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1

Insights into the palaeoenvironments, structure and stratigraphy of the lower Miocene of the Eastern Carpathians Bend Zone, Romania

Bercea Răzvan-Ionuţ, Bălc Ramona, Tămaș Alexandra, Filipescu Sorin, Mircea Tămaș Dan, Guillong Marcel, Flavius Szekely Flavius, Lukács Réka

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 2

EN

The ages of several Oligocene to Miocene sedimentary formations from the Eastern Carpathians Bend Zone are poorly constrained due to palaeoenvironmental factors, reworking of fossils, structural complexity and limited exposure. To help overcome these issues, this study integrates calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifera biostratigraphy with isotopic age dating (U-Pb) of volcaniclastic zircons, and sedimentological and structural observations/interpretations. Our study was carried out along an ~6-km-long section made from a series of outcrops along the Bizdidel River which exposes several formations such as the Pucioasa, Fusaru, Vinețișu, Starchiojd and Slon. We show that the Fusaru Formation consists of coarse-grained rocks deposited as confined longitudinal channel successions that migrated laterally. It is bounded by the mud-rich Pucioasa and Vinețișu formations which are lateral equivalents of the Fusaru confined channels deposited as levee/overbank units. These genetically related formations appear to reach younger ages – of the lower to middle Burdigalian based on calcareous nannoplankton and foraminifera biostratigraphy – than previously thought (upper Oligocene to lower Burdigalian). The dominant organic-rich mudstones of the Starchiojd Formation represent pelagites/hemipelagites deposited in anoxic conditions. Their middle Burdigalian age is established by a 17.41 ±0.27 Ma zircon U-Pb age of zircons from the Bătrâni Tuff in the Starchiojd Formation. Based on the similar phenocryst content, zircon U-Pb age and zircon trace element composition, the source of the tuff is suggested to be the 17.3 Ma Eger ignimbrite-forming eruption, which has proximal, near-caldera deposits in the Bükkalja Volcanic Field, Hungary. The mud-rich Slon Formation seems to be related to shelf edge/upslope failure that formed cohesive debrite avalanches resulting from foreland propagation of compression. The Slon Formation extends in this area to at least the upper part of the lower Miocene to middle Miocene. These results highlight the need to revise ages of those parts of the sequence which are poorly constrained or different in other parts of the Carpathian Basin. Such revised ages help to better constrain the understanding of the deformation history of the Carpathians.

2

Magmatic episodes in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland – a new contribution from multi-age zircon populations

Krzemińska Ewa, Krzemiński Leszek

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2019

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nr 474

43--57

EN

This contribution reports on new U-Pb zircon age data from magmatic rocks from the Holy Cross Mountains (HCM) of Poland. The analyzed samples were taken from lamprophyre and diabase veins of Podkranów and Janowice-2 as well as from tuff horizon of Kielce Beds (Ludlow). Internal morphologies have been investigated by SEM-BSE and cathodoluminescence images and they have been used as a guide for the selection of genetically various type of grains, e.g. potential auto-, ante- and xenocrysts, that were analyzed by ion microprobe. The U-Pb age of the magmatic events at 414.2 ±6.6 Ma (Kielce tuff), 322 ±12 Ma (Podkranów, lamprophyre), and 300±10 Ma (Janowice-2, diabase) confirmed the time frame of known magmatic activity reported within the HCM, as determined by 40Ar/39Ar geochronology in previous studies. The zircon investigation revealed also multiple populations with record of an earlier pulse of magma system (antecrysts), as well as abundant xenocrysts.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono nowe oznaczenia wieku U-Pb cyrkonu w skałach magmowych z obszaru Gór Świętokrzyskich (HCM). Próbki pobrano z żył lamprofiru i diabazu z Podkranowa i Janowic-2 oraz z poziomu tufu w warstwach kieleckich (ludlow). Morfologię i wewnętrzne cechy budowy ziaren zbadano za pomocą obrazów SEM-BSE i katodoluminescencji SEM, stosując je jako przewodnik do selekcji genetycznie różnych typów ziaren, potencjalnych auto-, ante- i ksenokryształów, które były analizowane na mikrosondzie jonowej. Wiek U-Pb epizodów magmowych, 414,2 ±6,6 Ma (Kielce, tuf), 322 ±12 Ma (Podkranów, lamprofir) i 300 ±10 Ma (Janowice-2, diabaz), potwierdza znane z wcześniejszych publikacji ramy czasowe aktywności magmowej na obszarze HCM oznaczone metodą 40Ar/39Ar. Badania wieku U-Pb cyrkonu ujawniły także szereg populacji z zapisem wcześniejszych impulsów magmowych (antekryształy) i licznych ksenokryształów.

