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1

Vermicomposting as an Alternative Method of Sludge Treatment

Boruszko Dariusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 2

22--28

EN

The article presents the results of the research from several years of exploitation of the vermiculture plots located in the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Zambrów. It is the only facility in Poland where the vermicompost from municipal sewage sludge has been produced continuously since 2004 (for 16 years). The results of tests of ready-made vermicomposts conducted regularly twice a year (32 tests) were subjected to a simple statistical analysis. The vermicompost analyses of heavy metals, biogenic compounds, organic matter and selected macroelements were compared with the requirements for mineral-organic fertilizers. In terms of the heavy metals content, the highest total content was observed in the first year of plots exploitation, i.e. in 2004, when it amounted to over 1200 mg-1 kg DM. The lowest sum content of heavy metals in vermicomposts, amounting to 398 mg-1 kg DM, was recorded in 2017. The median total content of heavy metals from all observations was 821 mg-1 kg DM. During the whole research period, the content of nutrients in vermicomposts was high, for nitrogen it ranged from 9.8 g-1 kg DM to 31.1 g-1 kg DM (median 14.3 g-1 kg DM), whereas for phosphorus it ranged from 2.1 g-1 kg DM to 14.5 g-1 kg DM (median 5.5 g-1 kg DM). The content of organic matter in the whole several-year study period was high and ranged from 21.3% DM to 59.0% DM (median 33.1% DM). The conducted research confirmed that the use of California earthworm in the process of municipal sewage sludge vermicomposting results in its good mineralization and humification, and the final product (vermicompost) may be a valuable mineral-organic fertilizer.

2

Effects of Biochar Addition on Vermicomposting of Food Industry Sewage Sludge

Świątek Jakub, Spitzer Tadeáš, Grobelak Anna, Kacprzak Małgorzata

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 3

36--45

EN

Sewage sludge (SS) is a byproduct of wastewater treatment which is commonly used as fertilizer in the world. However, due to the possible contamination with heavy metals, xenobiotics and fecal pathogens, its application on fields is not so common in Poland. A safer alternative for agricultural use is the SS produced by food industry in small „inhouse” wastewater treatment plants, as substances that are used in its production are usually less harmful. As pretreatment of industrial wastewater is required before dumping the wastewater into common stream, the SS is an abundant byproduct that needs to be managed in an environmentally friendly and cost effective manner. Because the water content in SS is usually high, the dosage and logistics are problematic and thus we propose converting the sewage sludge into solid granular fertilizer in the vermicomposting process. Not only are the weight and volume of product decreased as a result, but also the nutrients such as N, P, and K become concentrated and made more accessible for plants. The SS is also further stabilized and less prone to produce odors and becoming putrid. The aim of this study was the in-depth analysis of the SS process vermicomposting with biochar. The SS was acquired from a local soft drink factory wastewater treatment plant. The batches of SS were inoculated with 20% mature vermicompost and E. fetida worms. Instead of typical bulking agents (like woodchips or straw) powdered biochar was used in the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% as it exhibits beneficial influence on the process and increase the value of the final product.

3

Effect of Vermicomposting on the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Soil with Drill Cuttings

Kujawska Justyna, Wójcik-Oliveira Katarzyna

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 1

152--157

EN

Organic and non-organic pollution present in the drilling waste may negatively impact flora and fauna. The tests conducted on earthworms may serve as indicators for the assessment of pollution bioavailability, i.a. heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, due to the relatively stable ratios between the concentration of certain pollutants in earthworms and soil. Moreover, earthworms are capable of metal bioaccumulation in tissues; therefore, they can be utilized as an ecological indicator of soil pollution. The studies on bioaccumulation of heavy metals from soils with the addition of drilling wastes in tissues of earthworms were conducted. The reduction percentage (R) of each scenario was calculated for the total concentration of all heavy metals. As data showed, all heavy metal content was reduced from its initial concentration.

4

Phytotoxicity of vermiwash (leachate) from home vermireactor - verification of methodology

Stejskal Bohdan

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2019

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nr III/1

279--290

EN

Vermicomposting is a completely environmentally friendly technology that converts biodegradable waste into a value-added vermicompost. The vermicomposting technology can also be utilized for generating a bioliquid termed as vermiwash. In case of vermicomposting in vertical continuous feeding vermireactor (VermiHut Worm Bin), the vermiwash can be collected separately in the lowest part of vermireactor. Then the vermiwash can be used as a liquid fertilizer. The aim of the presented study was to assess the phytotoxicity of vermiwash depending on its concentration. To assess the phytotoxicity levels of the vermiwash, the germination index (GI) was calculated according to the certified methodology (the watercress assay). Within the pilot research, the certified methodology was verified and then optimized.

