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1

Traceability of Architectural Design Decisions and Software Artifacts: A Systematic Mapping Study

Hyun Santiago, Hurtado Julio Ariel

Foundations of Computing and Decision Sciences

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2023

|

Vol. 48, No. 4

401--423

EN

The definition of architecture is a crucial task in software development, where the architect is responsible for making the right decisions to meet specific functional and quality requirements. These architectural design decisions form the foundation that shapes the arrangement of elements within a system. Unfortunately, these decisions are often poorly documented, implicit in various artifacts, or inadequately updated, leading to negative consequences on the maintainability of a system and resulting in rework and cost overruns. The objective of this systematic mapping study is to comprehend the current state regarding approaches for traceability of architectural design decisions and how these decisions are linked with the different artifacts used in software development. To achieve this, an information extraction protocol is followed, utilizing databases with search strings, inclusion, and exclusion criteria. The findings demonstrate that this knowledge is highly relevant; however, it is rarely explicitly documented. As a result, most works propose diverse approaches to extract this knowledge from existing technical documentation, commonly used tools, and other sources of product and process information. In contrast, it is evident that there is no standard for documenting design decisions, leading each author to present a subjective version of what is important and where to trace these decisions. This suggests that there is still a significant amount of research to be conducted regarding the traceability of these architectural design decisions and their connection with software artifacts. Such research could lead to intriguing new proposals for investigation.

2

Self-Adaptation Driven by SysML and Goal Models – A Literature Review

Andaa Amal Ahmed, Amyot Daniel

e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal

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2022

|

Vol. 16, nr 1

art. no. 220101

EN

Background: Socio-cyber-physical systems (SCPSs) are a type of cyber-physical systems with social concerns. Many SCPSs, such as smart homes, must be able to adapt to reach an optimal symbiosis with users and their contexts. The Systems Modeling Language (SysML) is frequently used to specify ordinary CPSs, whereas goal modeling is a requirements engineering approach used to describe and reason about social concerns. Objective: This paper aims to assess existing modeling techniques that support adaptation in SCPSs, and in particular those that integrate SysML with goal modeling. Method: A systematic literature review presents the main contributions of 52 English articles selected from five databases that use both SysML and goal models (17 techniques), SysML models only (11 techniques), or goal models only (8 techniques) for analysis and self-adaptation. Result: Existing techniques have provided increasingly better modeling support for adaptation in a SCPS context, but overall analysis support remains weak. The techniques that combine SysML and goal modeling offer interesting benefits by tracing goals to SysML (requirements) diagrams and influencing the generation of predefined adaptation strategies for expected contexts, but few target adaptation explicitly and most still suffer from a partial coverage of important goal modeling concepts and of traceability management issues.

3

RFID implementations in the wood supply chains: state of the art and the way to the future

Tsioras Petros A., Żak Jacek, Karaszewski Zbigniew

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2022

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Vol. 65, nr 209

art. no. 1644-3985.420.07

EN

The focus of this review paper is to present the state of the art regarding RFID implementations in wood supply chains, covering the tree marking stage till the transportation to the final processor. The easier than ever collection of data using sensors and the emerging ability to exchange information in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) form a very promising new environment for the optimization of wood supply chains. Driven by currently enhanced, ability to store different layers of information per merchantable unit (tree assortments at final or semi-final form or containers of woody biomass), RFID applications can provide valuable solutions and revolutionize wood supply chains by warranting traceability, combating illegal logging, minimizing waste and offering detailed information of the wood products properties, among other benefits that are presented in the text. The benefits can be identified at the ecological, social and economic levels, addressing the sustainability concerns of modern societies. To make use of this huge potential, a continuous flow and fusion of information at all supply chain stages must be taken for granted, as well as the close cooperation among stakeholders.

