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1

Numerical modelling of uniaxial compressive strength laboratory tests

Nguyen Phu Minh Vuong, Walentek Andrzej, Waclawik Petr, Souček Kamil, Antoniuk Michał

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2023

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Vol. 22. iss. 4

280--294

EN

In the last decades, numerical modelling has been widely used to simulate rock mass behaviour in geo-engineering issues. The only disadvantage of numerical modelling is the reliability of required input data (e.g. mechanical parameters), which is not always fully provided due to the complexity of rock mass, project budget, available test methods or human errors. On the other hand, it was proven in many cases that numerical modelling is a helpful tool for solving such complex problems, especially when coupled with the results of laboratory and in-situ tests. This paper presents an attempt to determine the proper numerical constitutive model of rock and its mechanical parameters for further simulating rock mass response based on the outcomes of laboratory testing. For this purpose, the available constitutive models, including mechanical parameters, were taken into account. The simulation performance with the selected constitutive models is demonstrated by matching the numerical modelling results with the uniaxial compressive strength laboratory tests of rock samples from the Bogdanka coal mine. All numerical simulations were carried out using the finite difference method software FLAC3D.

2

Rapid uniaxial compressive strength assessment by microstructural properties using X-ray CT imaging and virtual experiments

Zhao Zhi, Zhou Xiao-Ping

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

112--127

EN

Understanding the mechanical properties plays pivotal roles in rock engineering. This work aims to establish novel relations linking the porosity, ultrasonic wave and fluid saturation to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) fast and simply. The uniaxial compressive coupled with ultrasonic wave tests on sandstone samples are carried out to obtain the datasets of the UCS, P-wave and S-wave velocities. X-ray CT imaging technique is employed to capture the microstructure information. The color difference phase separation approach to segment the pore, water and solid phases is proposed, and pore-scale variables to describe the microstructure characteristics are defined. Novel relations to determine the micro velocities of P-wave and S-wave are established, and the modulus of deformation and the physical properties of rocks are evaluated. Novel relation to determine the UCS is established and validated by the real and virtual experiment datasets. Results show that the UCS, P-wave and S-wave velocities computed by the proposed method decrease with increasing fluid saturation. The errors between the calculated and experimental UCS, P-wave and S-wave velocities are all < 5%, showing excellent consistency with each other. The proposed method is effective to estimate the mechanical properties fast and accurately, simplifying the estimation of the UCS in rock engineering.

3

Identification of changes in mechanical properties of sandstone subjected to high temperature: meso-and micro-scale testing and analysis

Różański Adrian, Różańska Anna, Sobótka Maciej, Pachnicz Michał, Bukowska Mirosława

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 1

461--482

EN

Material properties largely depend on their structure, and are strongly dependent on the scale of observation. Under the influence of various processes, the structure of a material can undergo evolution, which leads to major changes in the mechanical parameters and morphology of the medium. To understand the behaviour of a given material exposed to the influence of various factors, e.g. loading and temperature treatment, and to be able to modify it appropriately, it is crucial to recognize its structure both in the scale of engineering applications and at the micro-scale. The article proposes a procedure for assessing changes in the structure of sandstone exposed to the temperature treatment. The presented procedure allows the morphology of the material to be evaluated and the influence of temperature treatment on mechanical parameters of rocks to be analysed, by combining use of different laboratory techniques. The changes in rock material have been characterized using three investigative techniques, i.e. a uniaxial compression test, nanoindentation and micro-computed tomography. The uniaxial compression tests were carried out for 11 different temperature values in the range of 23–1000 °C, which enabled the determination of the change in uniaxial compressive strength and Young’s modulus of the sandstone as a function of temperature. Micro-scale laboratory tests were utilised to identify changes in the mechanical and morphological parameters of the sandstone exposed to the temperature of 1000 °C. The results were referred to those obtained for the reference samples, i.e. not subjected to heating (T = 23 °C). Comparison of the results showed an evident relation between the microstructure changes and the mesoscopic properties.

