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Wpływ więźby skały na mechanizm deformacji : studium przypadku wstęg deformacyjnych w piaskowcach otryckich (Bieszczady)

Strzelecki Piotr Jan, Świerczewska Anna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 4

231--234

EN

Compaction is one of the fundamental modes of strain localization. Pure compaction bands are deformation structures that develop in granular rocks. The Otryt sandstone, a flysch sandstone, hosts naturally formed pure compaction bands that originated due to tectonic shortening. The pure compaction bands formed when the host rock was poorly indurated. The deformation bands are of the disaggregation or cataclastic type, with cataclasis occurring more frequently in coarser-grained sandstones. Additionally, in laminated fine-grained sandstones, disaggregation takes the form of micro-folding. Textural features of the host rock appear to control the microstructural type of pure compaction band.

2

Hybrid texture and gradient modeling for dynamic background subtraction identification systemin tobacco plant using 5G data service

Gowda Thirthe M.T., Chandrika J.

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2023

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Vol. 30, no. 1

41--54

EN

Background: Detecting the plants as objects of interest in any vision-based input sequence is highly complex due to nonlinear background objects such as rocks, shadows,etc. Therefore, it is a difficult task and an emerging one with the development of precision agriculture systems. The nonlinear variations of pixel intensity with illuminationand other causes such as blurs and poor video quality also make the object detection taskchallenging. To detect the object of interest, background subtraction (BS) is widely usedin many plant disease identification systems, and its detection rate largely depends on thenumber of features used to suppress and isolate the foreground region and its sensitivitytoward image nonlinearity. Methodology: A hybrid invariant texture and color gradient-based approach is proposed to model the background for dynamic BS, and its performance is validated byvarious real-time video captures covering different kinds of complex backgrounds and various illumination changes. Based on the experimental results, a simple multimodal featureattribute, which includes several invariant texture measures and color attributes, yieldsfinite precision accuracy compared with other state-of-art detection methods. Experimental evaluation of two datasets shows that the new model achieves superior performanceover existing results in spectral-domain disease identification model. 5G assistance: After successful identification of tobacco plant and its analysis, the finalresults are stored in a cloud-assisted server as a database that allows all kinds of 5G servicessuch as IoT and edge computing terminals for data access with valid authentication fordetailed analysis and references.

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Microstructure evolution in directionally solidifying Cu-17 at.% Al eutectic alloy

Perek-Nowak Małgorzata, Boczkal Grzegorz, Pałka Paweł, Kuropatwa Piotr

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 2

art. no. e144604

EN

An attempt of direct solidification (DS) of Cu-17 at. %Al eutectic alloy is presented in the paper. The chosen alloy belongs to the copper-rich eutectic region in the Cu–Al phase diagram. The alloy was remelted and solidified in a vertical furnace of Bridgman type with a moving crystallization zone. Thus, the expected structure will result in an arranged distribution of two phases in the bulk of the material. However, due to cooling the mentioned alloy down to room temperature, the phase transformations occur according to the respective phase diagram, including β phase decomposition through eutectoid and peritectoid reactions. The crystallized material consisted of the following phases α solution and γ1 (Cu9Al4) phase. Structure observations, determination of the formed phases and texture analysis of the obtained material are described. Mechanical properties received from a tensile test are also included.

4

Crystal Lattice Rotations Induced by Shear Banding in fcc Metals Deformed at High Strain Rates

Mania Izabela, Paul Henryk, Chulist Robert, Petrzak Paweł, Miszczyk Magdalena, Prażmowski Mariusz

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

319--329

EN

In this paper, the microstructural and texture changes in polycrystalline CuZn30 alloy, copper, and AA1050 aluminium alloy have been studied to describe the crystal lattice rotation during shear bands formation. The hat-shaped specimens were deformed using a drop-hammer at the strain rate of 560 s-1. Microstructure evolution was investigated using optical microscopy, whereas texture changes were examined with the use of a scanning electron microscope equipped with the EBSD facility. The microstructural observations were correlated with nanohardness measurements to evaluate the mechanical properties of the sheared regions. The analyses demonstrate the gradual nature of the shear banding process, which can be described as a mechanism of the bands nucleation and then successive growth rather than as an abrupt instability. It was found that regardless of the initial orientation of the grains inside the sheared region, a well-defined tendency of the crystal lattice rotation is observed. This rotation mechanism leads to the formation of specific texture components of the sheared region, different from the one observed in a weakly or non-deformed matrix. During the process of rotation, one of the {111} planes in each grain of the sheared region ‘tends’ to overlap with the plane of maximum shear stresses and one of the <110> or <112> directions align with the shear direction. This allows slip propagation through the boundaries between adjacent grains without apparent change in the shear direction. Finally, in order to trace the rotation path, transforming the matrix texture components into shear band, rotation axis and angles were identified.

