badane w wodzie przeznaczonej do spożycia przez ludzi

Strzemieczna A., Kamińska A., Sołtan W.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2018

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R. 23, nr 6

22--25

5

Variability of Values of Physicochemical Water Quality Indices Along the Length of the Iwoniczanka Stream

Bogdał A., Kowalik T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

168--175

EN

The paper aims at presentation of the effect of changes in the catchment area management on the value of water quality physicochemical indices along the length of the Iwoniczanka stream, which flows through Iwonicz-Zdrój, one of the oldest health resorts in Poland. Analyses of 14 water quality indices were conducted from November 2013 to May 2014 in five measurement points: two situated in the upper course of the stream – in forest areas, two located in the area of Iwonicz-Zdrój town, and one below the rural built-up area. On the basis of the conducted data analysis it was found that the mean values of pH, electrolytic conductivity, sulphates, calcium, total iron and manganese were increasing with the course of flowing water, as evidenced by the water enrichment in substances which had their sources in built-up areas. On average, the highest values of biogenic indices and chlorides but the lowest values of oxygen indices were registered immediately below the location of drain collector from the closed sewage treatment plant, which resulted in pollution of the analysed stream bed with the substances previously drained from the treatment plant. Water flowing through the forest areas had the maximum ecological potential in the built-up areas and due to phosphate concentrations it was classified to class II and then, due to self-purification, returned to the physicochemical parameters appropriate for class I water. The conducted hydro-chemical tests confirmed a significant negative effect of built-up areas on the quality of the flowing waters.

6

Zastosowanie modelowania matematycznego do oceny zmian jakości fizyczno-chemicznej rzeki Biebrzy w zakresie stężeń tlenu oraz parametrów charakteryzujących zakwaszenie wód

Bielak S. R.

Technologia Wody

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2014

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Nr 1 (33)

18--29

PL

W pracy omówiono problematykę jednowymiarowego modelowania matematycznego jakości wód powierzchniowych. W tym celu zastosowano program Qual2k, który jest jednym z najpopularniejszych tego typu narzędzi analitycznych opracowanych przez amerykańską Agencję Ochrony Środowiska (U.S. EPA). Jako obiekt badawczy wybrano 50-kilometrowy odcinek nizinnej rzeki Biebrzy, położonej w granicach Basenu Dolnego Biebrzańskiego Parku Narodowego. Dane do modelu uzyskano w trakcie trzech kampanii pomiarowych przeprowadzonych w latach 2007-2008. Efekty symulacji komputerowych pozwoliły ocenić stan fizyczno-chemiczny Biebrzy oraz jej dopływów punktowych i obszarowych w zakresie stężeń tlenu, odczynu wody oraz jej zasadowości. Ponadto, wyniki badań umożliwiły identyfikację czynników odpowiedzialnych za pojawiające się okresowo poważne deficyty tlenu w Biebrzy.

EN

In this paper the subject matter of one-dimensional mathematical modeling of surface water quality has been discussed. It has been done with use of the Qual2k Modeling Framework, which is one of the most popular analytical tool of such type, thrown open to the public by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. As a research object a 50 kilometers long reach of the lowland Biebrza River was chosen. The river is located in the borders of the Lower Basin, which is a part of the Biebrza National Park, Poland. Data, necessary for the model, were obtained during three measurement campaigns conducted in 2007-2008. The effects of computer simulations have allowed to assess the physico-chemical state of the Biebrza River and its point and nonpoint inflows in the range of oxygen concentrations, water reaction and alkalinity. Moreover, research results have enabled identification of factors responsible for serious oxygen deficiency occurring occasionally in the Biebrza River.

