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  1. 14 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
  2. 10 Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
  3. 2 Inżynieria Materiałowa
  4. 2 Materials Engineering
  5. 2 Tribologia
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  1. 6 Dobrzański L. A.
  2. 5 Lukaszkowicz K.
  3. 4 Staszuk M.
  4. 3 Moskal G.
  5. 3 Smolik J.
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  1. 1 2015
  2. 2 2014
  3. 3 2013
  4. 1 2012
  5. 2 2011
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1
Content available Efekty zastosowania powłoki niskotarciowej w przekładni przenośnika zgrzebłowego
Tuszyński W., Kalbarczyk M., Michalczewski R., Stachura K., Szczerek M., Wieczorek A.
Tribologia
|
2015
|
nr 6
121--137
PL
Istnieje wiele problemów związanych z eksploatacją kół zębatych stożkowych o zębach łukowych. Przykładowo trudne warunki smarowania prowadzą do nadmiernego wzrostu temperatury, a to z kolei wywołuje ryzyko poważnego zużycia. W związku z tym celem tej pracy było sprawdzenie, czy poprzez osadzenie cienkiej powłoki niskotarciowej na zębach koła stożkowego jest możliwe zwiększenie odporności na zużycie, redukcja tarcia i zmniejszenie drgań przekładni. Badania tribologiczne przeprowadzono w dwóch etapach. W fazie pierwszej, laboratoryjnej, użyto urządzenia T-30 do badania kół zębatych stożkowych, opracowanego i wytworzonego w ITeE – PIB w Radomiu. Faza druga to były badania weryfikacyjne z użyciem przenośnika zgrzebłowego stosowanego w górnictwie węgla kamiennego, pracującego w warunkach podobnych do występujących w kopalniach. Zbadano wpływ powłoki niskotarciowej o handlowym symbolu WC/C, osadzonej na zębach koła talerzowego. Dla odniesienia zbadano także przekładnie stożkowe bez powłoki. W badaniach laboratoryjnych do smarowania użyto handlowego, samochodowego oleju przekładniowego klasy jakościowej API GL-5 i lepkościowej 80W-90. W badaniach weryfikacyjnych (półprzemysłowych) do smarowania użyto oleju bazowego mineralnego klasy lepkościowej VG32. Badania tribologiczne wykazały, że poprzez naniesienie powłoki niskotarciowej WC/C na zęby koła talerzowego można uzyskać następujące pozytywne efekty w porównaniu z kołami stożkowymi bez powłoki: zwiększenie odporności na dwie groźne formy zużycia (zacieranie i pitting) oraz spadek temperatury oleju smarującego na skutek mniejszego tarcia – w pierwszej fazie testów. Towarzyszyły temu nieco większe drgania przekładni z powłoką, które jednak zmniejszały się w czasie testu i pod jego koniec były podobne do drgań przekładni bez powłoki. Stwierdzono zatem, że powłoka WC/C pozwala na zwiększenie odporności kół stożkowych o zębach łukowych na zużycie i redukcję temperatury oleju smarującego w przekładniach np. przenośników zgrzebłowych użytkowanych w kopalniach węgla kamiennego.
EN
There are many problems in the operation of spiral bevel gears; for example, difficult lubrication conditions lead to excessively high oil temperature and the risk of severe wear. Thus, the aim of this work was to check whether, by the deposition of a thin, hard, low-friction coating on the teeth flanks of spiral bevel gears, it is possible to improve the resistance to wear, reduce friction, and possibly the gear vibrations. The tribological experiments were carried out in two phases. In the first phase, a bevel gear test rig was used (laboratory testing). In the second phase, a verification test was performed using an industrial gear stand (chain conveyor) working under conditions typical of coal mines. The low-friction WC/C coating was tested. The coating was deposited on the teeth of the wheels. For reference, the uncoated pairs of spiral bevel gears were tested. In the laboratory testing, a commercial, mineral automotive gear oil of the API GL-5 performance level and 80W-90 viscosity grade was used for lubrication. For lubrication of the industrial gears, a mineral base oil of the low, VG32 viscosity grade was chosen. The results obtained show that, by the deposition of the low-friction WC/C coating on the teeth of the wheel, the following beneficial effects can be achieved in comparison with the case of the uncoated gears: a rise in the resistance to the two forms of severe wear (scuffing and pitting), and a drop in the oil temperature (lower friction) at first tests stages. The above effects are accompanied at the first stages of the tests by an undesired, higher level of vibrations in case of the steel–WC/C material combination. However, throughout the test, the vibrations for the two material combinations became similar. Thus, the WC/C coating can be applied to increase the wear resistance and decrease the oil temperature in transmissions containing spiral bevel gears in, e.g., chain conveyors installed in coal mines.