5

Electrochemical corrosion of aluminium alloy AA1050, processed by accumulative roll bonding

Ilieva M. D., Radev R. H.

Archives of Materials Science and Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 124, nr 1

5--13

EN

Purpose: To investigate the changes in corrosion behaviour of severely deformed by accumulative roll bonding aluminium alloy AA1050. Design/methodology/approach: To determine the influence of the accumulative roll bonding on microstructure, texture, and grain size, electron backscattered diffraction was used. Corrosion behaviour was evaluated in a 3.5 wt.% sodium chloride water solution using anodic polarisation. Findings: It was found out that accumulative roll bonding up to eight cycles led to an increase in corrosion rate compared to annealed alloy, but the increase in the number of cycles of accumulative roll bonding from two to eight shows a tendency toward lowering corrosion rates. It has a beneficial influence on pitting corrosion susceptibility. Research limitations/implications: The presented research focuses only on the influence of texture and grain size on severely deformed aluminium alloy AA1050 corrosion. Other factors, such as accumulated during deformation stresses, could also play their role in the corrosion process. Originality/value: The paper reports results on the influence of two factors – texture and grain size, on the corrosion of severely deformed aluminium alloy AA1050. Most reports on the topic include only the influence of texture or grain size.

6

The use of carrot and apple pomace in the production of healthy snack bars

Łusiak Patrycja, Mazur Jacek, Sobczak Paweł, Zawiślak Kazimierz, Panasiewicz Marian

Agricultural Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 27, No. 1

289--300

EN

In recent years, the increasing popularity of healthy eating brought about a significant increase in the consumption of fruit and vegetables in the form of juices, purees and cocktails. In the process of their production, the byproduct is pomace, which is treated by the food processing industry as waste. Assuming that pomace accounts for only 20% of the raw material used, annually up to 630 000 tonnes of pomace are obtained globally. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that fruit pomace is a valuable source of many nutritious substances. The objective of the study was to develop a compressionbased production technology of apple pomace-based bars, and to assess their quality. Based on the analysis of the structure of produced bars, it can be concluded that their hardness and resistance to cutting does not differ significantly from that of commercial bars made with alternative technology and from different ingredients.

PL

W ostatnich latach, na fali popularności zdrowego odżywiania, znacznie wzrosło spożycie owoców, warzyw, soków, przecierów i wszelkiego rodzaju koktajli (smoothies). Ich produkcja jest bezpośrednio związana z powstawaniem wytłoków. Zakładając, że wytłoki powstałe podczas produkcji soków stanowią jedynie 20% wykorzystywanego surowca, przemysł przetwórczy produkuje aż 630 000 ton wytłoków rocznie. Ponowne wykorzystanie tego surowca stanowi poważny problem dla producentów. Liczne badania dowodzą jednak, że wytłoki owocowe są cennym źródłem wielu substancji odżywczych. Celem pracy było opracowanie technologii produkcji batonów na bazie wytłoków jabłkowych wytwarzanych metodą prasowania oraz ocena ich jakości. Wyniki analizy struktury batonów pozwalają stwierdzić, że pod względem twardości i odporności na krojenie parametry tego produktu nie odbiegają istotnie od parametrów komercyjnych batonów wytworzonych inną technologią i z innych składników.