4

Flexible production flow control systems

Chrobot Jarosław

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2021

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Vol. 24, nr 1-2

2--7

EN

Requirements regarding the quality and full traceability of delivered products in some industrial sectors, such as the food, pharmaceutical and automotive industries, where the life and health of the end user depends on the quality of the product, cause production flow control systems (PFC) to become an important element of the functioning of production enterprises. PFC systems are IT systems that are generally used for recording production data (in a database) at various stages of industrial processes, mainly from PLC controllers (in this respect they perform the function of traceability systems, that enable tracking products), but also provide blocking of identifiable products, which were incorrectly processed during earlier stages of production or follow wrong technology sequence. The desirable feature of such systems is their flexibility, which is characterised by their scalability and configurability. Configurability is the ability to include different processes into the PFC system in a relatively short time. The concept of a configurable system must be well considered and different material flow cases must be taken into account to avoid future dramatic changes in the IT system. Scalability is the ability to include more and more processes under control of the PFC system without the significant impact on its effectiveness. The PFC systems use computer networks to process production data, so the scalability of PFC systems depends on their modular architecture in the network. The article discusses basic features and possible PFC architectures, as well as two examples of configurable PFC systems along with their analysis and assessment. The described systems are the result of projects in which the author of this article participated, the aim of which was to develop and launch a flexible PFC system that meets the basic industrial requirements from the area of discrete manufacturing.

5

Wspomagany komputerowo system nadzorowania jakości produkcji dla wyrobów mechanicznych jako element Przemysłu 4.0

Chrobot Jarosław

Problemy Jakości

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2020

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R. 52, nr 8

9--15

PL

Wdrażanie informatycznych systemów nadzorowania jakości produkcji, które rejestrują dane produkcyjne (ang. Traceability systems – TCS), staje się ważnym elementem działania firm. Traceability (identyfikowalność) to zdolność śledzenia (rejestracji historii) przepływu produktów na zasadzie rejestracji danych identyfikujących te produkty oraz wartości procesowych, a także odwiedzanych lokalizacji. Odpowiednia funkcjonalność systemów TCS zapewnia o ich efektywności. Prosta konfigurowalność tych systemów daje zaś firmie przewagę technologiczną, ponieważ skraca czas wdrożenia i dołączenia stanowiska produkcyjnego do systemu. Celem artykułu jest określenie pożądanych cech komputerowo wspomaganego systemu nadzorowania jakości produkcji wyrobów mechanicznych w nawiązaniu do idei Przemysłu 4.0.

EN

The implementation of product quality supervision information systems that record production data (traceability systems – TCS) is becoming an important element of business operations. Traceability is the ability to track (history registration) products flow based on registration of data, which identify these products, critical process values as well as visited locations. The appropriate functions of TCS systems ensure their effectiveness. Easy configurability of the systems gives the company a technological advantage, as it reduces the time of implementation and connection of a production station to the system. The aim of the article is to define the desired features of a computer-aided production quality supervision system for mechanical products in relation to the idea of Industry 4.0.

6

Industrial Internet of Things Systems for Tracking and Traceability of Production Business Processes

Buchwald Paweł, Anus Artur

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 3, Iss. 1

464--476

EN

The article presents the results of research on the use of measuring devices based on RFID tags and graphic tags to track the increase in production. The conducted research experiments were made in a real production company, which is characterized by an average degree of digitization of its business processes and significantly uses the human factor in production. The conducted research allowed us to show the usefulness of measurement methods in tracking business processes, and to analyze the method of obtaining production data to achieve the traceability of manufactured components. The study also presents selected examples of IT systems in solving traceability problems (traceability and traceability of production).

