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1

Hot Tearing, Parameters, and Mould Types for Observation – Review

Akhyar

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, iss. 2

25--49

EN

Hot tearing is a casting defect responsible for external and internal cracks on casting products. This irregular undesired formation is often observed during solidification and freezing. The solidification of molten metal also causes thermal contraction and shrinkage, indicating the occurrence of hot tearing when the alloy is restrained by the mould design. The parameters affecting this process include the pouring and mould temperatures, the chemical composition of the alloy, and the mould shape. Also, the factors affecting hot tearing susceptibility include pouring and mould temperatures, the grain refiner, as well as pouring speed. There are many methods of measuring the level of susceptibility to hot tearing, one of which is the thermal contraction evaluation during metal solidification, observed in cast products through several mould types. This paper discusses the hot tearing overview, the effect of pouring temperature, mould temperature, grain refiner, pouring speed on hot tearing, the type of mould, and criterion for hot tear observation.

2

Prediction of Fracture Stress with Regard to Porosity in Cast A356 Alloy

Sahin H., Atik M., Tezer F., Temel S., Aydin O., Kesen O., Gursoy O., Dispinar Derya

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, iss. 4

21--28

EN

Production of the defect-free casting of aluminium alloys is the biggest challenge. Porosity is known to be the most important defect. Therefore, many cast parts are subjected to several non-destructive tests in order to check their acceptability. There are several standards, yet, the acceptance limit of porosity size and distribution may change according to the customer design and requirements. In this work, the aim was targeted to evaluate the effect of size, location, and distribution of pores on the tensile properties of cast A356 alloy. ANSYS software was used to perform stress analysis where the pore sizes were changed between 0.05 mm to 3 mm by 0.05 mm increments. Additionally, pore number was changed from 1 to 5 where they were placed at different locations in the test bar. Finally, bifilms were placed inside the pore at different sizes and orientations. The stress generated along the pores was recorded and compared with the fracture stress of the A356 alloy. It was found that as the bifilm size was getting smaller, their effect on tensile properties was lowered. On the other hand, as bifilms were larger, their orientation became the dominant factor in determining the fracture.

3

Multiparameter Assessment of the Gas Forming Tendency of Foundry Sands with Alkyd Resins

Mocek J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2019

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iss. 2

41--48

EN

Gas atmosphere at the sand mould/cast alloy interface determines the quality of the casting obtained. Therefore the aim of this study was to measure and evaluate the gas forming tendency of selected moulding sands with alkyd resins. During direct and indirect gas measurements, the kinetics of gas evolution was recorded as a function of the temperature of the sand mixture undergoing the process of thermal destruction. The content of hydrogen and oxygen was continuously monitored to establish the type of the atmosphere created by the evolved gases (oxidizing/reducing). The existing research methodology [1, 7, 8] has been extended to include pressure-assisted technique of indirect measurement of the gas evolution rate. For this part of the studies, a new concept of the measurement was designed and tested. This article presents the results of measurements and compares gas emissions from two sand mixtures containing alkyd resins known under the trade name SL and SL2002, in which the polymerization process is initiated with isocyanate. Studies of the gas forming tendency were carried out by three methods on three test stands to record the gas evolution kinetics and evaluate the risk of gas formation in a moulding or core sand. Proprietary methods for indirect evaluation of the gas forming tendency have demonstrated a number of beneficial aspects, mainly due to the ability to record the quantity and composition of the evolved gases in real time and under stable and reproducible measurement conditions. Direct measurement of gas evolution rate from the tested sands during cast iron pouring process enables a comparison of the results with the results obtained by indirect methods.

4

Role of Sand Grains in Sorption Processes by Surface Layers of Components of Sand Moulds

Kaźnica N.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2017

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Vol. 17, iss. 1

87--92

EN

The results of researches of sorption processes of surface layers of components of sand moulds covered by protective coatings are presented in the hereby paper. Investigations comprised various types of sand grains of moulding sands with furan resin: silica sand, reclaimed sand and calcined in temperature of 700 oC silica sand. Two kinds of alcoholic protective coatings were used – zirconium and zirconium – graphite. Tests were performed under condition of a constant temperature within the range 30 – 35oC and high relative air humidity 75 - 80%. To analyze the role of sand grains in sorption processes quantitavie moisture sorption with use of gravimetric method and ultrasonic method were used in measurements. The tendency to moisture sorption of surface layers of sand moulds according to the different kinds of sand grains was specified. The effectiveness of protective action of coatings from moisture sorption was analyzed as well. Knowledge of the role of sand grains from the viewpoint of capacity for moisture sorption is important due to the surface casting defects occurrence. In particular that are defects of a gaseous origin caused by too high moisture content of moulds, especially in surface layers.

