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1

Vrancea intermediate-depth focal mechanism catalog: a useful instrument for local and regional stress field estimation

Andreea Craiu, Marius Craiu, Marius Mihai, Florinela Manea Elena, Alexandru Marmureanu

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 1

29--52

EN

The Vrancea seismic zone, located in the bend region of the South-Eastern Carpathians, is a unique area with both crustal and intermediate-depth seismic activity and is known as one of the most active seismic area in Europe. Moderate crustal seismicity is recorded all over the Carpathian region, but the far more intense activity occurs in a small subcrustal seismogenic volume beneath the SE‐bend of the Carpathian arc with about 20×50 km lateral and 110 km vertical extent (70–180 km depth). A unique slab geometry, likely preserved until the present, causes stress localization due to the slab bending and subsequent stress release resulting in large mantle earthquakes in the region. The main focus of this study is to determine the focal mechanisms for events with a magnitude larger than 2.7, between 2005 and 2020 and evaluate the current stress field along the Vrancea subcrustal region, from the derived fault plane solutions. The main style of faulting for Vrancea subcrustal events presents a predominant reverse one, with two main earthquakes categories: the first one with the nodal planes, oriented NE–SW parallel with the Carpathian Arc and the second one with the nodal planes, oriented NW–SE perpendicular on the Carpathian Arc. The results of stress inversion indicate a dominant thrust faulting style, with an average stress regime index of 2.87. The stress pattern shows similar partitioning with vertical extension in the slab and no preferred orientation in the overlying crust, showing a transition regime from the extensional regime in the Moesian Platform to the compressional regime in the Vrancea subcrustal zone.

2

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2021 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Kos Jarosław, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Przyłucka Maria, Wódka Marcin

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 9

617--626

EN

Geological hazards caused by landslides, earthquakes, erosion, land surface deformation and collapse in 2021 in Poland were among the average compared to recent years. They did, however, affect material losses. The Polish Geological Survey (PGS) recorded 41 events related to sudden landslide activations, which damaged or destroyed 17 road sections. Through ongoing monitoring of 72 landslides, 33 were shown to be active. In 2021, more than 5,200 landslides were identified and inventoried in Poland. Geodynamic monitoring performed by PGS recorded 611 seismic events in Poland, whose magnitudes reached M4.2. In addition, using satellite radar interferometry, continuation of land surface deformations was found mainly in mining areas. In 2021, there was a number of collapses of various origins. The paper is a brief report on the ongoing tasks of the Polish Geological Survey in the field of geological hazards and presents events that took place in Poland in 2021.

3

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Historical Case Study of Armenian Architecture Tekor Church

Şeker Burçin Şenol, Özkaynak Merve

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 2

36--52

EN

Masonry churches, which are one of the cultural heritages, show the historical background, cultural and religious characteristics of the cities and material properties. Churches in the earthquake zone, which are different from each other in terms of typology and have a special importance, are at risk. The aim of this study is to examine the earthquake behavior of a church sample in Turkey and to provide a guide for structures with similar typology. The building was modeled and subjected to dynamic loads using macro modeling technique. Free vibration mode shapes were determined by modal analysis, and it was determined that these modes were mainly in the form of translation of the upper part of the structure. In the time history analysis, the stress and deformation values were determined. It has been observed that the stresses take high values at the supports and top of the main columns and in the arches connecting these columns to the side walls. It was concluded that the deformations reached their maximum values at the apex of the triangular gable walls in the upper part of the building. The results obtained are consistent with the damage the church received in past earthquakes.

4

Performance of Solid Waste Landfills Under Earthquake-Induced Vibrations

Seyedi Marghaki Behnaz, Soltani Fazlollah, Noroozinejad Farsangi Ehsan, Sivandi-Pour Abbas

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 2

1--22

EN

The stability inside the waste, internal stability, and co-stability between the elements of the insulation system and the landfill bed should be considered in the landfill design. The stresses and the resulting deformations in both mineral and geosynthetic materials of the insulation system must be controlled in the design, so that an unpredictable flow path is not created. Besides, long-term durability in the insulation system should be considered. An evaluation of the durability of the system requires knowledge of the interaction between the components and the waste as a settling object. The numerical modeling methods can be used to evaluate the local instability. In this study, a landfill constructed in the UK has been modeled in ABAQUS finite element platform and was verified with the results of obtained data from precision instruments at the landfill site. Then, by applying the earthquake excitations, the seismic behavior of the solid waste landfill under Far-Field and Near-Field earthquakes and their effect on the durability of the landfill wall system were investigated. The outputs include maximum displacement, maximum stress, the most critical state, and investigation of yield stress and rupture of the geomembrane layer. The results indicated that in the landfill wall, the maximum displacement occurs in the waste section. It occurs especially between the boundary of natural soil and waste. It was also observed that the geomembrane layer under the earthquake loadings had experienced some ruptures.