2
Content available Friction reduction and improvement of the scuffing resistance of spiral bevel gears by a low-friction coating
Kalbarczyk M., Tuszyński W., Esparza Lastra M. A., Wulczyński J., Mydlarz J., Kiser B.
Tribologia
|
2014
|
nr 2
67--77
EN
There are many problems in the operation of spiral bevel gears; for example difficult lubrication conditions and high friction between meshing teeth leads to excessively high oil temperature and the risk of scuffing. Thus, the aim of this work was to check whether by the deposition of a thin, hard, low-friction coating on the teeth flanks of spiral bevel gears it is possible to reduce friction and improve scuffing resistance. The tribological experiments were carried out using two tribotesters: T-02U Four-ball testing machine and T-30 Bevel gear test rig. Two types of thin, low-friction coatings were tested. The first one was a-C:H:W. The other one was MoS2/Ti. The coatings were deposited on one or more tested samples (test balls and bevel gears), so the four material combinations were obtained: steel-steel, coating-steel, steel-coating, and coating-coating. For lubrication a commercial, mineral automotive gear oil of the API GL-5 performance level and 80W-90 viscosity grade was used. The results of the four-ball tests show that the a-C:H:W coating deposited on the teeth flanks is much more effective in friction reduction than MoS2/Ti. The deposition of the a-C:H:W coating on the teeth of the spiral bevel gears proves to be very helpful in reducing friction between the meshing gears. The combination of the a-C:H:W-coated pinion meshing the uncoated wheel is the most efficient. Concerning the improvement of the scuffing resistance, two material combinations are the most effective: a-C:H:W-coated pinion meshing the uncoated wheel and the both gears coated.
PL
Istnieje wiele problemów związanych z eksploatacją kół zębatych stożkowych o zębach łukowych, np. trudne warunki smarowania i wysokie tarcie w zazębieniu, prowadzące do zbyt wysokiej temperatury oleju i pojawienia się ryzyka zacierania. Celem prac było zatem stwierdzenie, czy poprzez osadzenie cienkiej, twardej powłoki niskotarciowej na zębach kół stożkowych możliwa jest redukcja tarcia oraz poprawa odporności na zacieranie. Do badań tribologicznych użyto uniwersalnego aparatu czterokulowego T-02U oraz urządzenia T-30 do badań kół zębatych stożkowych. Przebadano dwie cienkie powłoki niskotarciowe: a-C:H:W oraz MoS2/Ti. Zostały one osadzone na jednym bądź więcej elementach testowych (kulki łożyskowe, koła zębate), uzyskując cztery kombinacje materiałowe: stal-stal, powłoka-stal, stal-powłoka i powłoka-powłoka. Do smarowania użyto handlowego, samochodowego oleju przekładniowego klasy jakościowej API GL-5 i lepkościowej 80W-90, z bazą mineralną. Wyniki badań czterokulowych pokazały, że naniesiona na zęby koła powłoka a-C:H:W jest znacznie bardziej efektywna w redukcji tarcia niż MoS2/Ti. Wyniki badań przekładniowych wykazały, że powłoka a-C:H:W wykazuje skuteczność w redukcji tarcia także kół zębatych stożkowych o zębach lukowych. Najlepsze rezultaty uzyskano dla kombinacji materiałowej pokrytego powłoką zębnika współpracującego z niepokrytym kołem talerzowym. W przypadku odporności na zacieranie najlepsze wyniki uzyskano dla dwóch kombinacji materiałowych: pokryty powłoką zębnik współpracujący z niepokrytym kołem talerzowym oraz oba koła pokryte powłoką.