7

Traceability of gas flow measurements in complex distribution systems - uncertainty approach vs error approach

Džemić Zijad, Širok Brane, Drnovšek Janko

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 2

419--429

EN

The objective of the paper is to analyse traceability issues in real-life gas flow measurements in complex distribution systems. The initial aim is to provide complete and traceable measurement results and calibration certificates of gas-flow meters, which correspond to specific installation conditions. Extensive work has been done to enable a more credible decision on how to deal in particular situations with the measurement uncertainty which is always subject of a flow meter’s calibration as a quantitative parameter value obtained in laboratory, and with the qualitative statement about the error of an outdoor meter. The laboratory simulation of a complex, real-life distributed system has been designed to achieve the initial aim. As an extension of standardized procedures that refer to the laboratory conditions, the proposed methods introduce additional “installation-specific” error sources. These sources could be either corrected (if identified) or considered as an additional “installation-specific” uncertainty contribution otherwise. The analysis and the results of the experimental work will contribute to more precise and accurate measurement results, thus assuring proper measurements with a known/estimated uncertainty for a specific gas flow installation. Also, the analysis will improve the existing normative documents by here presented findings, as well as fair trade in one of the most important and growing energy consumption areas regarding the legal metrology aspects. These facts will enable comparing the entire quantity of gas at the input of a complex distributed system with the cumulative sum of all individual gas meters in a specific installation.

8

Efektywność systemów identyfikowalności. Na co zwracać uwagę?

Sokołowski G.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2018

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T. 72, nr 7

14--16

PL

Identyfikowalność służy do lokalizowania wadliwej lub niebezpiecznej żywności, kosmetyków, farmaceutyków lub innych niebezpiecznych dla konsumentów produktów znajdujących się w obrocie. Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa dostarczanych na rynek produktów wiąże się z rejestrowaniem i gromadzeniem danych na ich temat na każdym etapie łańcucha dostaw, a więc na poziomie każdego z przedsiębiorstw biorących udział w tym łańcuchu. W artykule opisano, co wpływa na efektywność systemów obsługujących proces identyfikowalności w przedsiębiorstwie, a także w jaki sposób firmy mogą zwiększyć efektywność tychże systemów.

EN

Traceability is used to locate defective or dangerous food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or other products that are harmful to consumers on the market. Ensuring the safety of products delivered to the market related to gather and collect the data about them at every stage of the supply chain, in the other words, each company that participating in this supply chain. The article describes what affects the efficiency of the systems that support the traceability process in a company, and how the companies can increase the efficiency of these systems.

9

Jakość danych w aspekcie integracji z NATO i UE – problemy i proponowane rozwiązania

Kosmacz-Chodorowska A.

Problemy Jakości

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2018

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R. 50, nr 9

101--107

PL

Systemy NATO-wskie, jak i inne systemy zarządzania gospodarki cywilnej i wojskowej, usprawniane są z użyciem systemów automatycznej identyfikacji – ADC. Zgodnie z wymaganiami NATO i Unii Europejskiej stosowanie efektywnych rozwiązań w tym zakresie zależy od ich zgodności ze standardami i normami. Warunki te spełniają globalne standardy i rozwiązania GS1. Kodyfikacja wyrobów obronnych oraz ich oznaczanie również realizowane jest według GS1. Jednakże efektywność tych systemów zależy w znacznym stopniu od jakości danych stałych i zmiennych, na co ma też wpływ sposób ich pozyskiwania. Artykuł przedstawia stosowane sposoby i główne problemy związane z pozyskiwaniem poprawnych danych oraz rozwiązania tych problemów, jakie wypracowano na rzecz podniesienia jakości danych. Są nimi: dobre praktyki i metodyki weryfikacji merytoryczno-technicznych oznaczeń kodowych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wyrobów przeznaczonych na cele obronności i bezpieczeństwa państwa, opracowane w wyniku 4-letnich badań.

EN

NATO systems and other civilian and military economy management systems are being improved with the use of ADC (automatic data capture) systems. Under the requirements developed by the NATO and the EU, application of efficient solutions in this scope depends on their compliance with standards. GS1 global standards and solutions meet these conditions. The codification of defence-related products and their labeling is also compliant with GS1. The efficiency of these systems, however, depends to a large degree on the quality of fixed and variable data, which is also influenced by the method of its collection. The article presents methods applied and main problems related to the collection of correct data, as well as solutions to these problems developed to improve the quality of data. They include: best practices and methodologies of content-related and technical verification of codes, with particular emphasis on products intended for ensuring a country’s defence and safety, developed as a result of four years of studies.