5

Potential of remote sensing data to support the seismic safety assessment of reinforced concrete buildings affected by slow‑moving landslides

Mele Annalisa, Miano Andrea, Di Martire Diego, Infante Donato, Ramondini Massimo, Prota Andrea

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e88, 1--22

EN

Different forms of hazard can affect structures throughout their existence. The occurrence of a seismic event in areas exposed to different risks or already affected by other phenomena is highly likely, especially in countries characterized by high seismicity and equally high hydrogeological risk, as Italy. Nevertheless, the seismic safety assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is commonly carried out considering the seismic action only, generally applied to an analytical model, neglecting the stress-strain state induced by previous ongoing phenomena. The aim of this work is to highlight the importance of the seismic safety assessment in a multi-hazard analysis, cumulating the action coming from two different hazards: landslide and earthquake. An existing RC building, located in an area affected by an intermittent landslide phenomenon with slow kinematics, that may also be subjected to strong earthquakes, is used as case study. The Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) approach is used to monitor the evolution in time of the landslide. DInSAR deformation data are used to detect surface ground movements applied to building foundations. A non-linear static analysis procedure is implemented for the code-based seismic safety assessment, in two different scenarios. The seismic assessment of the case-study building is implemented in a condition of structure deformed only for gravity loads, and, then, in a state of known landslide-induced deformed configuration. A comparison is proposed between the building seismic safety assessment per-formed in both cases, with or without the consideration of the landslide-induced displacements, showing the importance of a multi-hazard evaluation.

6

Zagrożenia geologiczne w Polsce w 2020 roku

Wojciechowski Tomasz, Laskowicz Izabela, Nescieruk Piotr, Marciniec Paweł, Uścinowicz Grzegorz, Czerwiński Tomasz, Perski Zbigniew

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

|

Vol. 69, nr 5

303--311

EN

The paper describes geohazard events that took place in 2020 on the territory of Poland. The PGI is responsible for geohazard monitoring in four areas of interest :landslides and mass movements within the Landslide Counteracting System (LCS, SOPO in Polish), earthquakes within the Geodynamical Monitoring of Poland and ground motions within the Interferometric Terrain Deformations Monitoring of Poland, and coastal monitoring carried out by the Marine Geology Branch within a framework of the 4D Cartography. In 2020, there were no spectacular geohazard events; however, there were some permanently active phenomena, mostly landslides, which caused significant damages to the infrastructure.

7

On rapid multidisciplinary response aspects for Samos 2020 M7.0 earthquake

Foumelis Michael, Papazachos Costas, Papadimitriou Eleftheria, Karakostas Vasileios, Ampatzidis Dimitrios, Moschopoulos Giorgos, Kostoglou Anastasios, Ilieva Maya, Minos-Minopoulos Despina, Mouratidis Antonios, Kkallas Charalambos, Chatzipetros Alexandros

Acta Geophysica

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2021

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Vol. 69, no. 3

1025--1048

EN

Following the M7.0 earthquake that struck the Greek island of Samos and Turkey’s western coast, causing extensive damage and casualties, we combined existing knowledge geodatabases concerning historical seismicity and rupture zones with seismological and geodetic measurements as well as with modelling and in situ observations, to provide an assessment of rapid response to the seismic event. In this paper, we demonstrate that in the frame of the gradual provision of information from the individual scientifc disciplines, taking into account their respective potential and limitations, a multidisciplinary approach is able to address more efciently rapid response issues in order to allow efective preliminary interpretation of the earthquake activity, even within the frst 24 h of the event. It focuses on the assessment of the timely provision of information by each discipline, evaluating the access to primary data sources as well as the maturity of the techniques in terms of accuracy and rapid data processing. Within a period of less than a week, several constraints were partially compensated for, allowing the delivery of more robust results and interpretation. The study highlights the readiness level of the various domains that has been signifcantly improved over the past years, including rapid seismological solutions, systematic availability of free and open Earth Observation data and on-demand online processing through dedicated platforms. Their combination with routinely applied inversion modelling and timely in situ observation is leading to improved operational response levels.