4

Linking static and dynamic mechanical properties for metamorphic rocks from Austria including their anisotropic efect

Gegenhuber Nina, Krueger Melanie

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 2

539--546

EN

The derivation of geomechanical properties from petrophysical/geophysical data is not only of great importance in the oil industry but also in mining, geothermal projects and tunnelling, for reduction of costs and to improve security. For the oil industry and geothermal sector, it is mainly important for drilling rate and the stability of the borehole and, as a result, the economic factor. A key issue is that geomechanical properties, which can support a better planning of a project, cannot be measured in the borehole or on the surface directly. In this study, the focus is put on anisotropic efects on the correlation between static and dynamic properties, which is neglected in most studies but important because values can vary extremely. Therefore, measurements in the geotechnical laboratory of compressional and shear wave velocity during uniaxial compression strength test were taken. Additionally, typical properties like bulk and grain density as well as porosity were determined too. Diferent samples (carbonate–silica schist, marble and phyllite) from the "Zentrum am Berg"-research tunnelling centre at the "Erzberg" in Austria were used. Shown are correlations between uniaxial compression strength and compressional wave velocity as well as for static and dynamic Young’s modulus including their anisotropic efect. The results are promising and provide an opportunity for further applications on log data.

5

Experimental study of compressive failure of concrete under static and dynamic loads

Liu L., An H. M.

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 66, nr 3

427--441

EN

The fracture and fragmentation of concrete under static and dynamic loads are studied. The uniaxial compressive strength test is employed to study the concrete behavior under static loads while the split Hopkinson pressure bar is used to study the dynamic behavior of the concrete under static loads. The theories for acquiring the stress, strain and strain rate of the concrete in the dynamic test by Hopkinson pressure bar has been introduced. The fracture patterns of the concrete in the uniaxial compressive test have been obtained and the static concrete compressive strengths have been calculated. The fracture patterns of the concrete in the uniaxial compressive test have been obtained and the static concrete compressive strengths have been calculated. The fracture and fragmentation of the specimen under dynamic loads have been acquired and the stress-strain curves of concrete under various impact loads are obtained. The stress-strain curve indicates a typical brittle material failure process which includes existing micro-fracture closure stage, linear-elastic stage, nonlinear-elastic stage, and post-failure stages. The influence of the loading rate for the compressive strength of the concrete has compared. Compared with the concrete under static loads, the dynamic loads can produce more fractures and fragments. The concrete strength is influenced by the strain rate and the strength increases almost linearly with the increase of the strain rate.

6

Effect of coarse grain aggregate on strength parameters of two-stage concrete

Omidimoaf Farzam, Rajabi Ali M., Abdelgader Hakim S., Kurpińska Marzena, Wilde Krzysztof

Materiały Budowlane

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2019

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nr 3

2--4

EN

Two-stage concrete (TSC) is a special type of concrete that the method of its construction and implementation is different from conventional one. In TSC, coarse aggregate particles are first placed in the formwork and voids between them are subsequently injected with a special cementations mixture. TSC has been successfully used in many applications, such as underwater construction, casting concrete sections congested with reinforcement and concrete repair. Coarse aggregate forms about 60% of the total volume of TSC, while coarse aggregate forms about 40% of the total volume of conventional concrete. In TSC stresses are transferred through contact areas between coarse aggregate particles. In this paper coarse aggregate size influence on strength parameters of TSC and comparing it with conventional concrete is done (by uniaxial compressive strength test and Brazilian tensile strength test). According to results of tests in this paper, the TSC with finest grain of coarse aggregate has higher compressive and tensile strength, higher modulus of elasticity and less Poisson’s ratio from conventional concrete.

PL

Beton wykonywany dwuetapowo (TSC) jest specjalnym rodzajem betonu, a jego metoda wbudowania i zastosowanie różnią się od tradycyjnego. W TSC w pierwszej kolejności w szalunku układane jest kruszywo grube, a następnie pod ciśnieniem podawana jest specjalna mieszanka cementowa wypełniająca wolne przestrzenie między kruszywem. Technologia TSC została wielokrotnie zastosowana z powodzeniem w betonowaniu pod wodą do wykonywania zbrojonych elementów konstrukcyjnych oraz jako beton naprawczy. W TSC kruszywo grube stanowi ok. 60%, natomiast w betonie zwykłym ok. 40% całkowitej objętości. W TSC naprężenia przenoszone są przez obszary styku między ziarnami kruszywa grubego. W badaniach wykazano wpływ kruszywa grubego na parametry wytrzymałościowe TSC i porównano je z wynikami badań betonu wykonywanego w sposób tradycyjny (w przypadku jednoosiowego badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie i wytrzymałości na rozciąganie metodą brazylijską). Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników badań stwierdzono, że TSC zawierający ziarna małej średnicy charakteryzuje się lepszą wytrzymałością na ściskanie i rozciąganie, większym modułem sprężystości i mniejszym współczynnikiem Poissona niż beton zwykły.