3

Kopalnia Schwarze Minna

Maciejak K., Maciejak M.

Hereditas Minariorum

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2015

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Vol. 2

85--98

PL

Autorzy omawiają rozwój niewielkiego ośrodka górniczego „Schwarze Minna” pod Sichowem pomiędzy Złotoryją a Jaworem. Przyczynkiem do powstania artykułu było utworzenie się w 2013 r. koło wsi owalnego zapadliska. Rejon Sichowa, zwłaszcza przy krawędzi uskoku brzeżnego sudeckiego, znany był w przeszłości z eksploatacji rud żelaza, miedzi, ołowiu i barytu. Jednak działalność ta nie sięgała aż do wschodnich granic miejscowości. Badania terenowe, kwerenda kartograficzna i biblioteczna pozwoliły na odtworzenie nieznanej szerzej karty z historii górnictwa węgla brunatnego w tej części Dolnego Śląska.

EN

The Schwarze Minna coal mine was opened between 1854 and 1855 and functioned for a period of at least 10 years. Initially lignite was mined; its deposit was, however, disturbed by tertiary basaltic volcanism. Once the lack of profitability of mining coal has been determined, as the deposit was established to be irregular and highly nodular, the mining company initiated an attempt to extract and market ground trass-like volcanic tuff as affordable building material of good quality and a substitute for mortar. The discovery of coal and fossil remains in volcanic tuffs between Chroślice and Sichów was of certain significance in the XIX century’s geology, and was researched as such by established scholars of that age who contributed to furthering the geological knowledge about that particular part of Lower Silesia.

4

Larimar – a unique pectolite rock from the Dominican Republic

Kowalczyk J., Natkaniec-Nowak L., Wachowiak J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2015