8

Seismic Behavior of Earth Dams With Different Reservoir Water Levels Under Near-Field and Far-Field Earthquakes

Asadi Masoud, Soltani Fazlollah, Sinvandi-Pour Abbas, Noroozinejad Farsangi Ehsan

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 4

125--141

EN

The height of reservoir water is one of the important factors affecting the seismic behaviour of earth dams. A large number of earth dams have been constructed in different countries that are sometimes located in a high-risk geographical zone. The studies on the seismic behaviour of earth dams have been conducted for several decades. However, this study, considering the importance of the subject, it investigates the seismic behaviour of Sumbar rock-fill embankment dam under near- and far-field earthquakes with variation in the water level behind the dam. The ratio of water height of the dam to dam height is considered as an important indicator to investigate the seismic performance of these structures. The analyses were performed using the ABAQUS finite element platform, under 7 near-field and 7 far-field earthquake records. In this research, the changes in dam stresses, displacements, and failure of the dam have been discussed. The results indicated that the effect of near-field earthquakes on the seismic behaviour of earth dams is more significant than far-field earthquakes.

9

Evaluation of steel frame structures with the response of seismic isolators

Beykzade Mohammad, Baghchesaraei Alireza, Baghchesaraei Omid Reza

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2020

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Vol. 30, no. 3

23--47

EN

As science keeps evolving over time, new solutions are being put forward for reducing structural damage. One such solution is the use of seismic isolation systems. Seismic isolation systems reduce the response of structures to the force of earthquakes by reducing the input (force) acceleration when the natural period of the structure increases. Therefore, the use of seismic isolation systems is recommended in the analysis of diverse structures. This study was carried out on seismically isolated buildings with 8, 10, and 12 regular steel floors, modeled by a non-linear isolator in two-, or three-second periods. The differences in data and the responses of the buildings were compared with fixedbase buildings with 8, 10, and 12 floors.

10

Zaawansowane symulacje numeryczne MES dynamiki mostów z wykorzystaniem procedury explicit

Miśkiewicz Mikołaj, Bruski Dawid, Chróścielewski Jacek, Wilde Krzysztof, Grębowski Karol

Mosty

|

2019

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nr 1

38--41

PL

Dostęp do mocy obliczeniowej super komputerów oraz możliwość wykorzystania nowoczesnych systemów, np. takich jak Ls-Dyna, pozwala na uzyskanie niezwykle szczegółowych rozwiązań bardzo skomplikowanych problemów inżynierskich.

EN

The article presents some remarks on the dynamic simulations of bridges in the Ls-Dyna system. Some results of two dynamic problems are presented. The first example concerns a viaduct that was hit by a vehicle passing under it. The second one relates to the design of a concrete multi-span bridge subjected to earthquakes of various intensity.

11

Evaluating main parameters effects of near-field earthquakes on the behavior of concrete structures with moment frame system

Jouneghani Kourosh Talebi, Hosseini Mahmood, Rohanimanesh Mohammad Sadegh, Dehkordi Morteza Raissi

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2018

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Vol. 12, no 3

10--23

EN

Amplitude and frequency content are two important features of earthquakes that are different for near and far-fault earthquakes and in most of the standards, the effects of near-field earthquakes in loading are not considered. Therefore, study and comparison of these effects on structures is necessary. In this paper, structural operation against near and far fault earthquakes for two near sites and two far sites is investigated. For this purpose and in order to achieve an operation point of a structural model with six staircases with a mean lateral bending frame resistant system seismic hazard information is analyzed with regards to special plan spectrums of 2 different sites using near and far faults. An evaluation of the effects due to near and far fault earthquakes based on the Iran’s standard 2800 ranges on operation point and the comparison of operation effects of near and far fault spectrums with Iran’s standard are results of this research work. After the presentation of results obtained from time history analyses, some suggestions are proposed for design correction based on the regulations in near -field earthquakes.