3
Content available remote An investigation on the mechanical properties of the hard chromium layer deposited by brush plating process on AISI H13 steel
Aydin Z., Aldic G., Cimenoglu H.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
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2014
|
Vol. 65, nr 2
87--92
EN
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the potentiality of brush chromium plating process to replace conventional hard chromium plating. Design/methodology/approach: In this study brush chromium plating was applied over a H13 quality tool steel. Electron microscopy examinations and X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted in order to reveal the structural features of the coatings. Mechanical properties of the coatings were determined by hardness measurements and wear tests. Wear tests were conducted at room temperature and 500°C. Findings: Brush chromium plating, which is an environmental friendly alternative for conventional chromium plating, has potentiality to enhance wear resistance of steels. Research limitations/implications: Brush chromium plating process has good potential to replace hexavalent chromium. Further studies should focus on effect of electro-chemical parameters on structural properties of trivalent based hard chromium deposit by brush plating process. Originality/value: There have been significant researches on replacement of hexavalent based hard chromium plating in literature. Replacement by brush plating process with trivalent chromium containing electrolyte has been scarcely investigated especially for utilization in wear related applications at elevated temperatures.
4
Content available remote TEM microstructure investigations of aluminium alloys used as coating substrate
Tański T., Labisz K., Dobrzański L.A., Wiśniowski M., Matysiak W.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2013
|
Vol. 59, nr 2
82--92
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper was investigated structure and properties of gradient coatings produced in PVD process on AlSi9Cu aluminium alloys. Design/methodology/approach: The following results concern the structures of the substrates and coatings with the application of electron transmission and scanning microscopy; phase composition of the coatings using X-ray diffraction and grazing incident X-ray diffraction technique (GIXRD); microhardness and wear resistance. Findings: The deposited coatings are characterized by a single, double, or multi-layer structure according to the applied layers system, and the individual layers are coated even and tightly adhere to the substrate as well to each other. The analysis of coatings obtained on the surface of cast aluminium alloys by the PVD processes show a clear - over 100% - increase of the microhardness, compared to the base material microhardness. Practical implications: Achieving of new operational and functional characteristics and properties of commonly used materials, including the Al-Si-Cu alloys is often obtained by heat treatment, ie, precipitation hardening and/or surface treatment due to application or manufacturing of machined surface layer coatings of materials in a given group of materials used for different surface engineering processes. Originality/value: The paper presents the research involving the PVD coatings obtained on an unconventional substrate such as aluminium alloys. Contemporary materials should possess high mechanical properties, physical and chemical, as well as technological ones, to ensure long and reliable use. The above mentioned requirements and expectations regarding the contemporary materials are met by the non-ferrous metals alloys used nowadays, including the aluminium alloys.
5
Content available remote Structural investigation and wear resistance of CrAlSiN+DLC coating obtained by hybrid PVD/PACVD process
Lukaszkowicz K.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2013
|
Vol. 62, nr 2
87--92
EN
Purpose: The main aim of the this research was the investigation of the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the CrAlSiN+DLC coating deposited by hybrid PVD/PACVD process onto the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The microstructure of the investigated coating was observed on the scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. A friction coefficient and the wear of coatings were determined in a test according to the ball-on-disk method. Findings: It was found that the microstructure of the nanocrystalline CrAlSiN layer consisted of fine crystallites, while their average size fitted within the range of 5-10 nm. The low-friction DLC show an amorphous character. The coating demonstrated a good adhesion to the substrate. The values of the critical load LC1 and LC2 of investigation coating account for, respectively, 36 and 76 N. In sliding dry friction conditions, after the break-in time, the friction coefficient for the investigated elements is set in the range between 0.03-0.05. The investigated coatings reveals high wear resistance. Practical implications: Economically efficient process improvement, increased production efficiency and quality and products reliability through increased durability and unfailing operation time of tools for plastic formation of non-ferrous metals and improved usable properties shall guarantee measurable economic effects to the manufacturers and users of the products. Moreover, it will enhance their competitiveness both on the domestic and overseas markets. Originality/value: The Author’s original approach was the development of a double-layer coating within one process. Such coating consists of the internal hard PVD layer providing the appropriate hardness, strength, low thermal conductivity and restricting the impact of external factors on the wear process and the external low-friction layer providing good tribological properties.