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Vol. 41, no. 1

101--102

EN

Larimar, whose colour is varying from white light-blue, green-blue to deep blue, is only found in the Sierra de Bohoruco mountain range, Barahona Province, the Dominican Republic. It was discovered by a Spanish priest, Miguel Fuertes Lorén, in 1916 (Fuertes Marcuello & Garcia Guinea 1990). On the basis of geological map of this region, larimar is found in a tectonic sheet of Cretaceous-Eocene rocks, mainly basalts, tuffs and tuffites which are associated to an emerged block of oceanic Caribbean crust. The basic host rock is highly serpentinized and has suffered intensive fracturing and shearing (Donnelly et al. 1990). The Dumisseau formation represented by volcanic rocks is over-lain by limestones of the “Neiba formation” of the Lower Eocene-Lower Miocene age. During most of the Eocene, these carbonate rocks coexisted with, or were replaced by, volcanic materials of a tholeitic to alkaline signature (OIT to OIA), grouped under the new denomination of El Aguacate de Neiba Volcano-Sedimentary Complex, interpreted as being associated with plume. In the northern and southern areas of the Sierra de Bohoruco, coral reef limestones were deposited, representing shallow platform environments of the Oligocene-Miocene age (Huerta et al. 2007). Fault contacts are observed between the volcanic and the limestone rocks (Bente et al. 1991). For the first time, larimar was defined as a pectolite rock by the authors of this paper. The reason for this definition is the rock’s macroscopic, heterogeneous character emphasized by finely fibrous, spheroidal aggregates. The heterogeneity is also observed in the mineral composition of the rock. Pectolite, as a major component in these rocks, is a triclinic mineral crystallized usually in veinlets, stringers, and irregular masses in volcanic rocks. Other minerals, such as calcite, natrolite, chalcedony, hematite, chalcocite, crystal formations, and occasionally hematite dendrites, coexist with pectolite and are located along the border fillings (Woodruff & Fritsch 1989). Apatite, sphene, prehnite, danburite and datolite were also found in these heterogeneous masses (Fuertes Marcuello & Garcia Guinea 1990). In addition, Espi & Borrego described in 2008 an organic material associated with pectolite (indentified as volatiles), as a material which was very similar in appearance to bituminouscoal. Due to the heterogeneous character and various mineral compositions, the rock’s colour changes within short distances, and shows other colours-nearly white to light greenish, greenish to greenish blue, and light bluish to blue. The origin of the larimar colour is still not obvious. It has been associated with the presence of copper coming from copper sulphide (Woodruff & Fritsch 1989). Bente et al. (1991) suggested that vanadium was the cause of the colouration and the authors did not exclude the presence of other possible elements like Fe, Ti, Cr, Co, or Ni. Using a thermoluminescence dating, in light blue and blue pectolite were confirmed trace amounts of manganese (Sullasi et al. 2010). Woodruff & Fritsch (1989) are not excluded a manganese as a colouring agent. Espi & Borrego suggested in 2008 that organic matter might have been related to the larimar coloration. The petrographic studies of pectolite samples by Espi & Borrego (2008) with SEM-EDS showed that the veins containing pectolite were associated with a variety of minerals like apatite, calcite, and impure hematite, which, except for iron and oxygen, consisted of aluminium, titanium, calcium, and gold. The chemical composition of the veins, with almost an isometric crystal and compound Mg, Al, Si, Fe, K and Au, suggested the pyroxene group. SEM-EDS analyses of two samples of that rock conducted by the authors showed that impure hematite spreading in that crystalline groundmass can give alike results in polymineral composition, as colour-bearing elements, like Cr and Cu. Small amounts of copper are also found together with the pectolites. Some magnesium ions occurring within pectolite aggregates suggest that this element replaced calcium ions in the pectolite structure. Its source may be found in the surrounding original wall rock, especially in pyroxene group, represented by augite. That latter group is also represented by diopside, which is typical for serpentinization as the replacement of the wall rock. Association of pectolite with a variety of minerals, including e.g. hematite, calcite, natrolite, chalcedony, apatite, chalcocite, and crystallizations in veinlets, stringers, and irregular masses in volcanic rocks suggestes hydrothermal genesis of pectolite. The temperature in which it was formed did not exceed 250°C (Bente et al. 1991) and the process was strongly associated with reduced CO2 concentrations in solutions and low pressure zones (Włodyka et al. 1999).The above conditions were found to occur in many places around the world. The question is why the bluish pectolite crystallized only in one country, the Dominican Republic.

5

Badania parametrów materiałowych próbek betonowych z dodatkiem tufów zeolitowych i plastyfikatora

Szulej J., Ogrodnik P.

Logistyka

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2014

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nr 6

10422--10429

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wybrane cechy materiałowe zmodyfikowanego betonu. Modyfikacja polegała na zastąpieniu części cementu zeolitem, czyli stosunkowo nowym składnikiem mieszanki betonowej. W badaniach wykorzystano tufy zeolitowe, pochodzące ze złóż zlokalizowanych na Ukrainie. Dane zawarte w artykule to wyniki drugiego etapu badań parametrów materiałowych betonowych próbek z dodatkiem tufów zeolitowych i plastyfikatora. Część pierwsza badań została przedstawiona w pracach [11, 12], gdzie pokazano wyniki badań parametrów tłumienia żelbetowych płyt ze zmodyfikowanym spoiwem i parametry materiałowe zmodyfikowanego betonu bez dodatku plastyfikatora. Próbki poddane badaniom posiadały zmodyfikowane spoiwo, w którym część cementu zastąpiono zeolitem (stosowano 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dodatek zeolitu). Określono cechy materiałowe zmodyfikowanego betonu, takie jak: wytrzymałość na ściskanie (po 3, 7, 14, 28 dniach), wytrzymałość na ściskanie po 150 cyklach zamrażania i odmrażania, przenikanie wody pod ciśnieniem, ścieralność oraz wartości modułu Younga i współczynnika Poissona.