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The Effect of High-Pressure Homogenization on the Texture of Fermented Bean-Based Beverages ®

Cichońska Patrycja, Domian Ewa, Ziarno Małgorzata

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2022

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nr 1

37--45

EN

Various types of technological treatments, including highpressure homogenization (HPH), can be used to obtain plantbased yogurts. It is one of the technologies with a positive impact on food particles which leads to improvement of quality, shelf life, and popularity of the product. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of HPH on the texture of fermented beanbased beverages. Selected texture discriminants (hardness, adhesiveness) for beverages prepared from germinated and non-germinated beans, subjected to and not subjected to HPH were analyzed. HPH bean-based beverages were lower pH values, before fermentation, after fermentation, and after 21 days of storage, which indicates that HPH results in a more efficient fermentation for bean-based beverages. In all the tested samples HPH significantly increased the hardness and adhesiveness of tested beverages. The values obtained for the tested texture determinants reached a similar level for the samples before fermentation, after fermentation, and after 21 days of storage, which indicates that the HPH was responsible for the texture shaping of the tested bean-based beverages. There is a need for further research into the physical properties of bean-based milk yogurt substitutes produced using HPH.

PL

Różnego rodzaju zabiegi technologiczne, w tym homogenizacja wysokociśnieniowa (HPH), mogą być wykorzystane do produkcji jogurtów roślinnych. Jest to jedna z technologii pozytywnie wpływających na cząstki w żywności, która prowadzi do poprawy jakości, trwałości i popularności produktu. Celem pracy była analiza wpływu HPH na teksturę fermentowanych napojów na bazie fasoli. Analizie poddano wybrane wyróżniki tekstury (twardość, adhezyjność) napojów przygotowanych z fasoli skiełkowanej i nieskiełkowanej, poddanych i niepoddanych działaniu HPH. Napoje na bazie fasoli poddane HPH miały niższe wartości pH przed fermentacją, po fermentacji i po 21 dniach przechowywania, co wskazuje, że zastosowanie HPH skutkuje bardziej wydajnym procesem fermentacji napojów na bazie fasoli. We wszystkich badanych próbkach HPH istotnie zwiększyła twardość i adhezyjność napojów. Wartości uzyskane dla badanych wyznaczników tekstury osiągnęły podobny poziom dla próbek przed fermentacją, po fermentacji i po 21 dniach przechowywania, co wskazuje, że HPH odpowiadała za kształtowanie tekstury badanych napojów. Istnieje potrzeba dalszych badań nad właściwościami fizycznymi substytutów jogurtu mlecznego na bazie fasoli wytwarzanych z wykorzystaniem HPH.

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Technology of making airfield pavements in relation to the existing requirements in terms of texture

Wesołowski Mariusz, Blacha Krzysztof, Włodarski Piotr

Journal of KONBiN

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2022

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Vol. 52, iss. 4

75--100

EN

The assessment of the texture of airfield pavements, in addition to assessing their roughness, is a component of the broader concept of anti-skid properties, which significantly affect the safety of air operations. The roughness of the pavement directly affects the adhesion of the aircraft tire to the pavement, and the texture additionally affects the effectiveness of dynamic drainage of water from the pavement. The current standard requirements in terms of roughness and texture of airfield pavements do not distinguish the technology used. In the paper, the authors focused on the analysis of the results in terms of the texture of airfield pavements and presented the resulting conclusions in relation to whether the technology of its implementation has an impact on the texture parameter.

PL

Tekstura nawierzchni lotniskowych oprócz ich szorstkości jest elementem składowym szerszego pojęcia, jakim są właściwości przeciwpoślizgowe, które w istotny sposób wpływają na bezpieczeństwo wykonywania operacji lotniczych. Szorstkość nawierzchni wpływa bezpośrednio na przyczepność opony statku powietrznego do nawierzchni, a tekstura dodatkowo na skuteczność dynamicznego odprowadzania wody z nawierzchni. Aktualne wymagania normowe w zakresie szorstkości oraz tekstury nawierzchni lotniskowych nie rozgraniczają zastosowanej technologii ich wykonania. W pracy autorzy skupili się na analizie wyników w zakresie tekstury nawierzchni lotniskowych oraz przedstawili wynikające z niej wnioski, w odniesieniu do tego, czy technologia jej wykonania ma wpływ na parametr tekstury.