5

Wstępne badania nad wermikompostowaniem odpadów topinamburu (Helianthus Tuberosus L.)

Garczyńska M., Krempa M.

Polish Journal for Sustainable Development

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2018

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T. 22, cz. 2

19--26

PL

Zainteresowanie odnawialnymi źródłami energii wzrasta. Wynika to ze względów środowiskowych, obawy przed wyczerpaniem zasobów paliw kopalnych oraz polskich i unijnych uwarunkowań prawnych. Przykładem rośliny uprawianej na biomasę jest słonecznik bulwiasty (Helianthus tuberosus L.), potocznie nazywany topinamburem. Obok znaczenia energetycznego, ma on także wiele innych zastosowań, po których funkcjonowaniu mogą pojawić się w środowisku odpady organiczne. Celem pracy było określenie wybranych cech procesu wermikompostowania resztek topinamburu. Z udziałem dżdżownic Dendrobaena veneta wermikompostowano resztki topinamburu i resztki topinamburu zmieszane z obornikiem bydlęcym. Określono cechy uzyskanych wermikompostów.

EN

An interest in renewable energy sources is increasing. This is mainly for environmental reasons, anxiety about exhaustion of fossil fuel resources, as well as Polish and EU legal conditions. An example of plant grown for biomass is Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), commonly known as topinambur. Apart from its energetic values, it has a wide range of other applications, on using which, some organic waste may appear in the environment. The objective of the work was to determine the selected properties of vermicomposting process of topinambur. Topinambur residues, as well as topinambur residues mixed with cattle manure were vermicomposted together with the participation of Dendrobaena veneta earthworms. The characteristics of the obtained vermicomposts were determined.

6

Assessment of selected parameters of vermicompost from house vermicomposter

Stejskal B.

Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich

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2018

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nr IV/1

951--960

EN

The aim of the present study was to assess the vermicomposting process in a household vericpomoster as a way of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) treatment. Household bio-waste of fruit, vegetable and indoor plants origin was composted at vertical continuous feeding vermireactor for almost two years. The vermicomposter contains four boxes placed above each other; the capacity of each box was 15 dm3. Only once a box has been filled, the waste was inserted into the following box. The dynamics of parameters pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored in time. Values of pH were not modified significantly during vermicomposting and fell into the value range 6-8 as required for composts. The values of EC in case of boxes 1 and 2 were initially relatively low (4-5 mS·cm-1) corresponding to the values of home composts while the initial value of EC of box 3 and later values of boxes 1 and 2 (7-9 mS·cm-1) corresponding to the values of industrial composts. The gradual addition of bio-waste, 12-15 kg of raw bio-waste can be composted in one box. The results of the study have shown that the use of a home vermicomposter is a viable way for OFMSW treatment.

7

Vermicomposting as an Alternative Way of Biodegradable Waste Management For Small Municipalities

Sosnecka A., Kacprzak M., Rorat A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

91--96

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of vermicomposting as a method of bioconversion of organic wastes, inter alia, sewage sludge, biodegradable fraction of municipal solid wastes and green wastes. Vermicomposting is a biological process in which earthworms are employed to cooperate with microorganisms in order to convert organic wastes into a valuable product. It is considered as a relatively low cost and environmentally-friendly method of waste treatment. Nevertheless, as each biotechnology, the process is limited to some physical, chemical and biological parameters. In this study, sewage sludge coming from medium-sized wastewater treatment plant was mixed with mown grass, sawdust and organic fraction of municipal wastes and vermicomposted for 5 weeks with Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei as main actors. The scope of the research was to 1)assess the influence of E. fetida and E.andrei composting earthworms on the physical and chemical properties of the product; 2) changes of concentration of selected heavy metals and their available forms in compost during the process, 3) the effects of substrates on earthworms survival and reproduction. Selected earthworm species had shown a high tolerance to the contaminants present in sewage sludge and a positive impact on the quality of the product was noted. Vermicomposting enhances decomposition of organic matter, leads to decrease in C/N ratio and pH, and changes the availability of some heavy metals and its total content in substratum. Experimental medium led earthworms to increase body weight due to the presence of large amount of organic matter, while the reproduction was importantly reduced. Vermicomposting can be considered as a method of treatment of solid wastes, mainly in the case of small municipalities.