7

Wpływ zmian użytkowania zlewni wyżynnej na kształtowanie jakości wody powierzchniowej

Kowalik T., Kanownik W., Bogdał A., Policht-Latawiec A.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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Tom 16, cz. 1

223--238

EN

The aim of the paper was an assessment of the change in the structure of small upland catchment use on quality parameters of water flowing away from its area. The objective was realized through analysis of values and concentrations of selected water physicochemical indices, which were obtained by systematic research conducted during two periods, when the catchment use changed significantly. The research was conducted in the Rzyki G catchment situated in the Beskid Mały Mountains area, in the village of Rzyki, in the western part of the Malopolska Region. It is the basic catchment of the Wieprzówka river, which flows into the Skawa River in its lower course. The catchment, of 47.50 ha and mean width of 0.525 km, has a slightly elongated, compact shape and clearly formed valley, through which the only watercourse, 0.575 km long Rzyki G is flowing. Mean weighed height of the area is 425 m a.s.l, whereas an average land slope is 12.2%. The catchment is covered by relatively shallow, skeletal and strongly acid dystrophic brown soils, which are characterized by a considerable compactness, high capillary capacity and poor permeability. Rzyki G catchment is of a typically agricultural character. In 1995–1996 the arable lands, covering 68.7% of the total area, prevailed in the structure of agricultural lands. Forests with plantings and grasslands constituted respectively 8.4 and 16.2% of the area. Non-agricultural land occurred sporadically (2.4%), whereas 4.3% of the area was used as built-up area. 15 years later (the period of 2010–2011) the arable land acreage diminished by 46.6%, whereas the share of permanent turf covered area, including grasslands, increased by 29.4%. Also the catchment afforestation rate grew slightly, as well as the built-up area, respectively by 2.7 and 1.7%. Hydrochemical analyses were conducted in the years 1995–1996 and 2010–2011. Water samples were collected from the Rzyki G watercourse between once and four times a month. pH was measured on-site, whereas the concentrations of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, phosphates, sulphates, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides and iron were assessed in laboratory by means of reference methods. The empirical data base was analysed statistically using selected descriptive statistics and non-parametrical U Mann- Whitney’s significance test. Water quality was determined on the basis of the domestic executive act, in compliance with 2000/60/WE Directive of the European Parliament and council dated 23 October,2000. Apart from hydrochemical analyses, a detailed inventory of the area was conducted during both periods of investigations. Using cartographic materials and GIS tools, the current state of use and physiographic characteristics of the catchment were developed. On the basis of the data analysis it was found that in result of the change in the catchment area use, from arable lands to permanent turf-covered areas, concentrations of most of the analyzed chemical indices of water in the Rzyki G watercourse, i.e. biogenic substances (N-NH4+, N-NO3-, PO4 3-), as well as sulphates and iron decreased significantly. Mean values of the indices allowed to classify the water in both periods to I class of the ecological state, however in single water samples from 1995–1996 period, the values of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate concentrations classified water to the state below good, whereas in case of nitrate nitrogen to II class. Fulfillment of the requirements stated by the Framework Water Directive concerning the achieving and maintenance of good water quality will require a new approach to shaping the agricultural space, including the changes in the way of management and use of strongly sculptured catchments. Obtained research results confirm the advantageous effect of turf covered area on water quality and therefore the advisability of using ecotones along watercourses and water reservoirs as biogeochemical barriers limiting migration of fertilizer components from agricultural areas to surface waters.

8

Zastosowanie modelowania matematycznego do oceny zmian jakości fizyczno-chemicznej wód rzeki Biebrzy w zakresie stężeń azotu i fosforu

Bielak S. R.