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Roughness effects of textured surfaces in hydrodynamic lubrication

Bahi Youssef, El Gadari Mhammed, Rahmoune Miloud

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 27, no. 3

9--21

EN

Several studies have been conducted to improve and model the lubricated contact between surfaces. The main subjects were defining the hydrodynamic parameters to reduce energy losses and protect the environment. Some of the proposed models have studied the effect of textures in hydrodynamic lubrication and have proved that adapted shapes and geometries can improve the performance of lubricated contacts. A hydrodynamic model was developed by assuming the roughness of the textured surface and considering the cavitation in a steady-state regime. The proposed model was validated and compared with the analytical model of Fowell et al. [1]. Three different textures shapes were considered. The results showed that the rough-textured thrust affects the hydrodynamic performance significantly. Thus, by increasing the arithmetic roughness of textured surfaces, the hydrodynamic pressure, and the lifting force increase depending on the texture shape. A rougher surface slightly increases the friction force for the three considered textures.

10

Texture evolution in Mg during rolling with a change of deformation path : a modeling approach

Sułkowski Bartosz

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2022

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Vol. 22, No. 2

101--109

EN

The weakening of strong textures in Mg alloys is a crucial factor in obtaining good quality final products that are less anisotropic. Considerable attention has been focused on experiments to find the optimal chemical composition of alloys or processing conditions. However, to reduce time-consuming experiments, texture simulations can help in specifying future research directions. In the present work, the texture evolution in rolled Mg and its alloys was studied using the viscoplastic self-consistent model. The texture simulations presented in the study cover unidirectional rolling, reverse rolling, and cross rolling of Mg and its alloys to check if the change in deformation path has an impact on the activation of non-basal slip systems. The results obtained in the study may help to design the best processing technology and reduce the mechanical anisotropy of magnesium alloys. Slip systems such as basal, prismatic, and pyramidal were taken into consideration. To reflect the effect of alloying elements on hardening, different values for critical resolved shear stress were considered. Pole figures and slip system activity were investigated to understand the texture evolution during rolling as the deformation path changes. It was found that cross rolling may be the most effective processing technology to reduce strong textures during the rolling of Mg alloys. To activate non-basal systems, critical resolved shear stresses and the Schmid factor must be modified. The former can be changed by increasing the processing temperature, proper alloying elements, or change in the strain rate sensitivity; the latter by changing the deformation path.

11

Effects of the Coiling Temperature and Anisotropy on the Tensile Properties of High-Strength API X70 Linepipe Steel

Oh Dong-Kyu, Shin Seung-Hyeok, Lee Sang-Min, Hwang Byoungchul

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 4

1487--1490

EN

In this study, the effect of the coiling temperature on the tensile properties of API X70 linepipe steel plates is investigated in terms of the microstructure and related anisotropy. Two coiling temperatures are selected to control the microstructure and tensile properties. The API X70 linepipe steels consist mostly of ferritic microstructures such as polygonal ferrite, acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and pearlite irrespective of the coiling temperature. In order to evaluate the anisotropy in the tensile properties, tensile tests in various directions, in this case 0° (rolling direction), 30°, 45° (diagonal direction), 60°, and 90° (transverse direction) are conducted. As the higher coiling temperature, the larger amount of pearlite is formed, resulting in higher strength and better deformability. The steel has higher ductility and lower strength in the rolling direction than in the transverse direction due to the development of γ-fiber, particularly the {111}<112> texture.

12

Effect of single roll drive cross rolling on the microstructure, crystallographic texture, and mechanical behavior of Al–Zn–Mg–Cu alloy