5

Methods of Computational Intelligence in the Context of Quality Assurance in Foundry Products

Rojek G., Regulski K., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 16, iss. 2

11--16

EN

One way to ensure the required technical characteristics of castings is the strict control of production parameters affecting the quality of the finished products. If the production process is improperly configured, the resulting defects in castings lead to huge losses. Therefore, from the point of view of economics, it is advisable to use the methods of computational intelligence in the field of quality assurance and adjustment of parameters of future production. At the same time, the development of knowledge in the field of metallurgy, aimed to raise the technical level and efficiency of the manufacture of foundry products, should be followed by the development of information systems to support production processes in order to improve their effectiveness and compliance with the increasingly more stringent requirements of ergonomics, occupational safety, environmental protection and quality. This article is a presentation of artificial intelligence methods used in practical applications related to quality assurance. The problem of control of the production process involves the use of tools such as the induction of decision trees, fuzzy logic, rough set theory, artificial neural networks or case-based reasoning.

6

Komputerowy system diagnostyki wad odlewniczych z wykorzystaniem metodologii Case-Based Reasoning

Regulski K., Rojek G., Dobrowolski G.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2014

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Vol. 81, nr 1

72--75

PL

Problem diagnostyki wad odlewniczych, w zakładach małych i średnich, gdzie nie ma jeszcze możliwości skorzystania z wielokryterialnych danych pomiarowych, to problem wymagający zastosowania metod przetwarzania informacji niepełnych i niepewnych, opartych o doświadczenie i obserwacje technologa poddającego kontroli gotowe odlewy. Problem ten, znany i badany od dawna, postanowiono rozwiązać z zastosowaniem systemu komputerowego wykorzystującego metodologię CBR (ang. Case-Based Reasoning). Metodologia CBR pozwala nie tylko na wykorzystanie wiedzy eksperckiej zgromadzonej na etapie implementacji, ale daje również możliwość „uczenia systemu” poprzez gromadzenie nowych, rozwiązywanych przez system przypadków. Autorzy prezentują rozwiązanie systemu wnioskowania w oparciu o zgromadzone przypadki, którego podstawą działania jest wyszukiwanie podobieństwa pomiędzy obserwowanym przypadkiem, a przypadkami zgromadzonymi w bazie wiedzy.

EN

The problem of diagnosis of casting defects in small and medium-sized enterprises, which do not have the benefit of multi-objective measurement data, is a problem that requires the use of methods of processing incomplete and uncertain data based on the experience and observations of technologist controlling finished castings. This problem is known and studied for a long time, but this time it is decided to be solved with the use of a computer system using Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) methodology. CBR methodology allows to use the expert knowledge accumulated in the implementation phase, and also gives opportunity to „learning” by collecting of new cases solved by the system. The authors present a solution of the reasoning system that uses knowledge in the form of accumulated cases and works basing on similarity search between the current case and the cases stored in the knowledge base.

7

Wykorzystanie tomografii komputerowej w defektoskopii odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego

Królikowski M., Burbelko A., Kwaśniewska-Królikowska D.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.

71--76

PL

W artykule przedstawiono aktualne możliwości urządzeń pomiarowych, jakimi są tomografy komputerowe (CT), zdolnych do wykonania pełnych prześwietleń odlewów o grubości ścianek przekraczającej 80 mm. Wszystkie badania nieniszczące (NDT) zostały wykonane na wybranych odlewach z żeliwa sferoidalnego i szarego wykonanych w Spółce Akcyjnej Odlewnie Polskie w Starachowicach. Przedstawiono zasadę działania i ogólną budowę tomografów komputerowych oraz możliwości ich wykorzystania. Dodatkowo pokazano możliwości CT przy wizualizacji wyników i zestawieniu ich z dokumentacją 3D. Przedstawiono perspektywy oraz ograniczenia przy wykrywaniu i określaniu wad w odlewach.