EN

The aim of the article is to present the selected material characteristics of modified concrete. The modification consisted in replacing the part of cement with zeolite, which is a relatively new component of a concrete mix. In the research, the zeolite tuffs, derived from the deposits located in Ukraine, were used. The data contained in the article is the result of the second stage of the research on material parameters of the concrete samples with the addition of zeolite tuffs and plasticizer. The first part of the studies is shown in the works [11, 12], where the tests results of the damping parameters of concrete plates with the modified binder, and of material parameters of modified concrete without the addition of plasticizer, are demonstrated. The samples subjected to tests had a modified binder, in which the part of cement was replaced by zeolite (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of zeolite). The following material characteristics of modified concrete were determined: compressive strength (after 3, 7, 14, 28 days), compressive strength after 150 cycles of freezing and thawing, water penetration under pressure, abrasion, as well as the values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio.

6

Wytwarzanie i właściwości geopolimerów na bazie tufu wulkanicznego

Mikuła J., Łach M.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2014

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Vol. 35, nr 3

270--276

PL

W artykule przedstawiono sposób wytwarzania i właściwości geopolimerów wytwarzanych na bazie tufu wulkanicznego pochodzącego z okolic Krzeszowic koło Krakowa. Termin geopolimery określa nieorganiczne materiały glinokrzemianowe, które powstają przez alkaliczną aktywację. Geopolimery w porównaniu z tradycyjnymi spoiwami na bazie cementu portlandzkiego cechują się między innymi: wysoką wytrzymałością początkową, krótkim czasem wiązania, małą przepuszczalnością, dużą kwasoodpornością, a także niewielkim kosztem wytwarzania i dużą odpornością na działanie agresywnych chemicznie środowisk. Wytwarzane są głównie z popiołów lotnych pochodzących ze spalania węgla kamiennego oraz z surowców pochodzenia naturalnego typu metakaoliny itp. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań geopolimerów z naturalnego surowca jakim jest tuf wulkaniczny. Przedstawiono krótką charakterystykę tufu wulkanicznego użytego do wytworzenia spoiwa geopolimerowego. Opisano jego właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne, mikrostrukturę, skład mineralogiczny, aktywność promieniotwórczą oraz sposób przygotowania tego surowca. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań wytrzymałości na ściskanie i mikrostruktury otrzymanych geopolimerów. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają stwierdzić przydatność tufu filipowickiego do wytwarzania spoiw geopolimerowych. Uzyskane geopolimery mogą być wykorzystywane w produkcji materiałów budowlanych. Wyniki badań potwierdziły również, że jest możliwy dobór parametrów, takich jak: warunki reakcji, stężenia substancji aktywujących i sposób obróbki materiału bazowego tak, aby uzyskać właściwości wytrzymałościowe geopolimerów porównywalne z wytrzymałością tradycyjnych spoiw hydraulicznych. Spoiwa geopolimerowe na bazie tufu filipowickiego charakteryzują się wysoką wytrzymałością na ściskanie rzędu 40÷50 MPa oraz żaroodpornością do temperatury ok. 1000°C. Po ekspozycji w temperaturze 900°C wytrzymałość na ściskanie wytworzonych spoiw wynosi 66 MPa. Możliwe jest ograniczenie lub całkowite wyeliminowanie występowania wykwitów alkalicznych na powierzchni elementów z tego typu spoiwa przez odpowiedni dobór aktywujących substancji alkalicznych. W badaniach zaobserwowano, że uzyskanie żądanej konsystencji gęsto plastycznej spoiw jest możliwe dla aktywatorów potasowych przy mniejszych proporcjach woda/części stałe niż dla kompozycji z wykorzystaniem aktywatorów sodowych. Wpływa to oczywiście na wzrost wytrzymałości gotowych wyrobów.