Kazemi-Navaee Amir, Jamaati Roohollah, Aval Hamed Jamshidi

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 1

art. no. e41, 2022

EN

In this work, the effect of single roll drive cross rolling on the microstructure, crystallographic texture, hardness, tensile properties, and fracture behavior of AA7075 aluminum alloy was investigated. It was found that with increasing the thickness reduction, the grain size reduced and the average width of grain for the 40% deformed sample decreased to 3.7 ± 0.4 µm. Due to the nature of the cross-rolling process, several X-type shear bands were observed after 40% deformation. The recrystallization texture is notably intensified to its highest value of 4.4 × R, after only 20% cold deformation due to the occurrence of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX). The intensity of recrystallization texture sharply dropped to its lowest value of 2.7 × R. This was due to the rotation of Goss-orientated new grains in the 20% deformed sample toward copper orientation during 40% rolling. With increasing the thickness reduction, the overall texture intensity significantly reduced owing to the nature of the cross-rolling process in which the rolling direction rotates 90° after each 10% strain. Two texture transitions were observed along τ fiber: rolling (copper) texture to recrystallization (Goss) texture after 20% thickness reduction and recrystallization to the rolling texture after 40% deformation. The hardness and strength increased by increasing the thickness reduction, while the ductility decreased. After a 40% thickness reduction, yield strength significantly increased from 138.3 ± 4.4 MPa (for initial sample) to the highest value of 580.5 ± 11.5 MPa, demonstrating 320% increment, in the 0° direction. This increment for 45° and 90° direction was 265% and 337%, respectively. By 40% rolling, the value of in-plane anisotropy (IPA) remarkably decreased to its lowest value of 3.4% due to texture weakening. With increasing the rolling reduction to 20%, the severity of Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) increased in the flow curves due to the occurrence of CDRX and also strengthening of the rotated cube {001} < 110 > and E {111} < 110 > components. With increasing the rolling reduction, the size of cleavage facets and the severity of delamination increased, and the number and depth of dimples decreased.

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The influence of the directivity of the geometric structure on the load capacity of single-lap adhesive joints

Zielecki Władysław, Bąk Łukasz, Guźla Ewelina

Technologia i Automatyzacja Montażu

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2021

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nr 2

36--43

PL

Celem pracy było zbadanie wpływu kierunkowości struktury geometrycznej, uzyskanej w procesie szlifowania, na nośność jednozakładkowych połączeń klejowych wykonanych ze stali S235JR oraz ze stopu aluminium 2024-T3. Badania przeprowadzono dla pięciu różnych wariantów połączeń różniących się kierunkiem szlifowania i ułożeniem szlifowanych powierzchni klejonych względem siebie. Wyniki badań wskazują, że w przypadku połączeń ze stali, najkorzystniejszym rozwiązaniem pod względem nośności złącza jest szlifowanie powierzchni klejonych pod kątem 45 ̊ względem kierunku działania siły obciążającej złącze i sklejenie ich w taki sposób, aby utworzona tekstura się krzyżowała (nośność połączeń Pt = 4667,36 N). Natomiast w przypadku połączeń ze stopu aluminium, najkorzystniejszym rozwiązaniem jest szlifowanie powierzchni klejonych prostopadle względem kierunku działania siły obciążającej złącze (nośność połączeń Pt = 3210,46 N). Wyniki testu znaczących różnic (test-t) wskazują, że w przyjętym zakresie zmienności parametrów wejściowych, kierunkowość struktury geometrycznej ma istotny wpływ na nośność połączeń klejowych.

EN

The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of the directivity of the geometric structure obtained in the grinding process on the load capacity of single-lap adhesive joints made of steel S235JR and aluminum alloy 2024-T3. The research was carried out for five different variants of joints differing in the direction of grinding and the arrangement of the ground surfaces to each other. The test results show that in the case of steel joints, the most advantageous solution in terms of joint load capacity is grinding the adhesive surfaces at an angle of 45 ̊ to the direction of the force loading the joint and connecting them in such a way that the created texture crosses (joint load capacity Pt = 4667.36 N). However, in the case of joints made of aluminum alloy, the best solution is to grind the adhesive surfaces perpendicular to the direction of the force loading the joint (joint load capacity Pt = 3210.46 N). The results of the significant difference test (test-t) show that in the assumed range of variability of the input parameters, the directionality of the geometric structure has a significant impact on the load capacity of the adhesive joints.

