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Assessment of PAH content in soil and aboveground parts of Lolium perenne L. next to the communication arteries of the urban agglomeration

Smolewska Marzena Ewa, Krasowska Małgorzata, Piekut Jolanta, Smolewski Maciej, Bagińska Ewelina

Studia Quaternaria

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2022

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Vol. 39, Nr 1

5--13

EN

The research on the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and grass (Lolium perenne L.) was carried out on samples collected in the city of Białystok, in north-eastern Poland. The test samples came from green belts in the vicinity of communication routes, differentiated in terms of the surrounding buildings and infrastructure and characterized by a different car traffic intensity. The highest total concentration of all sixteen PAHs in soil and grass samples was found near a large intersection at Nicholas Copernicus Street, one of the most important communication routes connecting two parts of the city. In the aboveground parts of the studied grass samples, benzo[a]pyrene was the most abundant, its content ranging from 53.8 μg/kg DM up to 91.7 μg/kg DM. On the other hand, in soil samples, much higher benzo[a]pyrene content was found, and the dominance of this compound was observed in almost every measurement location. Based on the obtained results, it was found that car traffic is a significant source of PAH emissions to the urban soil environment and urban greenery. The squares and green belts located along communication routes and intersections are the most exposed to pollution.

2

Soil sealing on example of the Jedrzychow residential area in Zielona Gora, Poland

Kostecki Jakub, Greinert Andrzej, Drab Michał, Mik Łukasz

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 1

53--63

EN

The progressing urbanization leads to the growth of buildings within the cities and taking up new areas for investments. Uncontrolled urban sprawl entails a number of consequences resulting in the soil sealing of the areas which has been permeable so far. Cutting off deeper soil layers from gas exchange and access to water causes a reduction in biological activity and biodiversity. That is why EU considers soil sealing as one of the main problems of the 21st century. The paper attempts to analyze the progressing urbanization on the one of the Zielona Góra housing estates - Jędrzychów Residential Area.

3

The Effect of Organic Substrates Application on the Amylolytic Activity of Urban Soils

Wydro U., Wołejko E., Jabłońska-Trypuć A., Butarewicz A., Łoboda T.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 4

251--259

EN

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of fresh and thermally treated sewage sludge on the amylolytical activity of the urban soils. Two experimental areas on the lawns along the main roads of Bialystok were prepared in 2011 and 2015. The factors taken into account in the experiment involved: the type of sewage sludge (mechanically dewatered – SS and thermally dried “Granbial” – G), three doses of sewage sludge (0 – control; 14.5 and 29 t DM/ha) and two grass mixtures (Eko and Roadside). The number of amylolytic bacteria in grass mixtures and rhizosphere and amylase activity in soil were monitored twice during 2011 and 2012 vegetation season (in July and October). The main properties of soil (soil pH, granulometric composition, total organic carbon – TOC, available phosphorus and total nitrogen content) after the application of organic substrates were also analysed. Addition of the dewatered sewage sludge to soil resulted in an increase in the number of amylolytic bacteria (from 7.4 to 18.8 ∙106 cfu/g DM) in July, while in the soil treatment with thermally dried sludge, the increased number of the bacteria (from 11.03 to 44.68 ∙106 cfu/g DM) was observed in October. The amylases activity in the soil treated with SS exhibited the highest average value in July (2.11 mg Glc/g DM ∙24 h), while in the soil treated with “Granbial”, it was stable in studied period (from 1.65 to 2.18 mg Glc/g DM ∙24 h).

4

Pseudomonas fluoresces occurrence in soil after fertilization with sewage sludge

Wołejko E., Wydro U., Jabłońska-Trypuć A., Butarewicz A., Łoboda T.