6
Content available remote Hybrid surface layers, made by nitriding with DLC coating, for application in machine parts regeneration
Kula P., Dybowski K., Lipa S., Batory D., Sawicki J., Wołowiec E., Klimek L.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2013
|
Vol. 60, nr 1
32--37
EN
Purpose: The article presents a concept of a hybrid layer, consisting of a gradient layer and anti-wear coat, intended for machine parts regeneration. Design/methodology/approach: The essence of method lies in the use of universal replacement material and its surface processing, which increases the hardness of the part that is being regenerated. The study was conducted on a material covered with a layer made of vacuum-nitraded padding weld of 17CrNi6-6, followed by an anti-wear DCL carbon coat. The morphology of thus created layers and their wear strength has been examined and their utility value has been evaluated. Findings: The hybrid layers under study have been found to improve the machine parts strength, while at the same time reducing frictional resistance, reducing the adhesion forces of the elements in contact and improving the corrosion resistance. Research limitations/implications: The method provides for making use of a versatile restoration material, which subsequently enables application of specific surface processing to improve the durability of the part being regenerated. Practical implications: It is a new concept of a hybrid layer, intended for machine parts regeneration.
7
Content available remote Microstructure and kinetic growth of aluminide coatings deposited by the CVD method on Re 80 superalloy
Nowotnik A., Sieniawski J., Góral M., Pytel M., Dychton K.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2012
|
Vol. 55, nr 1
22-28
EN
Purpose: The preliminary results of research on forming the aluminide coatings using CVD method were presented in the article. Design/methodology/approach: The coatings were obtained in low activity process on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy. The microstructure analysis and chemical composition analysis were performed applying different values of aluminizing process parameters. Findings: The authors present in the article the results of oxidation resistance analysis of aluminide coatings which were obtained on the surface of Rene 80 superalloy using various techniques. Research limitations/implications: The research results revealed the possibility of obtaining coatings by low activity aluminizing. Practical implications: This process can be used in aerospace industry to form oxidation resistant coatings. Originality/value: It was shown that the coating created during the CVD process was characterized by a good oxidation resistance at the temperature of 1100°C.
8
Content available remote Structure and properties of multicomponent coatings deposited onto sialon tool ceramics
Pakuła D.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 52, nr 1
54-60
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper is to investigate structure, mechanical and functional properties of sialon tool ceramics with wear resistant multicomponent coatings deposited with PVD method. Design/methodology/approach: The structural investigation includes the metallographic analysis on the scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS, and glow-discharge optical emission spectroscope GDOS. The investigation includes also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the material: microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings and tribological test made with the "pin-on-disk". Findings: Deposition of the multicomponent coatings with the PVD method, on tools made from sialon's ceramics, results in the increase of mechanical properties in comparison with uncoated tool materials, deciding thus the improvement of their working properties. Practical implications: The multicomponent coating carried out on multi point inserts (made on sintered sialon's ceramics) can be used in the pro-ecological dry cutting processes without using cutting fluids. However, application of this coating to cover sialon ceramics demands still both elaborating and improvement adhesion to substrates in order to introduce these to industrial applications. Originality/value: The paper presents some researches of multicomponent coatings deposited by PVD method on sialon tool ceramics.