10

Laboratory tests on e-pellets effectiveness for ore tracking

Błażej R., Kawalec W., Konieczna M., Król R.

Mining Science

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2018

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Vol. 25

7--17

EN

Assigning transported material with a supplementary information is becoming relevant for the needs of improving the efficiency of industrial processes. In the mining industry annotating the mined ore could bring benefits due to expected decrease of the processing energy consumption and increase of productivity. DISIRE project was focused on the implementation of e-pellets for various raw material processing and transportation processes. The paper presents laboratory tests of altern ative RFID equipment for annotating ore with marked tags. Several aspects of tags traceability were investigated for the needs of the industrial tests that were eventually done in the underground mine environment. The laboratory tests results were compared with the similar tests described in the literature, that were done in the different conditions.

11

Wybrane aspekty modelowania systemu identyfikowalności wyrobów obronnych w łańcuchu dostaw

Dudkiewicz D., Dębicka E., Mitkow Sz.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2018

|

nr 12

227--237, CD

PL

Żeby zapewnić bezpieczeństwo wyrobom obronnym w łańcuchu dostaw należy posiadać właściwie zorganizowany i zarządzany system identyfikowalności. Struktura systemu identyfikowalności musi być dostosowana do dynamicznie zmieniających się potrzeb w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa wyrobów obronnych w łańcuchu dostaw. Zachodzi więc pytanie jak ma wyglądać model systemu identyfikowalności oraz jakie metody do jego opracowania wykorzystać? Artykuł przedstawia wprowadzenie do modelowania systemu identyfikowalności wyrobów obronnych w łańcuchu dostaw.

EN

To Ensuring security of defence products in the supply chain is a properly structured and managed traceability system. The structure of the traceability system must be adapted to dynamically changing needs in ensuring the security of defence products in the supply chain. So, there is a question in how the model of the traceability system looks like and what methods for its elaborate use? The article are presented an introduction to modelling of the traceability system of defence products in the supply chain.

12

Modelowanie procesu identyfikowalności wyrobów za pomocą technologii RFID

Waśniewski T. R., Ślaski P.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2018

|

nr 5

751--763, CD

PL

W artykule poruszono problem identyfikowalności produktów, które mają coraz większy wpływ na jakość naszego życia. Producenci borykają się z problemami szybkiego wycofania wadliwych partii produktu z rynku, aby uniknąć ogromnych odszkodowań jakie są wypłacane z tytułu wad. Możliwość zautomatyzowania procesów identyfikowalności za pośrednictwem technologii RFID pozwoli firmom oraz uczestnikom procesu produkcyjnego na przyspieszenie procesu wycofania oraz analizy wad jakie wystąpiły podczas produkcji.

EN

The article discusses the problem of traceability of products that have an ever greater impact on the quality of our lives. Manufacturers are struggling with the problems of quickly withdrawing defective product batches from the market to avoid huge damages that are paid for defects. The ability to automate traceability processes via RFID technology will allow companies and participants in the production process to speed up the process of withdrawal and analysis of defects that have occurred during production.

13

Wymagania dla stali w kontekście mostów

Piotrowska M.

Builder

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2018

|

R.22, nr 5

118--120

14

Wybrane punkty ryzyka transportowanych produktów żywnościowych. System bezpieczeństwa

Sokołowski G.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2017

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T. 71, nr 7

17--18

PL

W artykule przedstawiono kwestie bezpieczeństwa żywności i wybrane problemy, z którymi można się spotkać w procesach związanych z transportem tych produktów. W artykule opisano aspekt identyfikowalności produktów żywnościowych transportowanych w łańcuchu dostaw. W szczególności scharakteryzowano problemy zdefiniowane w obszarze przyjęć do centrum dystrybucyjnego (CD) sieci handlowej i wydawania towarów z CD do sklepów. Identyfikowalność to zdolność śledzenia (odtworzenia historii) przepływu dóbr w łańcuchach dostaw wraz z rejestracją parametrów identyfikujących te dobra oraz wszystkie lokalizacje objęte tym przepływem.