8

Determining the Effectiveness in Vermicomposting of Sewage Sludges and the Attempt to Increase the Effectiveness by Applying Bacterial Microorganisms

Boruszko D.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2016

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Vol. 17, nr 3

53--59

EN

Applying vermicomposting process for sewage sludge treatment is a low-cost method which has been gaining a growing number of supporters around the world. In Poland it is still rather unpopular method. The following publication presents the results of 12 years (2004–2015) of research and experiments on the use of red Californian earthworm in Wastewater Treatment Plant in Zambrów. Among others, the results of analyzing vermicompost quality were shown concerning selected micro and macro elements, fertilizing value and sanitary condition. Cumulative content of the examined heavy metals was highest in 2004 and reached over 1200 mg-1 kg s.m., whereas the lowest content of 520 mg-1 kg s.m. was observed in 2012. The study results indicate that in the entire 12-year research period vermicompost met the standards for organic-mineral fertilizers, which means it contained over 20% of organic substance in reference to dry mass and over 1% of total nitrogen and 0.5% of phosphorous in reference to phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5). During the entire research period no living eggs of intestinal parasites Ascaris sp., Trichuris sp., Toxocara sp. and Salmonella bacteria were observed in the vermicompost. The research concerning red Californian earthworm proved substantial mineralization and humification of sludge. The application of EM formula considerably quickened the process and the achieved modifications in the vermicompost structure and content.

9

Wermikompostowanie osadów ściekowych

Bożym M.

Chemik

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2016

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Vol. 70, nr 10

616--619

PL

Wermikompostowanie osadów ściekowych prowadzi się w celu ich stabilizacji oraz wytworzenia produktu stosowanego do celów przyrodniczych. Z tego względu osady poddawane wermikompostowaniu powinny zawierać wysoki udział materii organicznej oraz być wolne od zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych, i posiadać mały ładunek metali ciężkich. Dlatego najczęściej proces wermikompostowania prowadzi się w małych oczyszczalniach ścieków. Zastosowanie nawozowe wermikompostów dostarcza roślinom wielu składników odżywczych, polepsza właściwości fizyczne gleby oraz stopień jej nawożenia. Dodatkowo, ważne makroelementy obecne w osadach ściekowych stają się po procesie lepiej przyswajalne przez rośliny. W pracy opisano proces wermikompostowania osadów ściekowych, wady i zalety oraz możliwości dalszego wykorzystania wermikompostu.

EN

Vermicomposting process is carried out for stabilize of sewage sludge and production fertilizer for natural purposed. For this reason, vermicomposted sewage sludge should contain a high content of organic matter and to be free from microbiological and heavy metals contamination. Therefore, the most common process of vermicomposting is popular in small waste-water treatment plants. The usage of vermicomposted sewage sludge can supply nutrients to plants and also improve soil physical conditions and fertility. During vermicomposting, important macronutrients, present in the sewage sludge, are converted into the forms that are more available to plants. This paper describes the technology of vermicomposting of sewage sludge, the advantages and disadvantages of the process and directions for use of vermicompost.

10

Wermikompostowanie biodegradowalnych odpadów i osadów ściekowych

Generowicz A., Kryłów M., Wójcik W.

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2015

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T. 94, nr 5

760-763

PL

Poszukuje się możliwie najbardziej wydajnych, najtańszych, a jednocześnie akceptowanych społecznie metod odzysku, recyklingu i unieszkodliwiania odpadów organicznych, w tym również osadów ściekowych. Jedną z proponowanych metod jest proces wermikompostowania, dobrze znany i opisany w literaturze, ale rzadko stosowany w skali technicznej ze względu m.in. na wrażliwość procesu (wermikultury) na warunki atmosferyczne (wilgotność, nasłonecznienie, temperatura). Prowadzone w skali pilotażowej badania wskazują, że przy odpowiednim reżimie technologicznym oraz odpowiedniej konstrukcji łóż kompostowych możliwe jest wermikompostowanie osadów ściekowych w sposób zapewniający ekonomicznie i technologicznie satysfakcjonującą wydajność oraz otrzymanie produktu będącego nawozem organicznym.

EN

A review, with 31 refs., of results in earthworms-aided composting of waste biomass to org. fertilizers. The authors’ own studies were also included.