Ekonomia i Środowisko

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2018

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nr 2

195--204

EN

The aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of Pseudomonas fluorescens in urban soil in the second year after fertilization with unprocessed sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plant in Sokółka and processed sludge from wastewater treatment plant in Bialystok. The study was conducted on experimental plots located in the green belts along the main roads in Bialystok (Piastowska and Hetmańska streets). For the studied soil, two different types of sewage sludge were used: after-press dewatered sludge from the treatment plant in Sokółka and dry sludge in the form of pellets from the treatment plant in Bialystok. The experiment plots were fertilized with three doses of sewage sludge: 0-control, 14.5 and 29 Mg D.M./ha. In the second year after application of sewage sludge, microbiological tests of the rhizosphere area showed seasonal fluctuations in the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria. The highest number of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria was observed in April and in October, while the lowest number of bacteria occurred in July, which could have been conditioned by atmospheric factors. The analysis of the correlation indicates that in the urban soil mixed with sewage sludge the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens was significantly positively correlated with C:N ratio, organic carbon and content of phosphorus.

5

Influence of sewage sludge on the chosen soil properties and microbiological parameters of urban grass mixtures rhizosphere

Wydro U., Wołejko E., Łoboda T., Matejczyk M., Butarewicz A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 1

171--177

EN

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of municipal sewage sludge on selected microbiological parameters in the rhizosphere of lawn grass mixtures. Four experiments on the lawns along the main roads of Bialystok were founded. The factors in the experiment were three doses of sewage sludge (0 – control; 7.5 and 15 kg·m-2) and two grass mixtures (Eko and Roadside). The studied parameters were monitored twice during 2011 vegetation season by determining the total number of soil microorganisms, the total number of Gram-negative bacteria, the number of bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens species, the number of amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria. Sewage sludge amended to soil resulted in a change of physical-chemical properties of soil. The sewage sludge application to soil influenced significantly the number of proteolytic and Gram-negative bacteria.

6

Changes the Concentration of Selected Pahs in Urban Soils Fertilized With Municipal Sewage Sludge

Wydro U., Wołejko E., Łoboda T., Kowczyk-Sadowy M.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 16, nr 5

62--67

EN

The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the content of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils fertilized with municipal sewage sludge. The factors in the experiment were three lawns along the main roads in Bialystok (in Popieluszki, Hetmanska and Raginisa Strs.), doses of sewage sludge (0 – control; 75 and 150 Mg/ha) and two years of study (2011 and 2012). The studied parameters were monitored at the end of the growing season (in October 2011 and 2012) by determining fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, and benzo[a]pyrene in soil samples. Furthermore, the dehydrogenase activity, the pH and organic carbon content of the soil were determined. Obtained content of studied PAHs in the urban soil does not exceed those contained in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of September 9th, 2002 on soil quality standards and ground quality standards. The concentration of pyrene and chrysene differed significantly depending on the time of sampling and the localization. It has been shown that fertilization of soil sewage sludge revealed reduction of pyrene concentration in soil. Among 5 tested PAHs compounds, benzo[a]pyrene was the most dominant compound both in samples collected in 2011 and 2012 (28 and 27% respectively).

7

Urban soil contamination with lead and cadmium in the playgrounds located near busy streets in Cracow (South Poland)

Aleksander-Kwaterczak U., Rajca A.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

7--16

EN

The pollution of urban soil with heavy metals caused by traffic activity is increasingly becoming a great threat to human health and environmental quality. This paper presents results of research of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) distribution in land on playgrounds situated near busy streets in Cracow (Poland). Samples of sand and soil were collected from the most top layer (0–10 cm). Concentrations of examined metals are: Pb from 6.80 to 54.04 mg/kg and Cd from 1.60 to 2.61 mg/kg, respectively. The highest concentrations were found in sampling points near the busiest roads, and are particularly visible in the case of lead concentration in soil samples. For sand samples, metal concentrations are much lower. Although the results have not determined a high degree of soil’s contamination, they indicate the problem of the children’s exposure to toxic metals. Urban soil should be monitored particularly in such special places as playgrounds.

8

The relationship between the activity of dehydrogenases and phosphatases and the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils

Bielińska E.J., Moek-Płóciniak A., Futa B., Kawecka-Radomska M.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2014

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Vol. 59, nr 3

8--11

EN

The humus horizons of soils in 12 park gardens located in cities of eastern and south Poland and Upper Silesia were the objects of study. Gardens situated in city centres and suburbs were included in the test. The location of park gardens and the related intensity of anthropogenic pressure were factors significantly affecting the activity of dehydrogenases and phos-phatases, and the PAH content in the studied urban soils. The relationship between the dehydrogenase and phosphatases activity and the PAH content in soils varied, depending on the location of the park gardens, which shows that it is deter-mined mostly by the condition of the environment, as shaped by the intensity of anthropogenic pressure.