14

Tekstura nawierzchni lotniskowych w aspekcie skuteczności ich odwadniania

Wesołowski Mariusz, Blacha Krzysztof, Włodarski Piotr

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2021

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R. 76, nr 9/10/11

33--38

PL

Charakterystyka odwodnienia pola ruchu naziemnego lotnisk, a dokładnie szybkie odprowadzenie wody z nawierzchni stanowi główny czynnik bezpieczeństwa uwzględniany na etapie projektowania, budowy i utrzymania pola ruchu naziemnego oraz obszarów przylegających. Odprowadzanie wody z nawierzchni stanowi wymóg podstawowy i służy zmniejszeniu grubości warstwy wody na powierzchni. Odpowiednie odwodnienie jest zapewniane przede wszystkim poprzez powierzchnie o odpowiednim nachyleniu, zarówno podłużnym jak i poprzecznym (naturalne odprowadzanie wody). Natomiast dynamiczne odwodnienie uzyskiwane jest poprzez teksturę nawierzchni. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań w zakresie tekstury nawierzchni lotniskowych oraz ich analizę w odniesieniu do aktualnych wymagań. W badaniach, poza obecnie używaną punktową metodą pomiarową zastosowano nowatorską metodę oceny właściwości przeciwpoślizgowych, umożliwiającą równoczesny pomiar współczynnika tarcia µ oraz nowego współczynnika ciągłej średniej głębokości profilu i tekstury CMPTD. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły na przedstawienie wniosków, że przy ocenie tekstury nawierzchni lotniskowych i tym samym projektowaniu rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych w zakresie ich odwodnienia zasadnym jest uwzględnienie technologii jej wykonania (beton cementowy czy beton asfaltowy).

EN

The drainage characteristics of the surface movement area of airports, and more precisely the rapid drainage of water from the surface, is the main safety factor taken into account at the design, construction and maintenance stage of the movement area and adjacent areas. Drainage of water from the pavement is a basic requirement and serves to reduce the thickness of the water layer on the surface. Adequate drainage is ensured primarily by surfaces with an appropriate slope, both longitudinal and transverse (natural water drainage). On the other hand, dynamic drainage is achieved through the texture of the pavement. The paper presents the results of research on the texture of airport pavements and their analysis in relation to the current requirements. In the tests, apart from the currently used point measurement method, an innovative method of assessing anti-skid properties was used, which allowed for the simultaneous measurement of the friction coefficient µ and the new coefficient of continuous mean profile depth and CMPTD texture. The obtained results allowed for the presentation of conclusions that when assessing the texture of airport pavements and thus designing structural solutions for their drainage, it is reasonable to take into account the technology of its implementation (cement concrete or asphalt concrete).

15

Wpływ mikrotekstury i procesu kwasowania skały na jej parametry zbiornikowe : studium przypadku piaskowców krośnieńskich z rejonu Dwernika, Bieszczady

Strzelecki Piotr Jan, Solecki Marek Leszek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 7

454--457

EN

The paper briefly describes 3D variability of reservoir properties, such as porosity and permeability at a micro-scale in reference to the directionality of rock microtexture andthe occurrence of a deformation band. The study was conducted on the sample of the coarse-grained Krosno Sandstones with a deformation band after treatment with hydrochloric acid.Spot measurements of permeability using a portable air minipermeameter and porosity using X-ray computed microtomography were made. The local porosity within the sample ranges from 1.38 to 2.70 %, whereas the permeability varies from 7.5 to 14.5 mD. The anisotropy of permeability within the sample is related to the orientation of pores. The highest permeability values are observed in the direction parallel to the largest elongation of pores. The deformation band shows higher permeability values in comparison to the undeformed part of the sample.

16

Effect of the Addition of Modified Starch on the Texture and the Flaking of the Melted Cheese®