9
Content available remote Comparative analysis of wear mechanism of different types of forging dies
Mazurkiewicz A., Smolik J.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2011
|
Vol. 49, nr 1
40-45
EN
Purpose: Hot working dies are influenced by three main factors causing their destruction: the cyclically changeable mechanical loads, intensive thermal shocks, as well as intensive friction, and erosion. The great variety of the shapes of forgings, the material they are made of (carbon steel, alloy steel, brass) and the precision of their production – whether they are supposed to undergo further treatment or are considered to be the final products – result in a variety of problems encountered in the production process. In this paper the wear mechanisms of different types of forging dies, covered by the composite layer “nitride layer / PVD coating” were analysed. Design/methodology/approach: In order to estimate the influence of the different shapes of forgings for their wear mechanism, it was decided to that maintenance tests on two series of tools with different shapes made of DIN 1.2344 steel, coated with composite layer “nitrided layer/CrN coating” needed to be taken. The first one was designed for production of gears pre-forging and the second one was designed for the production of steel synchronizer rings. Findings: The abrasive wear together with thermal-mechanical fatigue and plastic strain is a crucial factor of the process of wearing of forging dies for the production of forgings with high dimensional accuracy and not subject to further mechanical treatment. The variety of the shapes of the forging and the precision with which it is made have strong influence on the intensity of the abrasive wear of forging dies. Research limitations/implications: To ensure higher effectiveness of the application of hybrid technologies of surface treatment for the increase of the durability of forging dies, the complex analysis of the influence of such various aspects of the forging process as: surface treatment, the shape of the die and the cooling and lubricating system are necessary on the development of a new generation of dies with increased operational durability. Practical implications: The obtained results of the tests have been practically applied in the FA “Swarzędz” enterprise to increase the durability of the forging dies for steel synchronizer rings. Originality/value: In order to ensure a required level of effectiveness of the use of layered composites of the “nitrided layer/ PVD coating” type for the increase in the durability of forging dies, it is necessary to properly select the composites on the basis of the analysis of the intensity of forging dies wear mechanisms.
10
Content available Finite element modelling of contact interaction between wheel and rail with three-layered thin coating
Kolesnikov V., Chebakov M., Nasedkin A., Sukhov D.
Transport Problems
|
2010
|
T. 5, z. 2
119-124
EN
The stress-strain of thin multilayered coatings covered the surface of the rail is studied near the region of side contact in turning motion. The stress-strain state is studied for various geometric and mechanical coating parameters' values. A theoretical and a finite element models are developed. Stress-strain state analysis has been made based on models developed and recommendations were given for an optimal coating parameters' selection.
11
Content available remote The investigations of (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Ti)N coatings obtained by PVD process onto sintered cutting tools
Dobrzański L. A., Staszuk M., Pawlyta M., Konieczny J.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 42, nr 1-2
148-155
EN
Purpose: The main aim of this research was an investigation of both the coatings structure and mechanical properties deposited by the cathode arc evaporation physical vapor deposition (CAE-PVD) on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics substrates. Design/methodology/approach: The (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Ti)N coatings were investigated. Microstructure was characterized using the scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Phases composition analysis was carried out by the XRD and GIXRD method. Investigation of surface roughness was done. The mechanical properties were determined on basis of following research: a measurement of hardness using Vickres’s method, a measurement of roughness, adhesion using Scratch Test method. The cutting ability was defined on basis of technological cutting trials. Findings: The investigations made by use of the glow discharge optical emission spectrometer indicate the existence of the transition zone between the substrate material and the coating. The results shows that (Al,Ti)N coating presents good adhesion onto booth substrates and (Ti,Al)N coating presents good adhesion onto sintered carbides substrate. All the coatings demonstrate a high hardness. Research limitations/implications: The good adhesion (Al,Ti)N coating to sialon substrate is connecting with the same type of bonding in coat and sialon substrate. Originality/value: The good properties of the PVD gradient coatings make them suitable for various engineering and industrial applications.
12
Content available remote Properties of Ti(B,N) coatings deposited onto cemented carbides and sialon tool ceramics
Dobrzański L. A., Staszuk M., Gołombek K., Pancielejko M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 41, nr 1-2
66-73
EN
Purpose: The aim of this paper was to investigate mechanical properties both of sintered carbides WC-Co type and sialon tool ceramics with wear resistance ternary coatings Ti(B,N) type deposited by the cathodic arc evaporation process (CAE-PVD). Design/methodology/approach: The microhardness tests of coatings were made using the ultra microhardness tester. The grain size of investigated coatings was determined by the Scherrer method. Tests of the coatings adhesion to a substrate material were made using the scratch test. There was investigated the roughness of both uncoated and coated surface multi-point inserts. Wear mechanism observations, after the scratch test, were carried out by the scanning electron microscope with EDS attachment. Findings: This paper presents that studied PVD coatings deposited on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics have an effect on increasing hardness surface of tools. Moreover, the results achieved after the investigation shown that a coating obtaining on tool ceramics has bigger grains and a smaller adhesion to substrate rather than a coating on sintered carbides. Furthermore, the investigations were shown that both single and double-sided delamination was a principal defect mechanism during the scratch test. Practical implications: The gradient Ti(B,N) coating carried out on multi point inserts (made on sintered carbides WC-Co type) can be used in the pro-ecological dry cutting processes without using cutting fluids. However, application of this coating to cover sialon ceramics demands still both elaborating and improvement adhesion to substrates in order to introduce these to industrial applications. Originality/value: The paper presents some researches of gradient Ti(B,N) nanocrystaline coatings deposited by CAE-PVD method on sintered carbides and sialon tool ceramics.