PL

Obiektami badań były poziomy próchniczne gleb 12 parków zlokalizowanych na obszarze Górnego Śląska i miast południowej i wschodniej Polski. Badaniami objęto jednocześnie parki położone w centrach miast oraz na przedmieściach. Lokalizacja ogrodów parkowych i związana z nią intensywność presji antropogenicznej była czynnikiem wpływającym istotnie na aktywność dehydrogenaz i fosfataz oraz zawartość WWA w badanych glebach miejskich. Relacje między aktywnością dehydrogenaz i fosfataz a zawartością WWA w glebach miały zróżnicowany charakter w zależności od lokalizacji ogrodów parkowych, co świadczy, że są one determinowane głównie stanem środowiska kształtowanego intensywnością presji antropogenicznej.

9

Lithuanian soil quality criteria based on the heavy metal levels, and their application in urban territories with different industrial impact

Taraškevičius R., Zinkute R.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2008

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Vol. 24

117-122

EN

Following the Lithuanian hygienic norm, a topsoil quality was evaluated for Ag, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, and Zn in public-residential micro-zones of four Lithuanian towns with a different industrial impact. A general evaluation took into account maximum permitted concentrations of the elements and the maximum danger coefficient K0, as well as the total contamination index Zd. That last one was related to the element background values, reflected the combined pollutants effect, and in this way, predetermined the final result. In urban public-residential zones, this index depends mostly on Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu and Sn contents. The topsoil geochemical quality in these zones depends not only on concentration of pollution sources, but also on the time-span of urbanisation, and density of the population. The increase of theses factors leads to a development of less favourable conditions. The topsoil quality is the least favourable in the central part of the largest city (Vilnius), followed by medium town (Šiauliai), and finally by two small towns (Joniškis, Mažeikiai). The higher topsoil enrichment with more elements-pollutants in Joniškis than in Mažeikiai can be explained by differences in historical development (Joniškis is older than Mažeikiai) and a disturbance of the soil cover in Mažeikiai during the construction works. Therefore, in old and densely populated public-residential districts the monitoring of urban soils is urgent.

PL

Zgodnie z litewskimi normami jakości ornej warstwy gleby, oceniono zanieczyszczenie gleb przez Ag, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V oraz Zn na terenie osiedli mieszkaniowych w czterech litewskich miastach, będących pod różnorodnym wpływem przemysłu. Przy ogólnej ocenie jakości warstwy glebowej uwzględniono nie tylko maksimum dozwolonej koncentracji pierwiastków i wartość maksymalnego współczynnika zagrożenia K0, ale także, w celu lepszego określenia miejsc o niekorzystnych właściwościach, indeks całkowitego zanieczyszczenia Zd, który jest związany z wartością tła geochemicznego pierwiastków. Indeks Zd terenów miejskich – osiedli mieszkaniowych – zależy głównie od zawartości Zn, Pb, Ag, Cu i Sn. Geochemiczna jakość warstwy glebowej na tych terenach zależy nie tylko od skupienia źródeł zanieczyszczeń, ale także od długotrwałości urbanizacji i gęstości zaludnienia. Podwyższenie tych wskaźników prowadzi do powstania niekorzystnych warunków. Najmniej korzystne warunki zaobserwowano w centralnych częściach największych miast (Vilnius), następnie w średniej wielkości miastach (Šiauliai), a najlepsze w dwóch najmniejszych miastach (Joniškis, Mažeikiai). W Joniškis górna warstwa glebowa była bardziej wzbogacona w pierwiastki zanieczyszczające, niż w Mažeikiai, co można wytłumaczyć różnicami w historycznym rozwoju tych miast (Joniškis jest starsze od Mažeikiai) oraz zaburzeniem struktury gleb w Mažeikiai podczas prac budowlanych. Potrzebny jest zatem systematyczny monitoring gleb miejskich, zwłaszcza na obszarze starych i gęsto zaludnionych dzielnic.