Szwedziak Katarzyna, Kotysz Dominika, Mendel Karolina

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2021

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nr 2

91--96

EN

The paper presents the effect of modified starch on the texture and meltability of processed cheese. Four different processed cheeses of the same species (gouda) but from different producers were used in the tests. Three processed cheeses were cuboid-shaped and one was triangular. All processed cheeses analyzed did not deviate from the factory standards. The first processed cheese had a relatively low viscosity and its structure was the most compact and compact. The second processed cheese showed the highest viscosity - its texture was the least stable. The third processed cheese, like the first cheese, was characterized by a relatively low melting point. The fourth processed cheese after unpacking from foil was characterized by the lowest viscosity and meltability. The color of all cheeses was uniform throughout the mass. The taste and aroma of all analyzed processed cheeses was mild, slightly salty, with no aftertastes or foreign smells. The taste was characteristic of the type of cheese from which it was made. In order to analyze the texture of the examined objects, the Brookfield CT3 texture analyzer and the TexturePro CT V1.4 Build 17 software were used. A straight conical probe was used with the guidelines for selecting an appropriate probe for the texture test. The processed cheese was tested by placing each cheese on a measuring table, which was then loaded with a conical probe. All samples were subjected to a single compression test. The texture test showed that processed cheese I had the highest hardness, and processed cheese II the lowest. The highest hardness of processed cheese I was caused by the presence of a greater amount of thickeners (starch) in the composition. Processed cheese II contained less thickening substances, which contributed to its highest viscosity and the least stable structure.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano wpływ skrobi modyfikowanej na teksturę i topliwość serów topionych. Do badań użyto czterech różnych serów topionych, tego samego gatunku (gouda) lecz pochodzących od różnych producentów. Trzy sery topione miały kształt prostopadłościanu natomiast jeden miał kształt trójkąta. Wszystkie sery topione poddane analizie nie wykazywały żadnych odchyleń od norm zakładowych. Pierwszy ser topiony charakteryzował się stosunkowo małą lepkością a jego struktura była najbardziej zwarta i zbita. Drugi ser topiony wykazał się największą lepkością – jego tekstura była najmniej stabilna. Trzeci ser topiony, podobnie jak ser pierwszy, odznaczał się stosunkowo małą topliwością. Czwarty ser topiony po odpakowaniu z folii charakteryzował się najmniejszą lepkością oraz topliwością. Barwa wszystkich serów była jednolita w całej masie. Smak i zapach wszystkich serów topionych poddanych analizie był łagodny, lekko słony, bez posmaków oraz zapachów obcych. Smak był charakterystyczny dla gatunku sera. W celu przeanalizowania tekstury badanych obiektów wykorzystano analizator tekstury Brookfield CT3 oraz oprogramowanie TexturePro CT V1.4 Build17. Zgodnie z wytycznymi dotyczącymi wyboru odpowiedniej sondy do badania tekstury zastosowano sondę prostą stożkową. Badanie serów topionych polegało na umieszczeniu każdego sera na stoliku pomiarowym, a następnie obciążeniu go sondą stożkową. Wszystkie próbki poddane były jednokrotnemu testowi kompresyjnemu. Badanie tekstury wykazało iż największą twardością charakteryzował się ser topiony I, najmniejszą zaś ser topiony II. Największa twardość sera topionego I była spowodowana obecnością w składzie większej ilości substancji zagęszczających (skrobia). Ser topiony II zawierał mniej substancji zagęszczających, co przyczyniło się do jego największej lepkości oraz najmniej stabilnej struktury.

17

Ocena właściwości przeciwpoślizgowych z wykorzystaniem urządzenia T2Go na przykładzie dróg gminnych o nawierzchni betonowej

Wasilewska Marta, Grzyb Dominik

Drogownictwo

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2021

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nr 9

235--242

PL

Monitoring właściwości przeciwpoślizgowych nawierzchni drogowych odgrywa istotną rolę w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa użytkowników ruchu. Z uwagi na ograniczenia związane ze dostępną liczbą urządzeń dynamicznych w kraju, kampania diagnostyczna o charakterze cyklicznym jest wykonywana na nawierzchniach dróg krajowych oraz nielicznych odcinkach dróg wojewódzkich. Artykuł ma na celu przedstawianie możliwości wykorzystania przenośnego urządzenia T2Go do oceny właściwości przeciwpoślizgowych nawierzchni dróg na przykładzie dróg gminnych o nawierzchni betonowej.

EN

Evaluation of skid resistance properties of road surfaces plays an important role in ensuring the safety of traffic users. In view of on the limitations of the available number of dynamic devices in the country, a cyclic diagnostic campaign shall be carried out on pavement of national roads and a few sections of provincial roads. The paper aims to present the possibilities of using a portable device T2Go for evaluating the skid resistance properties of road pavement on example of local roads with concrete pavement.