13
Content available remote Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocomposite coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation
Lukaszkowicz K., Dobrzański L. A., Kwaśny W., Labisz K., Pancielejko M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 42, nr 1-2
156-163
EN
Purpose: The main aim of the this research was the investigation of the structure and the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite TiAlSiN, CrAlSiN, AlTiCrN coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation method onto hot work tool steel substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The surfaces’ topography and the structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. Diffraction and thin film structure were tested with the use of the transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. Findings: It was found that the structure of the PVD coatings consisted of fine crystallites, while their average size fitted within the range of 11-25 nm, depending on the coating type. The coatings demonstrated columnar structure and dense cross-section morphology as well as good adhesion to the substrate. The critical load LC2 lies within the range of 46-54 N, depending on the coating and substrate type. The coatings demonstrate a high hardness (~40 GPa). Practical implications: In order to evaluate with more detail the possibility of applying these surface layers in tools, further investigations should be concentrated on the determination of the thermal fatigue resistance of the coatings. The very good mechanical properties of the nanocomposite coatings make them suitable in industrial applications. Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the nanocomposite coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels.
14
Content available remote Comparison of the PVD coatings deposited onto plasma nitrited steel
Polok-Rubiniec M., Dobrzański L. A., Adamiak M.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 42, nr 1-2
172-179
EN
Purpose: The paper presents the structure, mechanical and tribological properties investigation results of the CrN, TiN and TiN/(Ti,Al)N anti-wear PVD coatings deposited onto substrates from the plasma nitrided hot work steel X37CrMoV5-1 type. Design/methodology/approach: Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. The surfaces’ topography and the structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Wear resistance tests with the pin-on-disc method were carried out on the CSEM THT (High Temperature Tribometer). Findings: The duplex coatings demonstrate high hardness and very good adhesion. It was found out that the duplex TiN/(Ti,Al)N coating show the best adhesion to the substrate material. Practical implications: This investigation is to determine the usefulness of CrN and TiN, TiN/(Ti,Al)N PVD coatings deposition in order to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of hot work steels, particularly X37CrMoV5-1 type one. Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the duplex and nanostructure PVD coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels. The very hard and antiwear PVD coatings deposited onto hot work tool steel substrate are needed.
15
Content available remote Comparison of nanostructure Comparison of nanostructure onto hot work tool steel substrate
Polok-Rubiniec M., Lukaszkowicz K., Dobrzański L. A.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 41, nr 1-2
187-194
EN
Purpose: The aim of the paper was the investigation of the structure and the mechanical properties of the duplex TiN/(Ti,Al)N coating and the nanostructure TiAlN coating deposited by PVD technology onto hot work tool steel substrate. Design/methodology/approach: The surfaces’ topography and the structure of the PVD coatings were observed on the scanning electron microscopy. Diffraction and thin film structure were tested with the use of the transmission electron microscopy. The microhardness tests were made on the dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test. Findings: The duplex and nanostructure coatings demonstrate high hardness and very good adhesion. The critical load LC2 (coating delamination) lies within the range 80-85 N, depending on the coating type. It was found out that the duplex TiN/(Ti,Al)N coating show the best adhesion to the substrate material. Practical implications: The very good mechanical properties of the duplex and nanostructure PVD coatings make them suitable in industrial applications. Originality/value: The investigation results will provide useful information to applying the duplex and nanostructure PVD coatings for the improvement of mechanical properties of the hot work tool steels. The very hard and antiwear PVD coatings deposited onto hot work tool steel substrates are needed.