7

The effect of petrographic characteristics on the physical and mechanical properties of currently exploited Pińczów Limestones – a type of Leitha Limestone (Carpathian Foredeep, southern Poland)

Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Stańczak Grażyna

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2019

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T. 35, z. 1

59--98

EN

The subject of the research was the Middle Miocene red algal limestone from the Włochy deposit, which is currently the only place of exploitation of the Pińczów Limestone representing a local type of the Leitha Limestone. The collected samples of this rock belong to the organodetric facies of diverse grain size and sorting of clastic material. Considering the proportions of characteristic skeleton remains, the composition of the coarse-grained organodetric facies is red algal-foraminiferalbryozoic, while of the fine-grained facies is foraminiferal-red algal. The cement of these rocks is predominantly sparite compared to micrite-clay matrix. A complement to petrographic studies was the chemical analysis and identification of mineral phases with X-ray diffraction. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties of samples were analyzed. Porosity of the rock was assessed in the polarizing and scanning microscope (SEM-EDS) observations, as well as with a porosimetric tests. The coarse-detrital limestone with a dominant binder in the form of intergranular cement is characterized by the apparent density sometimes exceeded 1.90 Mg/m3, while fine-grained limestone has the highest water absorbability (above 20%) and total porosity (about 40%). The above properties influenced high water absorption by capillarity, limiting the possibility of using limestone in places exposed to moisture. The observed relationship between the ultrasonic waves velocity and the uniaxial compressive strength gives the possibility of predicting the value of the latter parameter in the future. The limestones from Włochy deposit do not differ in quality from the previously used Pińczów Limestones, and their technical parameters predestine them for use as cladding material with insulating properties.

PL

Przedmiotem badań były środkowomioceńskie wapienie krasnorostowe ze złoża Włochy, jedynego obecnie miejsca eksploatacji wapieni pińczowskich, reprezentujących lokalny typ wapieni litawskich. Pobrane próbki tych skał reprezentują fację organodetrytyczną o zróżnicowanym uziarnieniu i wysortowaniu materiału okruchowego. Biorąc pod uwagę proporcje charakterystycznych szczątków szkieletowych, skład facji gruboziarnistej jest krasnorostowo-otwornicowo-mszywiołowy, zaś drobnoziarnistej – otwornicowo-krasnorostowy. Spoiwo tych skał stanowi cement sparytowy, przeważający nad matriks mikrytowo-ilastą. Uzupełnieniem obserwacji petrograficznych była analiza składu chemicznego i identyfikacja faz mineralnych przy pomocy dyfraktometrii rentgenowskiej (XRD). Ponadto wykonano badania właściwości fizycznych i mechanicznych. Porowatość skały oceniono na podstawie obserwacji w mikroskopie polaryzacyjnym i skaningowym (SEM-EDS) oraz w testach porozymetrycznych. Wapienie grubodetrytyczne z dominującym spoiwem w postaci cementu intergranularnego odznaczają się gęstością pozorną przekraczającą czasem 1,90 Mg/m3, podczas gdy drobnoziarniste mają najwyższą nasiąkliwość wagową (pow. 20%) i porowatość całkowitą (ok. 40%). Wpływa to na wysoką nasiąkliwość kapilarną, ograniczającą możliwości zastosowania wapienia w miejscach narażonych na zawilgocenia. Stwierdzona zależność pomiędzy prędkością fal ultradźwiękowych a wytrzymałością na ściskanie jednoosiowe daje możliwość prognozowania wartości tego ostatniego parametru w przyszłości. Wapienie ze złoża Włochy mają jakość podobną do innych wapieni pińczowskich eksploatowanych w przeszłości, a ich parametry techniczne predestynują je do zastosowania jako materiału okładzinowego o właściwościach izolacyjnych.

8

Obtaining lightweight concrete using colemanite waste and acidic pumice

Erdogan Y., Yasari E., Gamage Ranjith P.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2016

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Vol. 52, iss. 1

35--43

EN

This paper presents some results of ongoing laboratory work to design a lightweight concrete using colemanite waste and pumice. Hisarcik and Espey colemanite wastes, acidic pumice aggregate as well as normal Portland cement were used to produce lightweight concrete with economic and environmental advantages. Two different groups and twenty different prescriptions were tried to produce lightweight concrete. The effect of colemanite waste on workability and strength of lightweight concrete were analysed by fresh and hardened concrete tests. The properties of materials examined include slump, air content, density and uniaxial compressive strength of the mortar. The results obtained were compared with control concrete properties and Turkish standard values. The examined tests results showed that lightweight concrete can be produced by the use of acidic pumice aggregate and colemanite waste. Furthermore, the colemanite waste can be used as cement additives and can reduce the cost and environmental pollution with using natural stone aggregate.