Technologia Wody

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2013

|

Nr 12 (32)

12--24

PL

W pracy omówiono problematykę jednowymiarowego modelowania matematycznego jakości wód powierzch¬niowych. W tym celu zastosowano program Qual2k, który jest jednym z najpopularniejszych tego typu na¬rzędzi analitycznych opracowanych przez amerykańską Agencję Ochrony Środowiska (U.S. EPA). Jako obiekt badawczy wybrano 50-kilometrowy odcinek nizinnej rzeki Biebrzy, położonej w granicach Basenu Dolnego Biebrzańskiego Parku Narodowego. Dane do modelu uzyskano w trakcie trzech kampanii pomiarowych prze¬prowadzonych w latach 2007-2008. Efekty symulacji komputerowych pozwoliły ocenić stan fizyczno-chemiczny Biebrzy oraz jej dopływów punktowych i obszarowych w zakresie stężeń związków azotu i fosforu, umożliwiły określenie wpływu poszczególnych dopływów punktowych na jakość cieku głównego, a także ułatwiły identyfikację naturalnych i antropogenicznych źródeł obszarowego zasilania Biebrzy biogenami.

EN

In this paper the subject matter of one-dimensional, mathematical modeling of surface water quality has been discussed. It has been done with use of the Qual2k Modeling Framework, which is one of the most popular ana¬lytical tool of such type, thrown open to the public by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. As a research object a 50 kilometers long reach of the lowland Biebrza River was chosen. The river is located in the borders of the Lower Basin, which is a part of the Biebrza National Park, Poland. Data, necessary for the model, were obtained during three measurement campaigns conducted in 2007-2008. The effects of computer simulations have allowed to assess the physico-chemical state of the Biebrza River and its point and nonpoint inflows in the range of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. Moreover, research results made it possible to determine the influence of particular point inflows on quality of the main watercourse and also made it easier to identify natural and anthropogenic sources of nonpoint feeding the Biebrza River with biogens.

9

Relationships between epipelic diatoms, aquatic macrophytes, and water quality in Akarçay Stream, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

Kargioglu M., Serteser A., Kivrak E., Içaga Y., Konuk M.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2012

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Vol. 41, No. 1

74-84

EN

The Akarçay is the most important stream in the Afyonkarahisar region in central Turkey. In this study, the relationships between epipelic diatoms, macrophytes, and the water quality of Akarçay Stream are presented. According to Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), BOD5, COD, TDS, NH4-N, NO2-N, and PO4-P had the most significant effects on the diatom and macrophyte community structures of the stream. According to CCA and Correspondence Analysis (CA), dominant diatom species and macrophytes constituted two groups, eutrophic and polluted. While eutraphentic taxa were abundant among upstream diatoms, hypereutraphentic taxa were found downstream in the Akarçay. The diatom assemblages in the sites upstream were generally characterized by an abundance of ß-mesosaprobous and .-mesosaprobous species, while the diatom assemblages downstream had a very high abundance of polisaprobous species. Eutrophic and hypertrophic macrophyte taxa (such as Lemna trisulca, Potamogeton nodosus, and Ranunculus sp.) covered a high percentage of the stream bottom. Both diatom indices and macrophyte indices with the exception of the Biological Macrophyte Index of Rivers (IBMR) were correlated with BOD5, COD, TDS, NH4-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, and EC. Physicochemical variables, diatom and macrophyte taxa and the results of diatom and macrophyte indices indicated that the Akarçay stream basin is eutrophic and organically polluted.

10

Badanie odczynu wód naturalnych w środowisku

Ćwikła-Bundyra W.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2012

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nr 9-10

80--82

PL

Woda surowa i uzdatniona poddawane są ciągłej kontroli jakości fizykochemicznej i sanitarnej w związku z wciąż wzrastającym zanieczyszczaniem środowiska naturalnego. W praktyce sanitarnej zakres badania jakości wody ustala się w zależności od jej przeznaczenia. Dla rutynowej kontroli jakości wody do picia i potrzeb gospodarstwa domowego wykonuje się badania podstawowe: odczyn pH wody, twardość wody, temperatura, azotany, chlorki.

EN

Raw water and treated water are subjected to continuous monitoring of the physico-chemical and health in connection with increasing pollution of the environment. In practice, the scope of the sanitary survey of water quality shall be determined according to its destination. For routine monitoring of water quality for drinking and household needs is carried out fundamental research: water pH, water hardness, temperature, nitrates, chlorides.