EN

This article presents the issue of food safety from the perspective of selected problems that can be encountered in the transport processes of these products. The article focuses mainly on the traceability aspects of food products transported in the supply chain. In particular, the problems identified in the reception area to the distribution center and warehouse releases are described. Traceability is the ability to track (trace) the flow of goods in supply chains, including the registration of parameters identifying those goods and all locations covered by the flow.

15

Opakowania do żywności - dokumenty, potwierdzenie zgodności. Przepisy UE

Pawlicka M., Mazańska M., Barbarska R.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2017

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T. 71, nr 2

49--51

PL

Materiały i wyroby przeznaczone do kontaktu z żywnością, w tym opakowania do żywności, muszą spełniać wymagania obowiązujących przepisów prawnych w zakresie ich bezpieczeństwa w kontakcie z żywnością. W artykule przedstawiono rodzaje dokumentów potwierdzających zgodność materiałów i wyrobów przeznaczonych do kontaktu z żywnością, wprowadzanych do obrotu handlowego, które muszą im towarzyszyć. Omówiono obowiązki przedsiębiorców działających na rynku materiałów i wyrobów przeznaczonych do kontaktu z żywnością w odniesieniu do wystawienia i dysponowania deklaracją zgodności oraz dokumentami uzupełniającymi. Przedstawiono również wymagania dotyczące znakowania i systemu zapewnienia identyfikowalności materiałom i wyrobom w całym łańcuchu dostaw.

EN

The materials and articles intended for contact with food, including food packaging must meet the requirements of existing legislation in the field of safety in contact with food. The article presents the types of documents confirming the compliance of the marketed materials and articles intended to come into contact with food that must accompany them. It discusses the responsibilities of business operators of materials and articles intended for contact with food in relation to the issuing and disposing of the declaration of compliance and supporting documents. It also presents the requirements for labeling and traceability system for materials and articles throughout the whole supply chain.

16

Systemy śledzenia produkcji / kontroli przepływu - uniwersalne rozwiązania wobec dedykowanych aplikacji

Chrobot J.

Zarządzanie Przedsiębiorstwem

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2016

|

Vol. 19, nr 3

2--11

EN

Requirements for quality and the full traceability of products supplied in some industries, such as eg. the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry as well as automotive industry, result that the implementation of production flow control systems (FCS) becomes a very important element in the functioning of enterprises. Production flow control systems are used generally for recording production data at different stages of industrial processes (in this respect, they fulfill the function of traceability systems), but also provide blocking of incorrectly processed identifiable components during the earlier stages of the production. The information provided by traceability can be the basis for the functioning of integrated information systems. Production flow control systems ensure the recording of important information from the point of view of customer that allows the capture of defective products, analysis of the causes of these defects, and defense against potential complaint or even a significant reduction in the number of complaints. Applied are dedicated or universal solutions, adaptable to a variety of configuration lines / production cells. Dedicated solutions (for a specific production line) are basically always developed from scratch, taking into account the specificity of the product flow. Then the structure of the data in the PLC has to be adjusted, as well as the structure of the database and the database queries. Dedicated systems have the advantage that their action is fast, whereas the drawback is a longer start-up time and modification / expansion of functionality. On the other hand, universal solutions allow to configure the number of workstations and their type (controlled by a PLC or PC), their network addresses, as well as the types of products allowed there without changing the software. The advantage of universal solutions is that additional production workstations can be added very fast to the system, while the disadvantage may be longer lasting query the database and exchange information with the PLC. The concept of an universal system must be well thought and considered have to be different configuration cases of the material flow. Poorly thought-out concept takes revenge on the creator by the necessity of profound changes in the structure of the data and the application code. The purpose of this article is to present the advantages and disadvantages of dedicated and universal TCS / FCS systems.