12

On the association of aerosol optical depth and total ozone fluctuations with recent earthquakes in Greece

Varotsos C. A., Efstathiou M. N., Cracknell A. P.

Acta Geophysica

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2017

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Vol. 65, no. 4

659--665

EN

A number of recent studies suggest that atmospheric changes that precede an earthquake might offer the hope of providing early warning. This study attempts to examine seismo-atmospheric anomalies around the time and the location of some of the major earthquakes in Greece in the period 2001–2015. Daily values of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and total ozone column (TOZ) obtained from satellite observations are used, in the time window between 25 days before and 14 days after each of these events, in a 1° × 1° area centred on the epicentre of each earthquake. For some of these earthquake events, abnormal increases in time series of AOD and TOZ data were detected before and after the occurrence of the earthquake. Nevertheless, in other cases, no clear anomalies were observed around the earthquake date. In addition, examining the statistics of AOD and TOZ daily values, there were many cases of prominent abnormal variations, without, however, being associated with an earthquake event. Therefore, no clear association was found between AOD and TOZ fluctuations and recent earthquakes in Greece.

13

Incorporating space, time, and magnitude measures in a network characterization of earthquake events

Janer C. D., Biton D. C., Batac R. C.

Acta Geophysica

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2017

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Vol. 65, no. 6

1153--1166

EN

We investigate the structural properties of a spatio-temporal network of earthquake events that incorporates magnitude information between the connected events. The network creates temporally directed links from an origin event towards a later event if it breaks the record closest distance from the origin among all the events in the catalog so far. Additionally, the links are conditionally classified based on the magnitude difference between connected events: “up” (“down”) connections point from a weaker (stronger) to a stronger (weaker) event. Using earthquake records from the Philippines from 1973 to 2012 and southern California from 1982 to 2012, we observe that the out-degree distributions show slight deviations from the corresponding Poisson distribution of the same mean. The space and time separations of connected earthquakes both show power-law regimes, suggesting spatio-temporal (self)organization. More importantly, the conditional distributions of “up” and “down” connections in space, time, and network structure point to a higher likelihood of a stronger event triggering a nearby weaker event for the first few connections, as in the case of aftershocks. The results are captured by a sandpile-based model where a small but finite probability of preferentially targeting the most susceptible grid site is introduced. Our analysis, coupled with the discrete model analog, provides a quantitative picture of the spatio-temporal and magnitude organization of seismicity beyond just the successive events. The technique may be extended to further characterize similar long-period earthquake records to yield a more complete picture of the underlying processes involved in seismicity.

14

Effectiveness of a mathematical model in simulating nonlinear mechanical behaviour of a seismic isolation system made of polymeric bearings

Falborski T., Jankowski R.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Budownictwo

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2016

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Y. 113, iss. 3-B

43--54

EN

The present study was focused on determining the effectives of a nonlinear mathematical model in simulating complex mechanical behaviour of a seismic isolation system made of Polymeric Bearings. The proposed mathematical model defines the lateral force as a nonlinear function of the shear displacement and the deformation velocity. The effectiveness of the proposed mathematical model was verified by comparing the seismic response of a 2.30 m high two-storey structure model with the results obtained from the detailed numerical analysis. The results obtained from the numerical investigation using lumped-mass models confirmed that the proposed nonlinear mathematical model can be successfully adopted to simulate the complex mechanical behaviour of the Polymeric Bearings in numerical studies.

PL

W pracy dokonano oceny efektywności modelu matematycznego, opisującego nieliniowe zachowanie prototypu wibroizolacji sejsmicznej w postaci Łożysk Polimerowych. W zaproponowanym modelu matematycznym siła pozioma jest nieliniową funkcją przemieszczenia oraz prędkości. Oceny efektywności modelu matematycznego do opisu nieliniowego zachowania łożysk polimerowych dokonano poprzez porównanie wyników badań eksperymentalnych przeprowadzonych na stole sejsmicznym, w których dwupiętrowy model konstrukcji o całkowitej wysokości 2,30 m poddano różnym obciążeniom dynamicznym, z wynikami analiz numerycznych. Duża zgodność wyników analiz numerycznych z wynikami otrzymanymi z badań eksperymentalnych potwierdziła poprawność zaproponowanego modelu matematycznego do symulacji zachowania Łożysk Polimerowych.