EN

Actual possibilities of the computer-aided X-ray tomography equipment (CT) were presented illustrated by examples of devices capable to analyze the 80 mm thickness castings. All presented results of the nondestructive tests are performed for iron castings produced by “Odlewnie Polskie” S.A. based in Starachowice. The base principles of operation and structure of CT scanners are shown as well as possibility of this devices. The possibilities of the CT are presented in the domains of the results visualization and of the comparison with 3D documentation. Prospects and limitation of the casting defects detection and identification are presented.

8

Supporting the Bronze CastingThrough Information Structuring Based on Ontology application

Górny Z., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Smolarek-Grzyb A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 1

33--36

EN

A significant part of the knowledge used in the production processes is represented with natural language. Yet, the use of that knowledge in computer-assisted decision-making requires the application of appropriate formal and development tools. An interesting possibility is created by the use of an ontology that is understandable both for humans and for the computer. This paper presents a proposal for structuring the information about the foundry processes, based on the definition of ontology adapted to the physical structure of the ongoing technological operations that make up the process of producing castings.

9

Qualitative Assessment of the Defects in Metal Casting Prosthetic Restorations

Augustyn-Pieniążek J., Wilkosz K.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 14, iss. 4 spec.

7--12

EN

Due to the frequent occurrence of casting defects in the casting process of metal prosthetic elements, studies aiming at identifying the defects and determining their probable causes were performed. The work presents the results of the examinations of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy, brand name Argeloy N.P. Special, used for prosthetic restorations. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were conducted with the use of light and scanning microscopy (SEM). Also, the results of the observations by means of a 3D scanner by GOM ATOS 3 were presented. The performed research made it possible to determine and classify casting defects such as blisters, misruns and interscrystalline cracks. It was stated that a stabilized technological process affects the elimination of the casting defect formation.

10

A quality assessment of casting dental prosthesis elements

Beer K., Pałka K., Surowska B., Walczak M.

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2013

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Vol. 15, no. 3

230-236

EN

Properties of fixed and mobile dentures, as well as their design have a significant impact on their durability in a complex state of biomechanical loads that occur in the oral cavity during the chewing process. Elements that are usually mechanical damaged (cracking) in skeletal prostheses are metal clamps. Damage of fixation of dentures not only results in the inability to further operation, but also is causing discomfort in the patient and can lead to injury of the oral cavity, teeth and risk of complications in case of access into the digestive system.The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of items of prostheses manufactured using available techniques and the analysis of the causes of premature loss of functional quality of these elements. Dental cobalt matrix alloy - Wironit Extra-hard was used for the study. Qualitative research consisted of the evaluation of the nature and intensity of internal casting defects and evaluation of macro-and microstructure of manufactured castings using microscopic techniques. Research of breakthroughs indicate the occurrence of casting shrinkages. Microstructural research revealed the presence of a typical dendritic structure of the matrix in form of solid solution Co-Cr-Mo and eutectic. Strength test results achieved in the relation to the macro and microstructure were also carried out. A quantitative assessment of the intensity of casting defects using image analysis was realized. Potential risks of casting technology were identified and a methodology of monitoring the state of elements of dentures was proposed.

PL

Właściwości stosowanych uzupełnień protetycznych stałych i ruchomych oraz ich konstrukcja mają istotny wpływ na ich trwałość w warunkach złożonego stanu obciążeń biomechanicznych, jakie występują w jamie ustnej w trakcie procesu żucia. Elementami, które najczęściej ulegają uszkodzeniom mechanicznym (pękaniu) w protezach szkieletowych są metalowe klamry. Uszkodzenie mocowania protezy skutkuje nie tylko brakiem możliwości jej dalszej eksploatacji, ale również jest przyczyną uczucia dyskomfortu dla pacjenta i może powodować skaleczenia jamy ustnej, uszkodzenia zębów oraz ryzyko powikłań w przypadku przedostania się do układu pokarmowego. Celem pracy była ocena jakościowa elementów protez wytwarzanych dostępnymi technikami oraz analiza przyczyn przedwczesnej utraty funkcjonalności tych elementów. Do badań zastosowano stop stomatologiczny na osnowie kobaltu Wironit Extra-hard. Badania jakościowe polegały na ocenie rodzaju i nasilenia wewnętrznych wad odlewniczych oraz ocenie makro- i mikrostruktury wytworzonych odlewów z wykorzystaniem technik mikroskopowych. Badania przełomów wskazują na występowanie rzadzizn spowodowanych skurczem odlewniczym. Badania mikrostrukturalne wykazały obecność typowej struktury dendrytycznej z osnową w postaci roztworu stałego Co-Cr-Mo i eutektyką. Wykonano również analizę wyników badań wytrzymałościowych w powiązaniu z uzyskiwaną makro i mikrostrukturą. Dokonano oceny ilościowej nasilenia wad odlewniczych wykorzystując analizę obrazu. Wskazano potencjalne zagrożenia technologii odlewania oraz zaproponowano metodykę monitorowania stanu elementów protez.