9

Wpływ obecności płynu porowego na niektóre właściwości fizyczne brykietu węglowego

Nowakowski A., Nurkowski J., Lizak Z.

Prace Instytutu Mechaniki Górotworu PAN

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2014

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Vol. 16, no. 3-4

71--80

PL

Wykonano i przebadano dwie serie próbek-brykietów węglowych o porowatościach odpowiednio 21,8±0,2% i 12,8±0,2% wykonanych z miału węglowego o średnicy ziaren między 0,1 a 0,5 mm pochodzącego z KWK „Zofiówka”. Próbki odpomowywano pod próżnią, następnie nasycano gazem inertnym (azot) lub sorbującym (dwutlenek węgla) pod ciśnieniem 0,2, 0,4 lub 0,6 MPa i ściskano jednoosiowo w atmosferze tego gazu. Badano wpływ obecności płynu porowego na granicę wytrzymałości próbki na ściskanie oraz jej moduł odkształceń. Wykazano, że wpływ ten jest silnie uzależniony od porowatości próbki, a w konsekwencji od sposobu wykonania brykietu węglowego.

EN

Manufactured and tested two sets of samples-briquettes were made from coal dust coming from hard coal mine “Zofiówka”. Samples were made of fine grain diameter between 0.1 and 0.5 mm and had a porosity of 21.8 ±0.2% and 12.8 ±0.2%. The samples were pumped out in vacuo, then saturated with an inert gas (nitrogen) or non-inert one (carbon dioxide) at 0,2, 0,4 or 0,6 MPa and finally pressed uniaxially in an atmosphere of the gas. The effect of the presence of the pore fluid on the sample uniaxial compressive strength was tested as well as on its modulus of deformation. It has been shown that this effect is strongly dependent on the porosity of the sample and, consequently, on the method of coal briquettes manufacturing.

10

Zmiany wytrzymałości w warunkach krystalizacji soli oraz oddziaływania dwutlenku siarki w wybranych makroporowatych skałach węglanowych

Bobrowska A.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2013

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Vol. 61, nr 5

311--314

EN

The article presents the changes in long-term endurance of macroporous carbonate rocks by modelling the process of crystallization of salt (sodium sulphate) from the solution and the impact of sulphur dioxide in the presence of humidity. The characteristics of travertine endurance were determined based on the uniaxial compression test of endurance. Tests were conducted in laboratory conditions on monoliths from Poland and Turkey. Rock material from Poland was the so-called "Polish travertine" collected from an active quarry in Raciszyn (RA) and represented by Upper Jurassic limestones. The material from Turkey was a reed-type travertine rock, one of the leading lithotypes from the Denizli region, taken from an active quarry in Hierapolis (HO), and weathered material collected from the ancient opening in Hierapolis (HA). Research shows that the rock materials, regardless of the degree of weathering and location, have an increased susceptibility to lower endurance to uniaxial compression as a result of the impact of SO2 in the presence of humidity, rather than as a result of the crystallization of salt from the solution. This observation demonstrates that the travertine is characterised by relatively high resistance to salt solutions. Within porous material, the salt crystals can freely crystallize in the gaps without damaging the structure.

11

Zmienność wytrzymałościowa piaskowców w warunkach krystalizacji siarczanu sodu oraz oddziaływania dwutlenku siarki

Kłopotowska A., Łukasiak D.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2011

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nr 446 (1)

143--148

PL

Praca podejmuje problematykę zmian właściwości wytrzymałościowych piaskowców szydłowieckich i godulskich w toku modelowania procesu krystalizacji siarczanu sodu z roztworu oraz oddziaływania dwutlenku siarki w obecności wilgoci. Charakterystykę wytrzymałościową wykonano na podstawie badania wytrzymałości na jednoosiowe ściskanie piaskowców niezwietrzałych z kamieniołomów Śmiłów i Głębiec. Stwierdzono, że analizowane piaskowce wykazują większą podatność na obniżenie wytrzymałości na jednoosiowe ściskanie w wyniku krystalizacji siarczanu sodu z roztworu aniżeli w wyniku oddziaływania SO2 w obecności wilgoci.

EN

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in geomechanical properties of two kinds of sandstones (Szydłowiec and Godula) during modeling of salt crystallization process as well as SO2 action in the presence of humidity. The estimation of resistance was based on uniaxial compressive strength tests. The unweathered samples were taken from two quarries in Poland – Śmiłów and Głębiec (in Brenna). The results indicate that the analyzed sandstones are more susceptible to reduction of uniaxial compressive strength during the crystallization of sodium sulphate rather than as a result of SO2 action in the presence of humidity.