16
Content available remote Technology validation of coatings deposition onto the brass substrate
Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz A., Lukaszkowicz K.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
|
2010
|
Vol. 46, nr 1
5-38
EN
manufacturing metallic-ceramic coatings in the process of physical vapor deposition (PVD) on the CuZn40Pb2 brass substrate. The amount of layers applied to the substrate was adopted as the criterion for technology division, thus obtaining three technology groups for foresight researches. Design/methodology/approach: The carried out foresight-materials science researches included creating a dendrological matrix of technology value, a meteorological matrix of environment influence, a matrix of strategies for technologies, laying out strategic development tracks, carrying out materials science experiments which test the mechanical and tribological properties and the resistance to corrosion and erosion of brass covered with a varied number of layers applied using the method of reactive magnetron evaporation, as well as preparing technology roadmaps. Findings: High potential and attractiveness were shown of the analyzed technologies against the environment, as well as a promising improvement of mechanical and tribological properties and an increase of resistance to material corrosion and erosion as a result of covering with PVD coatings. Research limitations/implications: Researches pertaining to covering the brass substrate with PVD coatings is part of a bigger research project aimed at selecting, researching and characterizing priority innovative material surface engineering technologies. Practical implications: The presented results of experimental materials science researches prove the significant positive impact of covering with PVD coatings on the structure and mechanical properties, as well as the resistance to corrosion, erosion and abrasive wear of brass which leads to the justification of their including into the set of priority innovative technologies recommended for application in industrial practice, including in small and medium-size companies. Originality/value: The advantage of the article is the specification of the significance of the technology involving covering the brass substrate with mono- and multilayer PVD coatings against the environment, together with the recommended strategies of conduct, strategic development tracks and roadmaps of these technologies, taking into account the impact of the processes of applying these coatings onto the structure and the improvement of the properties of the tested surface layers.
17
Content available remote Investigation of PVD coatings deposited on the Si3N4 and sialon tool ceramics
Pakuła D., Dobrzański L., Křiž A., Staszuk M.
Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
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2010
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Vol. 46, nr 1
53-60
EN
Purpose: The paper presents investigation results of the structure and properties of the coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation - physical vapour deposition (CAE-PVD) techniques on the Si3N4 and sialon tool ceramics. The Ti(B,N), Ti(C,N), (Ti,Zr)N and (Ti,Al)N coatings were investigated. Design/methodology/approach: The structural investigation includes the metallographic analysis on the scanning electron microscope. Examinations of the chemical compositions of the deposited coatings were carried out using the X-ray energy dispersive spectrograph EDS and using the X-ray diffractometer. The investigation includes also analysis of the mechanical and functional properties of the material: microhardness tests of the deposited coatings, surface roughness tests, evaluation of the adhesion of the deposited coatings. Findings: Deposition of the multicomponent gradient coatings with the PVD method, based on the B, Al and Zr solid secondary solution in the TiN titanium nitride, isomorphous with the alternating pure titanium nitride TiN, on tools made from nitride ceramics and sialon's ceramics, results in the increase of mechanical properties in comparison with uncoated tool materials, deciding thus the improvement of their working properties. Research limitations/implications: Ti(B,N), Ti(C,N), (Ti,Zr)N and (Ti,Al)N multicomponent and gradient coatings can be applied for cutting ceramic tools. Originality/value: Comparison of the wide
18
Content available remote Structure and mechanical properties of PVD gradient coatings deposited onto tool steels and sialon tool ceramics
Dobrzański L. A., Staszuk M., Křiž A., Lukaszkowicz K.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2009
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Vol. 37, nr 1
36-43
EN
Purpose: The paper presents investigation results of the structure and mechanical properties of gradient coatings deposited by cathodic arc evaporation - physical vapour deposition (CAE-PVD) techniques onto the X40CrMoV5-1 hot work tool steel, HS6-5-2 high speed steel and SiAlON tool ceramics. The Ti(C,N), (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Si,Cr) N coatings were investigated. Design/methodology/approach: Microstructure was characterised using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The phase composition of the investigated coatings was determined by means of the X-ray diffractometer. The chemical concentration changes of the coating components, and the substrate material were evaluated in virtue of tests carried out in the GDOS spectrometer. Tests of the coatings’ adhesion to the substrate material were made using the scratch test method. Findings: It was found out that the structure of the PVD coatings deposited onto all substrates is composed of fine crystallites. The investigations made by use of the glow discharge optical emission spectrometer indicate to the existence of the transition zone between the substrate material and the coating. The results show that all coatings present good adhesion. The critical load LC2, which is in the range 35-90 N, depends on the coating type and substrate. Good adhesion of the coatings deposited to the substrate should be connected with the existence of the transition zone. All the coatings are demonstrated by high hardness. Research limitations/implications: Ti(C,N), (Ti,Al)N and (Al,Si,Cr) N gradient coatings can be applied for cutting tools and hot working tools. Originality/value: Working out and testing PVD coatings obtained by tool ceramic and tool steels is a special future of development direction in a domain of thin coatings.