11

Przesłanki wytwarzania staliw pod kątem jakości odlewów austenitycznych

Lis T., Nowacki K., Kania H.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2011

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Vol. 78, nr 9

720--723

PL

Światowa produkcja stali i staliw odpornych na korozję, podczas ostatnich 25 lat, wykazuje wzrost około 5 % rocznie, z wyraźnym przyspieszeniem w ostatnich paru latach. Polska jest jednym z największych producentów staliw w Europie. Wytwarzanie odlewów austenitycznych odpornych na korozję w małych krajowych odlewniach, nie posiadających obróbki pozapiecowej, napotyka szereg trudności, m.in. uzyskania zawartości węgla na poziomie 0,02÷0,03 % C. W pracy zaproponowano algorytm optymalizacji działań technologicznych umożliwiający produkcję dobrych jakościowo odlewów austenitycznych.

EN

The world production of corrosion resistant steels and cast steels during the last 25 years has increased about 5 % a year, and has accelerated recently Poland is one of the largest producers of casts in Europe. Production of austenitic corrosion resistant casts is encounters difficulties at small domestic foundries. In the article we suggested algorithm of the optimization of the technological process enabling the production of high quality casts.

12

Analiza wad ograniczających produkcję drutów z metali nieżelaznych

Uliasz P., Knych T., Mamala A., Smyrak B.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2009

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Vol. 76, nr 1

119-122

PL

Rosnące w ostatnich latach wykorzystanie metali nieżelaznych i ich stopów, spowodowane jest nieustannym poszerzaniem zakresu ich zastosowań w szczególności w takich sektorach, jak budownictwo, elektroenergetyka, motoryzacja i lotnictwo. Dużą część przetwórstwa metali nieżelaznych stanowią wyroby w postaci drutów. W większości przypadków produkcji drutów wsad w postaci walcówki uzyskiwany jest w liniach ciągłego odlewania i walcowania, co niesie za sobą ryzyko występowania szeregu wad metalurgicznych oraz technologicznych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i usystematyzowanie wybranych defektów drutów pochodzących z walcówek otrzymywanych w liniach CO iW. Zaprezentowane wyniki badań dotyczą w szczególności przetwórstwa takich metali, jak miedź, aluminium, cynk oraz ich stopy.

EN

Growing in the recent years use of non-ferrous metals and it’s alloys is caused by continuously expanding range of their solutions, especially in building industry, electrical power, aviation and automotive engineering. Large part of non-ferrous metal processing incorporate rods and wires. A large majority of wires manufacturing based on rods which are produced in continuous casting and rolling lines, what is a reason of appearance of metallurgical and technological defects. The main reason of this paper is a presentation and classification of selected defects in rods and wires. Presented results of the investigation are concentrated on the national manufacturing of copper, aluminium, zinc and it’s alloys wires.

13

Methodology of automatic quality control of aluminium castings

Dobrzański L. A., Krupiński M., Sokolowski J. H.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 20, nr 1-2

69-78

EN

Purpose: Employment of the artificial intelligence tools for development of the methodology of the automated assessment of quality and structural defects in the Al and Mg alloys and the custom made computer software will make it possible to determine the quality of the manufactured element based on the digital images registered in the X-ray flow detection examinations. The possibility to correlate the frequency and morphology of defects with the technological process parameters will make it also possible to identify and classify these defects and control the process to minimise and eliminate them. Design/methodology/approach: The developed design methodologies both the material and technological ones will make it possible to improve shortly the quality of materials from the light alloys in the technological process, and the automatic process flow correction will make the production cost reduction possible, and - first of all - to reduce the amount of the waste products. Findings: The merit of the project consists in the interdisciplinary joining of the knowledge in the area of light metal alloys, including Al and/or Mg, in the area of materials processing connected with the entire scope of problems connected with manufacturing of products and their elements, in the area of the automated low-pressure die casting, and also in the methodology of structure and properties assessment of the engineering materials with, among others, the X-ray flaw detection and computer image analysis methods. Practical implications: The developed methodology of the automated assessment of quality and properties of the light Al and Mg based alloys may used by manufacturers of subassemblies and elements of engines (e.g., car engine bodies made from the light alloys with the low-pressure casting in the sand moulds). Originality/value: The project's effects will be shortening the time needed for analyses and elimination of manu subjective evaluation errors made by humans.