10

Distribution of heavy metals in upper layers of soil from Vilnius sites exposed to different type of pollution

Taraškevičius R., Zinkute R.

Polish Geological Institute Special Papers

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2008

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Vol. 24

111-116

EN

The distribution of total contents of non-ferrous metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ag and ferrous metals Cr, Mo, Ni, Co, V in 3 depth layers 0–5 cm (A), 5–10 cm (B) and 10–25 cm (C) of the nearer (at 20 m distance) and further (at 70 m distance) zones of metal processing area (M) and transport area (T) revealed that the input of non-ferrous metals to total contamination in both areas is greater than that of the ferrous metals. The ferrous metals (especially Mo) play an important role in zones of the metal processing area and Cu is specific element of trolleybus traffic pollution in the transport area. Pollution in zones of the metal processing area extends to a larger distance and causes more dangerous soil contamination. A distribution of pollutants in upper depth layers of the soil depends on the organic matter content.

PL

Rozkład całkowitej zawartości metali nieżelaznych Cu, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ag i metali żelaznych Cr, Mo, Ni, Co, V w trzech warstwach na głębokości 0–5 cm (A), 5–10 cm (B) i 10–25 cm (C) w bliskiej (odległość 20 m) i dalszej (odległość 70 m) strefie obszaru przetwórstwa metali (M) i rejonie transportu (T) pokazuje, że wpływ metali nieżelaznych na całkowitą kontaminację w obu obszarach jest większy aniżeli metali żelaznych. Metale żelazne (zwłaszcza Mo) odgrywają dużą rolę w strefach obszaru przeróbki metali. Cu jest pierwiastkiem charakterystycznym dla rejonu zanieczyszczenia ruchem trolejbusów na obszarze transportu. Zanieczyszczenie w strefach przeróbki metali rozciąga się na dużych odległościach i powoduje niebezpieczną kontaminację gleby. Rozkład składników zanieczyszczeń w górnej warstwie gleby zależy od zawartości materii organicznej.

11

Aktywność enzymów glebowych w ryzosferze mniszka lekarskiego jako wskaźnik stanu ekochemicznego gleb miejskich

Bielińska E. J.

Journal of Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering

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2007

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Vol. 52, nr 3

10-14

PL

Mniszek lekarski (Taraxacum officinale Web.) zaliczany jest do najważniejszych ziół stosowanych w biomonitoringu środowiska przyrodniczego. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu ryzosfery mniszka lekarskiego na zawartość metali ciężkich i aktywność enzymatyczną gleb z terenów miejskich o różnym oddziaływaniu antropopresji. Badania prowadzono na terenie Górnego Śląska i miast wschodniej Polski. Próbki gleby ryzosferowej i pozaryzosferowej pobierano w strefach śródmiejskich oraz na obszarach peryferyjnych miast. Zawartość metali ciężkich i aktywność enzymów wykazywała duże zróżnicowanie w glebie strefy ryzosferowej i pozaryzosferowej, jak również w poszczególnych obiektach badawczych, jednak wyraźnie zależała od intensywności presji antropogenicznej. Obserwowana stymulacja aktywności enzymatycznej gleby w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie korzeni mniszka wskazuje, że strefa ryzosferowa stanowi naturalny filtr czyszczący środowisko glebowe z zanieczyszczeń dopływających z obszarów miasta.

EN

The dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Web.) is rated among the most important herbs used to biomonitor the natural environment. The paper was aimed at determining the impact of the dandelion's rhizosphere on the heavy metal content and the enzymatic activity of soils in urban lands with different anthropopressure impacts. The research was carried out in the Upper Silesia region and in towns of eastern Poland. Samples of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils were collected in central sectors of the towns and in suburbia. The heavy metal content and the enzymatic activity showed a considerable differentiation in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils; however, they were distinctly related to the anthropogenic pressure intensity. The observed enzymatic activity stimulation of soil in the direct vicinity of the dandelion's roots indicates that the rhizosphere zone is a natural filter cleaning the soil environment from impurities infiltrating from urban areas. Changes in the soil enzyme activity in the dandelion's rhizosphere zone allow the assessment of the environmental hazards resulting from the presence of heavy metals in urban soils.