15

Statistical Properties of the Immediate Aftershocks of the 15 October 2013 Magnitude 7.1 Earthquake in Bohol, Philippines

Batac R. C.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

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Vol. 64, no. 1

15--25

EN

The aftershock records of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit the island of Bohol in central Philippines on 15 October 2013 is investigated in the light of previous results for the Philippines using historical earthquakes. Statistics of interevent distances and interevent times between successive aftershocks recorded for the whole month of October 2013 show marked differences from those of historical earthquakes from two Philippine catalogues of varying periods and completeness levels. In particular, the distributions closely follow only the regimes of the historical distributions that were previously attributed to the strong spatio-temporal correlations. The results therefore suggest that these correlated regimes which emerged naturally from the analyses are strongly dominated by the clustering of aftershock events.

16

Scaling Analysis of Time Distribution between Successive Earthquakes in Aftershock Sequences

Marekova E.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

|

Vol. 64, no. 4

885--903

EN

The earthquake inter-event time distribution is studied, using catalogs for different recent aftershock sequences. For aftershock sequences following the Modified Omori’s Formula (MOF) it seems clear that the inter-event distribution is a power law. The parameters of this law are defined and they prove to be higher than the calculated value (2 – 1/p). Based on the analysis of the catalogs, it is determined that the probability densities of the inter-event time distribution collapse into a single master curve when the data is rescaled with instantaneous intensity, R(t; Mth), defined by MOF. The curve is approximated by a gamma distribution. The collapse of the data provides a clear view of aftershock-occurrence self-similarity.

17

Hybrid-Empirical Ground Motion Estimations for Georgia

Tsereteli N., Askan A., Hamzehloo H.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

|

Vol. 64, no. 5

1225--1256

EN

Ground motion prediction equations are essential for several purposes ranging from seismic design and analysis to probabilistic seismic hazard assessment. In seismically active regions without sufficiently strong ground motion data to build empirical models, hybrid models become vital. Georgia does not have sufficiently strong ground motion data to build empirical models. In this study, we have applied the host-totarget method in two regions in Georgia with different source mechanisms. According to the tectonic regime of the target areas, two different regions are chosen as host regions. One of them is in Turkey with the dominant strike-slip source mechanism, while the other is in Iran with the prevalence of reverse-mechanism events. We performed stochastic finite-fault simulations in both host and target areas and employed the hybrid-empirical method as introduced in Campbell (2003). An initial set of hybrid empirical ground motion estimates is obtained for PGA and SA at selected periods for Georgia.

18

Efektywność stosowania zderzaków styropianowych pomiędzy zderzającymi się konstrukcjami stalowymi

Sołtysik B.

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Gdańskiej. Inżynieria Lądowa i Wodna

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2015

|

Nr 3 (637)

95--103

PL

Podczas wstrząsów sejsmicznych o różnym natężeniu, wielokrotnie obserwowano zjawisko zderzania się konstrukcji ze sobą sąsiadujących, co mogło prowadzić nawet do ich całkowitego zniszczenia. Na podstawie obserwacji, badań numeryczny i eksperymentalnych, stwierdzono, że przyczyną kolizji była niedostateczna przerwa pomiędzy konstrukcjami. Ponadto czynnikami, które również mogą doprowadzić do zderzeń są różnice w masach lub sztywnościach budynków, które wpływają na przesunięte w fazie drgania, doprowadzając do kolizji. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie wyników badań eksperymentalnych trzech sąsiadujących ze sobą modeli konstrukcji stalowych, o różnych charakterystykach dynamicznych, które na skutek obciążeń sejsmicznych zderzają się ze sobą. Ponadto przeanalizowano wpływ zastosowanych zderzaków styropianowych o grubości 10 mm, umieszczonych w przerwie dylatacyjnej, na odpowiedź poszczególnych konstrukcji. Przeprowadzono wielokrotne pomiary dla różnych wartości dylatacji oraz dwóch wariantów obciążenia modeli, jednak w pracy zostały przedstawione wyniki dla przerwy dylatacyjnej A = 30 mm oraz Wariantu 2 obciążenia wież. Wyniki badań eksperymentalnych wskazują na istotny wpływ zderzeń pomiędzy sąsiadującymi konstrukcjami na ich odpowiedź, prowadząc zarówno do jej zmniejszenia, jak i zwiększenia. Ponadto zastosowanie zderzaków styropianowych, doprowadziło do zmniejszenia przerwy dylatacyjnej, czego efektem była zmiana ekstremalnych wartości przyspieszeń poszczególnych wież.