11

Use of Various Baits for Extraction of Earthworms From Vermicompost

Kostecka J., Garg V. K.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

87--92

EN

During vermicomposting, earthworm grower has to overcome a lot of different problems. For instance, in case of a sudden requirement to sell earthworms it is useful to have the ability to collect them in one place. Fresh food extraction is an effective and neutral way to do it. The efficiency of gathering and extracting E. fetida from the vermicompost was studied, using a fresh bait method. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory (at the mean temperature of 20±0.5 °C) in pots filled with vermicompost. Generally, two hundreds of adult E. fetida were put in every pot and left there for 24 hours. After such acclimatization, various baits were inserted to every pot. Different experiments allowed to conclude that: 1) repeated bait exchange was more efficient in extracting worms from vermicompost than bait laid once for a longer time; 2) extracting worms from the bait in the morning was quicker than extracting them in the evening; 3) addition of valerian (Valeriana officinalis), nettle (Urtica dioica), and flaxseeds to cattle manure could resulted in better extraction than pure manure; 4) dry valerian was more effective than steamed one, but on other hand, steaming of nettle and flaxseeds was giving better results in collecting worms in the bait.

12

Wykorzystanie wermikompostowania do zagospodarowania odpadów organicznych w gospodarstwach domowych

Kostecka J., Pączka G., Garczyńska M., Podolak-Machowska A, Dunin-Mugler C., Szura R

Inżynieria i Ochrona Środowiska

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2014

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T. 17, nr 1

21--30

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono analizę odpadów produkowanych przez czteroosobową rodzinę zamieszkującą dom na obrzeżach miasta. Szczególną uwagę zwracano na kuchenne odpady organiczne. Podsumowując kilkuletnie obserwacje nad wermikompostowaniem tej grupy odpadów, zwrócono uwagę na zasadność segregowania odpadów organicznych „u źródła” w kontekście możliwości ich wykorzystania do produkcji wermikompostu w „dżdżownicowych skrzynkach ekologicznych”. W pracy porównywano proces wermikompostowania z użyciem dwóch gatunków dżdżownic: Eisenia fetida (Sav.) i Dendrobaena veneta Rosa. Rozważono również kilka ekonomiczno-organizacyjnych aspektów wprowadzania innowacyjnych „skrzynek ekologicznych” do codziennej praktyki.

EN

This paper analyzes the waste produced by a family of four living in a house on the edge of the city. Particular attention was paid to the kitchen organic waste. Several years of observations on vermicomposting of such waste have been summarized. Separating of organic waste on site is important in the context of its use for the production of vermicompost in “earthworm ecological boxes”. The study compared the vermicomposting process using two species of earthworms: Eisenia fetida (Sav.) and Dendrobaena veneta Rosa. Several economical and organizational aspects of introducing innovative “ecological boxes” for daily practice was also considered.

13

Selected problems associated with heavy metals and earthworms

Kostecka J.

Chemia i Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2004

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Vol. 11, nr 4-5

353--364

EN

The issue of increased resistance of earthworms to some heavy metals in soil and their accumulation was discussed. The phenomenon can be hazardous for various elements of food-chains. Alternatively it underlines the fact that due to this resistance, earthworms can utilize organic waste such as sewage sludge contaminated with heavy metals. The way earthworms cope with heavy metals in natural and antropogenic ecosystems is described with respect to the scientific literature. The use of earthworms in vermiculture is also discussed. The paper covers an experiment concerned with vermicomposting of selected Polish sewage sludges contaminated with various amounts of heavy metals. Over a four-week period, of laboratory testing it was found that the majority of sewage sludges were suitable for the earthworm Eisenia fetida.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono podwyższoną odporność dżdżownic na stężenia niektórych metali ciężkich w glebie z jednoczesnym kumulowaniem ich w swoich koprolitach i ciałach, przez co stanowią zagrożenie dla łańcuchów troficznych, których są elementem. Z drugiej strony podkreślono fakt, że dzięki tym cechom dżdżownice nadają się do przyspieszonego unieszkodliwiania osadów ściekowych, mogących zawierać zwiększone zawartości metali ciężkich. W publikacji na podstawie literatury opisano, w jaki sposób dżdżownice radzą sobie z metalami ciężkimi w ekosystemach naturalnych i antropogennych, a także zaprezentowano znaczenie ich hodowli w wermikulturze. Opisano także eksperyment własny dotyczący wermikompostowania wybranych polskich osadów ściekowych zanieczyszczonych zróżnicowanymi poziomami metali ciężkich. Podczas laboratoryjnego testu akceptacji osadów jako podłoża hodowlanego stwierdzono, że większość przebadanych osadów ściekowych była akceptowana przez dżdżownice E. fetida.