EN

This paper presents a manufacturing method and properties of geopolymer products based on volcanic tuff mined in Krzeszowice near Krakow, Poland. The term geopolymers determines inorganic aluminosilicate materials that are formed by alkaline activation. Geopolymers compared to traditional binders based on Portland cement are characterized by, e.g. high initial strength, short setting time, low permeability, high acid resistance, low production costs and high resistance to chemically aggressive environments. They are made primarily of fly ash from coal combustion and raw materials of a natural origin such as metakaolins etc. This paper characterizes geopolymers produced from a natural raw material tuff. It gives a brief description of tuff concerning its physical and chemical properties, microstructure, mineralogical composition, radioactivity, and its preparation for the production of a geopolymer binder. This article provides the results of compression tests and microstructure observations of the produced geopolymers. The test results confirm the suitability of using Filipowice tuff to produce geopolymer binders. Those geopolymers can be used in the production of building materials. The results also confirm that it is possible to select the geopolymer production parameters such as reaction conditions, activator concentrations and base material treatment method so as to achieve mechanical properties comparable to those of traditional hydraulic binders. The geopolymer binder based on Filipowice tuff has a high compressive strength of 40÷50 MPa and is heat-resistant to a temperature of about 1000°C. After exposure to 900°C, the compressive strength is 66 MPa. It is also possible to reduce or completely eliminate the occurrence of efflorescence on the geopolymer product surface by a proper selection of the alkaline substances. Finally, it was observed that the desired thick plastic binder consistency is possible to obtain for potassium activators at a lower water-to-solid (W/S) ratio than for sodium activators. This obviously affects an increase in strength of the finished products.

7

Biodegradowalne kompozyty hybrydowe na implanty medyczne

Owcarz P., Kuciel S.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2013

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[R.] 19, nr 3 (153)

247--250

PL

W pracy oceniono możliwość wykorzystania proszku wulkanicznego tufu - porowatego glinokrzemianu do kształtowania resorbowalnych implantów na elementy zespoleń kości. Zaproponowano wytworzenie hybrydowego kompozytu resorbowalnego na osnowie polimerowej z dodatkiem hydroksyapatytu pełniącego funkcje materiału wspomagającego zespolenie i odbudowę kości oraz modyfikowanego tufu pełniącego rolę zarówno środka wspomagającego gojenie, jak i nośnika mikroelementów.

EN

In the work estimation of possibilites of using vulcanic tuff - porous aluminosilicate for used to design absorbable interference screw for it proposed for bonefixationelements. Proposed made of the hybrid composite resorbable polymer matrix with hydroxyapatite adding carry out the functions of the material supporting the integration and reconstruction of bone and addionally tuff modified for functional both healing and transmitter of microelements.

8

Ocena własności zmęczeniowych kompozytów za pomocą badań przyspieszonych

Mazurkiewicz S., Żmudka S.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Budowa Maszyn i Zarządzanie Produkcją

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2010

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Nr 12

241-246

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zmęczeniowych dla kompozytów na osnowie poliamidu z napełniaczem mineralnym tuf, dodanego w ilości wagowej 10, 15, 25%. Wyznaczenie standar-wej charakterystyki zmęczeniowej w postaci wykresu Wöhlera jest długotrwałe, czasochłonne raz bardzo kosztowne stąd też została zaproponowana nowa, zmodyfikowana metoda badań Oparta na metodzie Lehra stosowanej przy badaniach metali. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdziły możliwość wykorzystania tej metody do wyznaczania wytrzymałości zmęczeniowej kompozytów poliamidowych

EN

In this work the results of investigations fatigue test for composites base on PA6 with differ addition powder of tuff were presented. The long-term loading is expensive, difficult to perfo and long-lasting. That's why a simpler and cheaper method is highly desirable. The presen' method of evaluation the short - test strength are Lehr method.

9

Structure of metal matrix composites with an addition of tuff

Łach M.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

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Vol. 10, iss. 3 spec.