EN

During moderate to strong ground motions, collisions between neighbouring structures. were repeatedly observed. This phenomenon (called pounding) between insufficiently separated structures may lead to its damages or total collapse. Based on the observations. numerical and experimental analysis, it was found that the mayor reason of collisions was inadequate gap between structures. Furthermore, the differences in mass or stiffness of the buildings may lead to the out-of-phase vibrations, which are identified as main factors of pounding. The aim of this papcr is to show the results of experimental study of collisions of three neighbouring steel structures, with different dynamic characteristics, under seismic excitation. Additionally, the influence of styrofoam bumpers (10 mm thickness) on the structural response was taken under consideration. The tests were provided for changing value of gap distance and for to configuration of the structures. In this paper, only the gap distance of 30 mm and variant 2 of mass configuration was analyzed. The results of the experimental study clearly indicate the influence of earthquake-induced pounding on the structural response, which may lead to its increase. but also its decrease. In addition, the use of styrofoam bumpers lead to reduction of the gap distance, which resulted in change of extreme acceleration values of each tower, as well.

19

Ciśnienie hydrostatyczne w oceanach przyczyną dryfu płyt tektonicznych i przyczyną trzęsień Ziemi? Hipoteza klinów hydrostatycznych

Wyciszczok S.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

|

Vol. 63, nr 8

449--453

EN

The article presents the likely cause of cracks in the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates, and the probable causes of earthquakes initiating Earth’s speed changes. As the root cause of one of the earthquakes, the author adopts a rotational speed of the globe (reasons: changes of the ocean level, convection currents, or a change in the ice cover) causing the formation of small d’Alambert’s forces with a latitudinal direction, which affect the tectonic plates. The author shows that there is a natural amplifier in the lithosphere, which converts the small d’Alambert’s forces into forces capable of moving tectonic plates on the asthenosphere. The energy to produce the drift of tectonic plates comes from the potential energy of water column in the oceans and some lakes. Thus, the author also explains where the continent-moving forces come from, unlike AlfredWegener who was not able tounravelthis. It should be emphasized that the earthquake in 2011 (Fukushima) occurred during theEarth’s speed change. Current hypotheses should be re-examined and the reason for tectonic plate drift should be re-considered taking into account the hydrostatic pressure – a factor influencing the water column in the oceans and some lakes, and affecting the change in rotation speed of the Earth. The author believes that it is appropriate to carry out work to identify a close relationship between the changes in the Earth’s speed and earthquakes initiated by these changes, which would allow to forecast some earthquakes.

20

Zastosowanie metodologii geodezji naturalnej w predykcji trzęsień ziemi (na przykładzie trzęsienia Virginia 23.08.2011)

Adamczewski Z.

Przegląd Geodezyjny

|

2014

|

R. 86, nr 1

3--7

PL

Wobec rozwoju metod opracowania coraz liczniejszych zbiorów obserwacji, np. w postaci „chmur punktów”, dystans interpretacyjny otrzymywanych wyników do rzeczywistości zwiększa się czasem tak znacznie, że zastosowany model trudno odróżnić od metafory. W niniejszej pracy powracamy do korzeni tych metod, pokazując, na konkretnym przykładzie – zaskakującego trzęsienia w pobliżu Waszyngtonu w sierpniu 2011 r., zastosowanie najprostszego modelu „naturalnego”, skracającego dystans interpretacyjny.

EN

Considering the development of processing methods of sets of observations of growing numbers of elements, such as "point cloud", it may be stated that the interpretation distance between obtained results and the reality is so increased that it is difficult to distinguish between the applied model and a metaphor. In this paper the authors return to the roots of those methods and present - using the selected example of the surprising earthquake which happened close to Washington in August 2011 - utilisation of the simplest "natural" model, which shortens interpretation distance.