14

Diagnostics of crack formation in castings using the logic of plausible reasoning

Kluska-Nawarecka S., Górny Z., Wilk-Kołodziejczyk D., Smolarek-Grzyb A.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 28, nr 8

479-482

EN

Purpose: Cold cracks are the defect often encountered in castings. Quick diagnosis of the cause of crack formation enables preventing the formation of other cracks in the next casting process and enables also, as far as it is possible, a repair of the existing defect. In this task expert systems are a very useful tool. Design/methodology/approach: Standard of Casting Defects elaborated in Poland, Atlas of Casting Defects elaborated in France, and a Review of Casting Defects elaborated in the Czech Republic. These sources are the knowledge compendium of casting defects. Basing on such information, serving as a defect description, the cause of the defect formation and the way of preventing it have been created as formalisms which enable an inference to be carried out, the aim of which is to establish the cause of the defect. Findings: The use of LPR (the Logic of Plausible Reasoning) in the representation of knowledge about casting defects introduces a new quality, allowing to take into consideration the specific characteristics of this knowledge such as: uncertainty, definitions hierarchy, the possibility of introducing the diagnostics ranking. In consequence, the diagnostic process becomes more flexible and may be better adjusted to the real technological process conditions. Practical implications: The efficiency of an expert system diagnosis depends on the data entered previously and on the way in which the knowledge is represented. Originality/value: In this article various representations of the knowledge have been presented by means of the logic of plausible reasoning.

15

Quality analysis of the Al-Si-Cu alloy castings

Dobrzański L. A., Krupiński M., Maniara R., Sokolowski J. H.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 7, iss. 2

91-94

EN

The developed design methodologies both the material and technological ones will make it possible to improve shortly the quality of materials from the light alloys in the technological process, and the automatic process flow correction will make the production cost reduction possible, and - first of all - to reduce the amount of the waste products. Method was developed for analysis of the casting defects images obtained with the X-ray detector analysis of the elements made from the Al-Si-Cu alloys of the AC-AlSi7Cu3Mg type as well as the method for classification of casting defects using the artificial intelligence tools, including the neural networks; the developed method was implemented as software programs for quality control. Castings were analysed in the paper of car engine blocks and heads from the Al-Si-Cu alloys of the AC-AlSi7Cu3Mg type fabricated with the "Cosworth" technological process. The computer system, in which the artificial neural networks as well as the automatic image analysis methods were used makes automatic classification possible of defects occurring in castings from the Al-Si-Cu alloys, assisting and automating in this way the decisions about rejection of castings which do not meet the defined quality requirements, and therefore ensuring simultaneously the repeatability and objectivity of assessment of the metallurgical quality of these alloys.

16

Properties shaping and repair of selected types of cast iron

Szajnar J., Stawarz M., Wróbel P., Wróbel T.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 7, iss. 2

87-90

EN

The paper presents research results of twofold use of TIG - Tungsten Inert Gas also known as GTA - Gas Tungsten Arc. First is surfacing by welding on cold and hot-cold to repair chromium cast iron with chromium content about 15%. Second is remelting with electric arc of selected gray (with pearlitic matrix) and ductile (with ferritic-pearlitic matrix) cast iron. Repair of cast iron elements was realized in order to cut out a casting defects. Defects decrease a usability of castings for constructional application and increase a manufacturing costs. Application of surface heat treatment guarantees mechanical properties i.e. hardness and wear resistance improvement. The result of investigations show possibility of castings repair by put on defects a good quality padding welds, which have comparable properties with base material. Use of electric arc surface heat treatment resulted in increase of hardness and wear resistance, which was measured on the basis of ASTM G 65 - 00 standard.

17

Prognozowanie właściwości syntetycznych mas formierskich w oparciu o wybrane parametry materiałów formierskich

Kowalski J. S.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 21/1

479-486

PL

W opracowaniu przedstawiono problem doboru składu mas formierskich ze względu na ich właściwości w warunkach kontaktu z ciekłym metalem. Badania zjawisk zachodzących w wysokich temperaturach umożliwiają dokonanie oceny przydatnoci składu mas formierskich w rzeczywistych warunkach pracy, eliminując możliwość powstawania wad odlewniczych pochodzących od masy formierskiej.