135--140

EN

The article presents preliminary results of tests of metal matrix composites structure which was modified by an addition of powdered volcanic tuff. Distribution and shape of ceramic particles as well as the quality of the bonding along the tuff- metal matrix interface were studied. Depth of tuff element diffusion in the matrix as well as diffusion in tuff particles were checked. Micro-hardness and porosity of the composites were also tested. The tuff from Filipowice near the town of Krzeszowice was used for the tests. Powder metallurgy was applied to obtain the composites and the matrix materials were copper and 316L steel powders. The tuff was introduced in 2, 5 and 10 % by weight. To remove water from the channels of aluminosilicates, the tuff was baked at 850oC for 4 hours and then cooled together with the oven. The tests revealed good quality of the bonding of the tuff particles and the matrix and their even distribution. The addition of tuff improved the hardness of the composites and reduced their porosity which has great significance because of possible applications of this kind of materials in general and copper composites in particular. This gives grounds for further studies on volcanic tuff use in metal composites.

10

Estimation of possibilities of making euro pallets from reclaimed polyolefin’s with tuff

Kuciel S., Mikuła J., Żmudka S.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

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2010

|

Vol. 10, iss. 3 spec.

205--208

EN

Possibilities of reusing and developing of waste plastics are one of the main problems of waste management for municipal government especially in the context of adapting Polish law to standards of EC [1]. During the last 10 years total amount of plastics waste increased twice, especially in communal agglomerations. Among communal waste plastics make up 7 to 14% of whole their mass and 30% of their volume [1,2]. Plastic products have been recycled to be used in a number of different products often different from their original use. Reclaimed plastics can’t be used as products which have contact with food or as high demands esthetic and hygienic products, they also shouldn’t be applied as short-time used products because they quickly come back to plastics store-place. Reclaimed plastics have lower properties than virgin plastics – mainly the strength falls with the simultaneous fall of modules and increase fragile especially for PP, PE, PS and PET [1]. One of the possibilities of reinforcement of polyolefines is adding diverse fillers like glass or carbon fibers (but they are rather expensive) and natural fillers like mineral, wood and others [3]. It’s especially important for wasted of low density polyethylene which has low modulus. For the tests it was used waste polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) from industrial with 15% mineral fillers – tuff. For the tests it was prepared two kinds of composites materials with 15% of tuff powder. Besides for comparison it was tested recycled polyethylene (HDPE and LDPE) and next was tested specimens cut out from produced europallets (with 15% of tuff). It was tested mechanical properties all prepared composite materials like tensile strength, stress and bending e-modulus and processing properties like melt flow, Vicat point and photos on SEM microscope.

11

Ocena możliwości zastosowań wulkanicznego tufu jako napełniacza polimerów termoplastycznych

Żmudka S., Budniak I., Kuciel S., Mikuła J.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Mechanika

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2009

|

R. 106, z. 1-M

421-428

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszej pracy było określenie wpływu napełniacza mineralnego tuf na właściwości kompozytów termoplastycznych. Wytworzono kompozyty na osnowie poliamidu, polipropylenu i polietylenu zawierające 10, 15, 25%wag. napełniacza tuf. Przedstawiono rezultaty badań właściwości wytrzymałościowych, wskaźnik mięknienia Vicata oraz wskaźnika szybkości płynięcia. We wnioskach stwierdzono, że kompozyty te cechuje wyższa sztywność, twardość powierzchni oraz wysoki wskaźnik płynięcia, co umożliwia wtrysk wyrobów o skomplikowanych kształtach. Oprócz tego podnoszą one swoją odporność temperaturową i ograniczają kurczliwość.

EN

In this paper the influence of tuff on the mechanical properties, Vicat softening temperatures and melt flow index for composites based on different polymeric matrix have been presented. First results of investigations of mechanical properties of polymer composites with mineral tuff are very promising. Composites based on PA6, PP and HDPE with different addition of tuff powder are characterized with good ability of dissipation of energy, increased stiffness and good melt flow index. The low price of making tuff powder enable to use this filler to modify such polymers as polyamide and polyolefin's in the future. In these materials tuff can replace glass fiber and other mineral filler increasing stiffness.