17

Podatność na identyfikację tworzyw polimerowych i wyrobów z tworzyw

Margol M., Kwiatkowski D., Baranowski W., Palutkiewicz P.

Przetwórstwo Tworzyw

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2016

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T. 22, Nr 4 (172)

264--275

PL

W artykule przedstawiono krótką definicję identyfikacji i identyfikowalności zgodną z normą PN-EN ISO 9001:2009. Opisano ich metody i sposoby na przykładzie tworzyw polimerowych oraz wyrobów z nich produkowanych. Przedstawiono, na co zwracać szczególną uwagę przy ich ocenie do użytkowania.

EN

This paper presents a brief definition of identification and traceability in accordance with PN-EN ISO 9001: 2009. Describes their methods and ways for example polymer materials and products are produced. Presented on what to pay particular attention in their assessment for use.

18

Procesowe zarządzanie identyfikowalnością w magazynie żywności. Opis przypadku

Sokołowski G.

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2016

|

T. 70, nr 7

20--21

PL

Istotą identyfikowalności jest możliwość monitorowania ruchu i pochodzenia danego produktu (partii produkcyjnej) na każdym etapie łańcucha dostaw, czyli możliwość uzyskania danych z poprzedniego etapu łańcucha (od kogo i co otrzymano?) i jednocześnie dostarczenia informacji do następnego etapu (do kogo i co wysłano?). W artykule opisano, w jaki sposób firma sektora żywnościowego może zarządzać procesem identyfikowalności w kontekście magazynu wyrobów gotowych.

EN

The essence of traceability is the possibility to monitor each product (and lot number) on every stage of a supply chain. In other words, this is the possibility of gathering data from previous stage of chain (from whom and what was received?) and delivering the gathered information to the next stage in a simultaneous way (to whom and what was sent?). The article describes how a company from the food sector can manage the traceability process in the context of the finished goods’ warehouse.

19

Database management system of AC Voltage Standards

Grzenik M., Kampik M., Kasperczyk B.

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2016

|

Vol. 62, No. 11

375--378

EN

The paper presents a database management system of AC voltage standards maintained in the Laboratory of AC-DC Standards of Institute of Measurement Science, Electronics and Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland. The database stores the basic metrological parameters and other details of the standards, especially their AC-DC transfer differences at different voltages and frequencies. The database also stores previous (historical) values of the AC-DC transfer differences of the standards which enables the observation of time drift of these parameters.

20

Wpływ identyfikowalności na logistykę i bezpieczeństwo użytkowania wyrobów

Dudkiewicz-Fierek D.

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2016

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nr 5

159--170

PL

W artykule, korzystając z wewnętrznych źródeł danych badanego przedsiębiorstwa LUBAWA S.A., opisano wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące wpływu identyfikowalności na logistykę. Pokazano istotę zagadnienia w stosunku do bezpieczeństwa użytkowania wyrobów. Zilustrowano rolę zapewnienia identyfikowalności i jej odzwierciedlenie w bezpieczeństwie użytkowania wyrobów oraz wskazano najistotniejsze problemy z tym związane. Monitorowanie jest technicznym narzędziem wspierającym organizację do osiągania jej celów. Właściwa identyfikacja wyrobów na każdym etapie realizacji procesów a także zdolność do odtworzenia jego historii jest czynnikiem determinującym zapewnienie właściwej efektywności i skuteczności podejmowanych przedsięwzięć logistycznych.

EN

In this article, using the internal data sources surveyed company LUBAWA SA, described some of issues concerning the impact of traceability for logistic. The essence of problem was shown in relation to the using safety products. Illustrated the roles of traceability and its reflection in the use of safety products and indicated the most important problems associated with it. Monitoring is a technical tool to support the organization to achieve its objectives. Proper identification of products at every stage of the process and the ability to reconstruct its history is a determining factor to ensure proper efficiency and effectiveness of logistics projects.