19
Content available remote Predicting properties of PVD and CVD coatings based on fractal quantities describing their surface
Kwaśny W.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2009
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Vol. 37, nr 2
125-192
EN
Purpose: The goal of the presented study was to develop a methodology giving a possibility to predict functional properties of coatings obtained in the PVD and CVD processes on tool materials, based on fractal- and multi-fractal quantities describing their surface. Design/methodology/approach: Effect of process type and deposition conditions on structure and shape of surface, as well as mechanical and service properties of the obtained coatings were determined. Methodology and detailed description of coatings topography obtained in PVD and CVD process on tool materials, including use of the fractal- and multi-fractal geometry based on images obtained on the atomic forces microscope were worked out. Relationships between fractal- and multi-fractal quantities and their mechanical and service properties were determined. Findings: The investigation results confirmed the feasibility to predict hardness and erosion resistance of coatings obtained in the magnetron PVD process, as well as the service properties defined in the cutting ability test for coatings obtained in the arc PVD process and in the high-temperature CVD process, based on the surface fractal dimension Ds value for their surface topography. Practical implications: Determining significant quantitative correlations between fractal quantities defining coatings’ surfaces, as well as their service and/or mechanical properties provides the opportunity to predict their end-user properties. Originality/value: Fractal analysis was applied for characterization of PVD and CVD coatings surfaces.
20
Content available remote Plasma modification of medical implants by carbon coatings depositions
Grabarczyk J., Kotela I.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
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2009
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Vol. 37, nr 2
277-281
EN
Purpose: The main goal was to work out the technology of deposition of carbon layers onto surface of medical implants made of the AISI316L medical steel. So far the results of carried investigations have proved that layers synthesized in RF PACVD process noticeably improve the biotolerance of the medical steel. Positive experimental results concerning the implementation of carbon layers conducted in the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering of the Technical University of Lodz were the basis for attempt of industrial application of the worked out technology. Design/methodology/approach: Carbon layers were manufactured using radio frequency plasma RF PACVD method. The technology was worked out for the surfaces of the intramedullary nails. The investigations were carried out in order to compare obtained synthesis results with the layers deposited under the laboratory conditions. In this work the following are presented: the surface topography investigation, results of nanohardness and adhesion measurements as well as the raman spectra. Medical examination results were presented in our earlier publications. In the description of obtained investigation results are also presented the preliminary results of the medical treatment effects with the use of intramedullary nails covered with the carbon layer. Findings: Carbon layers manufactured onto intramedullary nails presented good mechanical properties. Applied synthesis parameters made it possible to manufacture uniform film onto whole implant surface. Thickness of the layer was varied in the range of 200 – 400 nm, however total modification area contained 3.5 micrometers. Nails covered with the carbon layer positively passed the tests and were admitted into medical trade turnover. Positive medical treatment results were observed especially in case of patients with affirmed allergies onto alloying components contained in medical steels like chromium and nickel. Research limitations/implications: Significant matter for the examinations had the introduction of the additional control parameters of the plasmo-chemical layers synthesis process. From the point of view of the industrial implementation of technology the fact of limited process efficiency can be. Originality/value: The fundamental value of conducted investigations is the industrial application of the technology of deposition of carbon layers onto intramedullary nails. Currently those products are available in the business offer of MEDGAL Company.
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