12

Promieniotwórczość naturalna skał paleozoicznych z rejonu Krzeszowic

Malczewski D., Badera J., Lizurek G., Mirkowski Z., Dorda J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2006

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Vol. 54, nr 9

815-822

EN

In this paper results of natural radioactivity of 40K, 208Tl, 212Pb, 212Bi, 214Pb, 214Bi and 228Ac in common rocks raw materials mined in the Krakow vicinity measured in situ using a portable gamma-ray spectrometry are presented. The study area occupies the SE edge of regional geologic unit called Krakow–Lubliniec Zone. Most Upper Paleozoic rocks exposed in this area like tuff, porphyry, limestone, dolomite, diabase and melaphyre have great economic importance and are used in building and road construction industry. The activity concentrations of 40K for the measured Paleozoic rocks ranged from 53 Bq/kg (Carboniferous limestone) to 3150 Bq/kg (Permian tuff). The activity concentrations associated with 228Ac (232Th) varied from about 7 Bq/kg (Carboniferous limestone) to 56 Bq/kg (Permian tuff), whereas activity concentrations of 226Ra (238U) ranged from 19 Bq/kg (Devonian dolomite) to 43 Bq/kg (Devonian limestone). Besides, the natural radioactivity of the Jurassic limestones (widespread in this region) was measured for comparision with Devonian and Carboniferous limestones.

13

Geology, mineralogy and origin of Zhyrychi native copper deposit (North-Western Ukraine)

Emetz A., Piestrzyński A., Zagnitko V., Pryhodko L., Gaweł A.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2006

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Vol. 76, No 3

297-314

EN

The paper presents geological settings, resources and mineral composition of theore bodies of the Zhyrychi copper deposit found in the North- Western Ukraine at the end of the last century. The deposit is located in the Vendian basaltic flows and in traflow pyroclastics in central part of the Volhyn trappean province, originated in the Late Vendian during Torn quistrifting. The majority of copper is concentrated in native form and occurs as disseminated grains, veinlets and nuggets. Locally native siver, copper- sulphides (chalcosite, digenite, bornite and covellite) and cuprite replace native copper. The ore bodies are controlled by faulting and occur as stratabound, but are locally enriched in nuggets in tuffs and fissured zones in ba alts. Ag, Pd, Rh and Aucan also beeco nomically important. The major copperores were deposited to gether with prehnite- pumpellyite para genesis, originated in the succession: pumpellyite – prehnite (šnative copper) – laumontite (or wairakite) (šnative copper). The ore bodies were formed during cooling of the mineralforming hydrothermal system at the end of the Vendian volcanic activity. The syngenetic inter growths of native copper with prehnite, precipitated after pumpellyite, and homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in later wairakite (210–335gradeC) indicate that the major deposi tion of native copper took place at 200–400gradeC. The following propylitization, smectitization and analcilization of thecountry rocks probably occurred during at tenuation of the hydrothermal activity after magmatism ceased. All these processes were accompanied by dissolution of copper ore and its redistribution with local enrichment in copper nuggets.

14

New advances in the stratigraphy and geochemistry of the German Turonian (Late Cretaceous) tephro- stratigraphic framework

Wiese F., Wood Ch. J., Wray D. S.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2004

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Vol. 54, no. 4

657--671

EN

The lowest of the five bentonites in the German Turonian tephrostratigraphic framework, T[C], can be correlated for the first time from the Rotplaner (red limestone) standard section in the Sohlde-Loges Quarry (Lower Saxony) to highly condensed, near-swell successions of the nearby Woltwiesche Quarry and the Hoppenstedt Quarry (Saxony-Anhalt). A second bentonite, T[C2], only recently recognised at Sohlde-Loges, is now identified at Woltwiesche and in the distal/expanded white limestone successions of the Salzgitter-Salder Quarry and the Floteberg road-cutting (both Lower Saxony). T[C2] can easily be located a short distance above a major lithofacies change (herein termed the Basal Upper Turonian Facies Turnover), making it an isochronous marker permitting correlation between condensed near-swell and expanded basinal sections. On this basis, a bentonite, previously identified as T[C] at Hoppenstedt must be re-assigned as T[C2].Examination of the major, trace, and rare-earth element (REE) data of all the five bentonites identified in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt shows that it is possible to discriminate between them to some extent. Bentonites TC[ ]and T[C2] are geochemically similar and separable from T[D], which is itself distinct from T[E] and T[F].