18

Microstructure and mechanical properties of the AA7075 tube fabricated using shear assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE)

Nazari Tiji Sobhan A., Asgharzadeh Amir, Park Taejoon, Whalen Scott A., Reza-E-Rabby Md, Eller Michael, Pourboghrat Farhang

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

85--94

EN

Shear-assisted processing and extrusion (ShAPE) experimental setup and tooling were adopted for extruding thin-walled AA7075 aluminum tube from as-cast non-homogenized billet material in a single run. The mechanical and microstructural characterizations were performed on the as-extruded tube through tensile, hardness, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The results showed that the ShAPE process developed a significantly refined microstructure with uniform and almost equiaxed grain structure on both hoop and axial cross-sections of the extrudate as well as through the thickness of the material. The pole figures and inverse pole figures of the EBSD data showed a strong shear texture development, and it was found out that axial shear is the dominant deformation mechanism in the regions near the inner surface of the tube, while combined axial and torsional shears are the two dominant modes of deformation near the outer surface of the extrudate. As for the mechanical properties, there was an increase of 150 and 73% in the yield and ultimate strengths of the tube produced using ShAPE process, respectively, and an 18% decrease in maximum uniform plastic elongation compared to the conventionally extruded AA7075-O tube.

19

Mechanical properties, crystallographic texture, and in vitro bio-corrosion of low-alloyed Zn–Mg, produced by hot and cold drawing for biodegradable surgical wires

Milenin Andrij, Wróbel Mirosław, Kustra Piotr, Packo Marek, Byrska‑Wójcik Dorota, Sulej-Chojnacka Joanna, Płonka Bartłomiej

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

479--492

EN

The paper is devoted to the study of the mechanical, microstructural, and bio-corrosive behavior of low-alloyed Zn–Mg biodegradable surgical wires for bone reconstructions. Three biodegradable alloys with different magnesium content have been studied, their production technology has been developed and the product properties have been determined. The technology includes casting, extrusion, hot and cold drawing of the wire, and the product surface finishing. The paper shows the most important stages of the process (i.e., extrusion and drawing) in detail. The technological parameters have been selected based on the results of the computer modeling. The flow stress–strain curves of extruded materials have been obtained at various strain rates and temperatures. Two drawing technologies have been compared. The first one is the room temperature conventional wire drawing. In the second one, the first few passes have been made at an elevated temperature and the rest at room temperature. This allowed avoiding the breaking of the wire during the first passes (a typical issue of the conventional technology for these alloys) and increasing the ductility of the final product. Mechanical properties, bio-corrosion, and crystallographic texture of the material were determined at different stages of the processing. A simultaneous increase in the wire strength, the number of repeated bending until the rupture of the wire, and in the bio-corrosion rate due to drawing has been registered. This phenomenon coincided with a change in the crystallographic texture. It has been shown that the product tensile strength of about 250–300 MPa can be reduced by about 30% due to surgical knots tied on it.

20

Compressive properties, mechanical anisotropy and hardness analysis of Mg-Zn alloy under cross pre-compression

Long Jianyu, Nazeer Faisal, Yang Zhe, Li Chuan

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 4

355--367

EN

The Mg–6Zn wt.% (MZ-T6) magnesium (Mg) alloy was fabricated after heat treatment (783 K for 6 h and aging at 453 K for 24 h) of an extruded MZ Mg alloy. Later, the alloy was subjected to cross pre-compression along with different directions and strains and obtained MZ-1 and MZ-2Mg specimens. The MZ-1 was pre-compressed along with ED and then TD, whilst MZ-2 was pre-compressed along with ND and TD. Subsequently, the compressive properties were studied of MZ-T6, MZ-1, and MZ-2 specimens. The result displayed that the cross twinning and lenticular twinning significantly altered the < c > axis orientations from c-axes || normal direction (ND) of MZ-T6 Mg specimen towards c-axes || extruded direction (ED) and transverse direction (TD) in MZ-1 and MZ-2Mg specimens, respectively. The compressive yield strength and ultimate compressive strength were significantly increased along with all loading directions, and mechanical anisotropy was significantly reduced. These results are mainly attributed to twin-induced grain refinement and considerable changes in the texture. The concave down curves changed to sigmoidal curves in pre-compressed Mg specimens along with ND, which is the signature of the twinning and de-twinning phenomenon. While loading along ED and TD exhibited almost similar sigmoidal curves in all specimens, however, the curves displayed different deformation behavior and were evaluated based on strain hardening regimes. The hardness of MZ-1 and MZ-2 specimens was increased ~ 18 and ~ 23%, respectively, compared to the MZ-T6 specimen. Thus, cross pre-compression is a convenient technique to further enhance the applications of Mg alloys for industrial development.