EN

The presents study deals with the issue of selection of moulding sand with regard to its properties conditioned by contact with liquid metal. Studies of the reactions occurring at elevated temperatures enable us to evaluate the sand applicability at the real condition of performance and to eliminate the possibility of formation of defects in casting caused by the sand.

18

Napawanie technologią TIG jako sposób naprawy wad odlewniczych w żeliwie chromowym

Szajnar J., Wróbel P., Wróbel T.

Archiwum Odlewnictwa

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2006

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R. 6, nr 22

490-496

PL

Naprawę odlewów żeliwnych przeprowadza się w związku z koniecznością eliminowania wad odlewniczych obniżających ich stopień przydatności do zastosowań konstrukcyjnych oraz w celu ograniczenia kosztów wynikających z konieczności zastąpienia odlewu wadliwego odlewem nowym wolnym od wad. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań mających na celu określenie przydatności napawania na zimno technologią TIG do naprawy wadliwych odlewów z żeliwa stopowego chromowego o zawartości 16% Cr.

EN

Repair of cast iron elements realize in order to cut out a casting defects. Casting defects decrease a usability of cast to constructional application and increase a manufacturing costs. The paper presents research results of use of TlG surfacing on cold to repair chromium cast iron with 16% Cr.

19

Komputerowe wspomaganie klasyfikacji wad identyfikowanych metodami radiograficznymi w odlewach ze stopów aluminium

Dobrzański L. A., Krupiński M., Maniara R., Kasprzak W., Sokołowski J.

Rudy i Metale Nieżelazne

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2005

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R. 50, nr 5

229-236

PL

W artykule przedstawiono komputerową metodykę klasyfikacji wad (tabl. 2), powstałych w stopach Al w trakcie wykonywania z nich elementów silników samochodowych produkowanych metodą niskociśnieniowego odlewania. Identyfikacji wad dokonano na podstawie danych uzyskanych z cyfrowych obrazów rejestrowanych metodami rentgenowskiej analizy defektoskopowej (rys. 1). Do rozwiązania tego zagadnienia wykorzystano opracowaną metodykę i związane z nią programy komputerowe do analizy obrazów rentgenowskich (rys. 2÷3), przygotowania danych wejściowych do sieci neuronowych oraz samą kontrolę jakości odlewów. Z zastosowanych w badaniach sieci neuronowych, w pracy przedstawiono wyniki klasyfikacji wad dla najlepszej sieci każdego typu. Parametry sieci o najlepszych wynikach klasyfikacji przedstawiono w tablicy 3. Zagadnienia klasyfikacyjne oceniano analizując, wyznaczoną dla danych testowych, liczbą poprawnych klasyfikacji (rys. 6÷7).

EN

In the paper a computer aided methodology of classification of defects (tabl. 2), which are formed in aluminium alloys during production of elements for car engines with the low-pressure casting method is presented. The defect identification was performed on the basis of digital recorded data registered by the use of X-ray image analysis method (fig. 1). In order to solve this problem an elaborated methodology and related computer programmes for X-ray images analysis (fig. 2÷ 3), as well as the preparation of entrance data for neuronal networks and also the quality cast control were used. The classification results of the best type of every network investigated are presented. The network parameters with the best classification results are showed in table 3. Analysing a number of correct classifications of pointed out test data (fig. 6÷7), the classifying problems are evaluated.

20

Krytycznie o niedoskonałościach odlewniczych

Mouquet O.

Odlewnictwo - Nauka i Praktyka

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2005

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R. 7, nr 5

9-19

PL

Biorąc pod uwagę optymalizację wymiarowania odlewów z żeliwa sferoidalnego, kryteria projektowania muszą być stale rozwijane. Prowadzone badania wskazują, że zarówno typ, jak i rozmiar wad odlewów mają duży wpływ na ich wytrzymałość zmęczeniową, a stąd na kryteria projektowania. W konsekwencji, gdy projektuje się odlewy narażone na obciążenia zmęczeniowe, poziom akceptowanych wad ma duży wpływ na masę odlewów.

EN

Design criteria must be regularly enriched with a view to optimizing the sizing of ductile iron castings. This study shows that the type and size of foundry imperfections have a large impact on endurance limits and hence on these design criteria. In consequence, when castings exposed to fatigue loadings are designed, the acceptable level of defects has a large impact on their weight.